Common Weakness Enumeration

CWE-862

Allowed-with-Review

Missing Authorization

Abstraction: Class · Status: Incomplete

The product does not perform an authorization check when an actor attempts to access a resource or perform an action.

19606 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.

GHSA-4CP9-7XPG-WMVC

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-05-28 09:31 – Updated: 2026-05-28 09:31
VLAI
Details

The Appointment Booking Calendar — Simply Schedule Appointments Booking Plugin plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to Missing Authorization in all versions up to, and including, 1.6.11.8 due to the plugin not properly verifying that a user is authorized to perform an action via the bulk appointments REST API endpoint. This makes it possible for unauthenticated attackers to modify arbitrary appointment records including customer PII, payment status, and meeting URL fields, and to expose full customer PII from existing appointment records via the bulk endpoint response. The public nonce is a static, user-independent value present in the HTML source of any page hosting the [ssa_booking] shortcode, meaning any visitor who has viewed such a page can obtain it and target any appointment in the system without authentication.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-6937"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-05-28T09:16:48Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "The Appointment Booking Calendar \u2014 Simply Schedule Appointments Booking Plugin plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to Missing Authorization in all versions up to, and including, 1.6.11.8 due to the plugin not properly verifying that a user is authorized to perform an action via the bulk appointments REST API endpoint. This makes it possible for unauthenticated attackers to modify arbitrary appointment records including customer PII, payment status, and meeting URL fields, and to expose full customer PII from existing appointment records via the bulk endpoint response. The public nonce is a static, user-independent value present in the HTML source of any page hosting the [ssa_booking] shortcode, meaning any visitor who has viewed such a page can obtain it and target any appointment in the system without authentication.",
  "id": "GHSA-4cp9-7xpg-wmvc",
  "modified": "2026-05-28T09:31:20Z",
  "published": "2026-05-28T09:31:20Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-6937"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/simply-schedule-appointments/tags/1.6.10.0/includes/class-appointment-model.php#L724"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/simply-schedule-appointments/tags/1.6.10.0/includes/class-bootstrap.php#L151"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/simply-schedule-appointments/tags/1.6.10.0/includes/lib/td-util/class-td-api-model.php#L74"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/simply-schedule-appointments/tags/1.6.11.0/includes/class-appointment-model.php#L724"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/simply-schedule-appointments/tags/1.6.11.0/includes/class-bootstrap.php#L151"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/simply-schedule-appointments/tags/1.6.11.0/includes/lib/td-util/class-td-api-model.php#L74"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/simply-schedule-appointments/trunk/includes/class-appointment-model.php#L724"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/simply-schedule-appointments/trunk/includes/class-bootstrap.php#L151"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/simply-schedule-appointments/trunk/includes/lib/td-util/class-td-api-model.php#L74"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/changeset?sfp_email=\u0026sfph_mail=\u0026reponame=\u0026old=3549843%40simply-schedule-appointments\u0026new=3549843%40simply-schedule-appointments\u0026sfp_email=\u0026sfph_mail="
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.wordfence.com/threat-intel/vulnerabilities/id/ef0f5f9d-788a-4cf8-9747-ada076a69a1f?source=cve"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-4CQ5-HFG6-VRQV

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-09-19 09:32 – Updated: 2026-09-19 09:32
VLAI
Details

The TikTok plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to authorization bypass in all versions up to, and including, 1.4.1. This is due to the plugin not properly verifying that a user is authorized to perform an action. This makes it possible for unauthenticated attackers to overwrite the merchant's stored TikTok integration access token in wp_options, hijacking the site's TikTok Business and product catalog integration. Successful exploitation requires the attacker to supply a valid TikTok OAuth auth_code issued for the merchant's registered TikTok app, as the plugin's token exchange must receive a message='OK' response from TikTok's API before the stored access token is overwritten.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-18346"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-09-19T09:16:33Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "The TikTok plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to authorization bypass in all versions up to, and including, 1.4.1. This is due to the plugin not properly verifying that a user is authorized to perform an action. This makes it possible for unauthenticated attackers to overwrite the merchant\u0027s stored TikTok integration access token in wp_options, hijacking the site\u0027s TikTok Business and product catalog integration. Successful exploitation requires the attacker to supply a valid TikTok OAuth auth_code issued for the merchant\u0027s registered TikTok app, as the plugin\u0027s token exchange must receive a message=\u0027OK\u0027 response from TikTok\u0027s API before the stored access token is overwritten.",
  "id": "GHSA-4cq5-hfg6-vrqv",
  "modified": "2026-09-19T09:32:12Z",
  "published": "2026-09-19T09:32:12Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-18346"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/tiktok-for-business/tags/1.4.0/admin/Tt4b_Menu_Class.php#L397"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/tiktok-for-business/tags/1.4.0/admin/Tt4b_Menu_Class.php#L417"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/tiktok-for-business/tags/1.4.0/admin/tt4b_menu.php#L13"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/tiktok-for-business/tags/1.4.0/mapi/Tt4b_Mapi_Class.php#L332"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/changeset?reponame=\u0026old=3699236%40tiktok-for-business\u0026new=3699236%40tiktok-for-business"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.wordfence.com/threat-intel/vulnerabilities/id/31233f4e-4cd5-497f-9e8a-c65635596241?source=cve"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-4CQ5-VJQ9-JQ3M

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-09-22 21:30 – Updated: 2026-04-01 18:36
VLAI
Details

Missing Authorization vulnerability in Sumit Singh Classic Widgets with Block-based Widgets allows Accessing Functionality Not Properly Constrained by ACLs. This issue affects Classic Widgets with Block-based Widgets: from n/a through 1.0.1.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2025-58029"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2025-09-22T19:16:05Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "Missing Authorization vulnerability in Sumit Singh Classic Widgets with Block-based Widgets allows Accessing Functionality Not Properly Constrained by ACLs. This issue affects Classic Widgets with Block-based Widgets: from n/a through 1.0.1.",
  "id": "GHSA-4cq5-vjq9-jq3m",
  "modified": "2026-04-01T18:36:14Z",
  "published": "2025-09-22T21:30:25Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-58029"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://patchstack.com/database/wordpress/plugin/classic-widgets-with-block-based-widgets/vulnerability/wordpress-classic-widgets-with-block-based-widgets-plugin-1-0-1-broken-access-control-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-4CQ6-6G8F-H68R

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-01-04 12:30 – Updated: 2023-01-10 18:30
VLAI
Details

In messaging service, there is a missing permission check. This could lead to local denial of service in contacts service with no additional execution privileges needed.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2022-44437"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2023-01-04T10:15:00Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "In messaging service, there is a missing permission check. This could lead to local denial of service in contacts service with no additional execution privileges needed.",
  "id": "GHSA-4cq6-6g8f-h68r",
  "modified": "2023-01-10T18:30:28Z",
  "published": "2023-01-04T12:30:28Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-44437"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.unisoc.com/en_us/secy/announcementDetail/1610118225591336001"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-4CQ9-HP6G-498J

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-02-19 18:31 – Updated: 2026-02-19 21:30
VLAI
Details

Missing Authorization vulnerability in Ays Pro Secure Copy Content Protection and Content Locking secure-copy-content-protection allows Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels.This issue affects Secure Copy Content Protection and Content Locking: from n/a through <= 5.0.0.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-25335"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-02-19T09:16:18Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "Missing Authorization vulnerability in Ays Pro Secure Copy Content Protection and Content Locking secure-copy-content-protection allows Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels.This issue affects Secure Copy Content Protection and Content Locking: from n/a through \u003c= 5.0.0.",
  "id": "GHSA-4cq9-hp6g-498j",
  "modified": "2026-02-19T21:30:45Z",
  "published": "2026-02-19T18:31:52Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-25335"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://patchstack.com/database/Wordpress/Plugin/secure-copy-content-protection/vulnerability/wordpress-secure-copy-content-protection-and-content-locking-plugin-5-0-0-broken-access-control-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-4CQF-XFCW-XGJV

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-02-03 15:30 – Updated: 2026-02-03 18:30
VLAI
Details

Missing Authorization vulnerability in Brainstorm Force Spectra ultimate-addons-for-gutenberg allows Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels.This issue affects Spectra: from n/a through <= 2.19.17.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-24982"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-02-03T15:16:17Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "Missing Authorization vulnerability in Brainstorm Force Spectra ultimate-addons-for-gutenberg allows Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels.This issue affects Spectra: from n/a through \u003c= 2.19.17.",
  "id": "GHSA-4cqf-xfcw-xgjv",
  "modified": "2026-02-03T18:30:42Z",
  "published": "2026-02-03T15:30:25Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-24982"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://patchstack.com/database/Wordpress/Plugin/ultimate-addons-for-gutenberg/vulnerability/wordpress-spectra-plugin-2-19-17-broken-access-control-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-4CV3-4Q3C-54V6

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-06-11 18:30 – Updated: 2026-04-01 18:31
VLAI
Details

Missing Authorization vulnerability in Contact List PRO Contact List – Easy Business Directory, Staff Directory and Address Book Plugin.This issue affects Contact List – Easy Business Directory, Staff Directory and Address Book Plugin: from n/a through 2.9.87.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2024-34821"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2024-06-11T16:15:28Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "Missing Authorization vulnerability in Contact List PRO Contact List \u2013 Easy Business Directory, Staff Directory and Address Book Plugin.This issue affects Contact List \u2013 Easy Business Directory, Staff Directory and Address Book Plugin: from n/a through 2.9.87.",
  "id": "GHSA-4cv3-4q3c-54v6",
  "modified": "2026-04-01T18:31:50Z",
  "published": "2024-06-11T18:30:45Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-34821"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://patchstack.com/database/Wordpress/Plugin/contact-list/vulnerability/wordpress-contact-list-plugin-2-9-87-broken-access-control-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://patchstack.com/database/vulnerability/contact-list/wordpress-contact-list-plugin-2-9-87-broken-access-control-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-4CV4-RP7R-QH6C

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-10-27 12:30 – Updated: 2026-10-27 12:30
VLAI
Details

Semantic MediaWiki from 3.0.0 before 7.3.0 contains a missing authorization vulnerability in the api.php smwtask module that allows unauthenticated attackers to run admin-only maintenance tasks. Attackers can use the public anonymous CSRF token to read internal store statistics, enqueue jobs like smw.entityIdDisposer, and execute queued jobs, degrading performance and altering semantic data.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-116890"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-10-27T11:17:31Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "Semantic MediaWiki from 3.0.0 before 7.3.0 contains a missing authorization vulnerability in the api.php smwtask module that allows unauthenticated attackers to run admin-only maintenance tasks. Attackers can use the public anonymous CSRF token to read internal store statistics, enqueue jobs like smw.entityIdDisposer, and execute queued jobs, degrading performance and altering semantic data.",
  "id": "GHSA-4cv4-rp7r-qh6c",
  "modified": "2026-10-27T12:30:49Z",
  "published": "2026-10-27T12:30:49Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/SemanticMediaWiki/SemanticMediaWiki/security/advisories/GHSA-jr78-w6w5-m8f8"
    },
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-116890"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/semantic-mediawiki-3.0.0-before-7.3.0-missing-authorization-via-smwtask-api"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:L",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    },
    {
      "score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:L/VI:L/VA:L/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
      "type": "CVSS_V4"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-4CVP-44WG-9VJF

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-11-01 15:31 – Updated: 2024-11-01 15:31
VLAI
Details

Missing Authorization vulnerability in Hercules Design Hercules Core allows Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels.This issue affects Hercules Core: from n/a through 6.5.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2024-37232"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2024-11-01T15:15:21Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "Missing Authorization vulnerability in Hercules Design Hercules Core allows Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels.This issue affects Hercules Core: from n/a through 6.5.",
  "id": "GHSA-4cvp-44wg-9vjf",
  "modified": "2024-11-01T15:31:57Z",
  "published": "2024-11-01T15:31:57Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-37232"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://patchstack.com/database/vulnerability/hercules-core/wordpress-hercules-core-plugin-6-4-subscriber-arbitrary-settings-change-access-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-4CWG-VMJ9-Q8QF

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-08-13 06:30 – Updated: 2024-08-13 06:30
VLAI
Details

SAP Document Builder does not perform necessary authorization checks for one of the function modules resulting in escalation of privileges causing low impact on confidentiality of the application.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2024-39591"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2024-08-13T05:15:13Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "SAP Document Builder does not perform necessary authorization checks for one of the function modules resulting in escalation of privileges causing low impact on confidentiality of the application.",
  "id": "GHSA-4cwg-vmj9-q8qf",
  "modified": "2024-08-13T06:30:48Z",
  "published": "2024-08-13T06:30:48Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-39591"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://me.sap.com/notes/3477423"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://url.sap/sapsecuritypatchday"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

Mitigation
Architecture and Design
  • Divide the product into anonymous, normal, privileged, and administrative areas. Reduce the attack surface by carefully mapping roles with data and functionality. Use role-based access control (RBAC) [REF-229] to enforce the roles at the appropriate boundaries.
  • Note that this approach may not protect against horizontal authorization, i.e., it will not protect a user from attacking others with the same role.
Mitigation
Architecture and Design

Ensure that access control checks are performed related to the business logic. These checks may be different than the access control checks that are applied to more generic resources such as files, connections, processes, memory, and database records. For example, a database may restrict access for medical records to a specific database user, but each record might only be intended to be accessible to the patient and the patient's doctor [REF-7].

Mitigation MIT-4.4
Architecture and Design

Strategy: Libraries or Frameworks

  • Use a vetted library or framework that does not allow this weakness to occur or provides constructs that make this weakness easier to avoid.
  • For example, consider using authorization frameworks such as the JAAS Authorization Framework [REF-233] and the OWASP ESAPI Access Control feature [REF-45].
Mitigation
Architecture and Design
  • For web applications, make sure that the access control mechanism is enforced correctly at the server side on every page. Users should not be able to access any unauthorized functionality or information by simply requesting direct access to that page.
  • One way to do this is to ensure that all pages containing sensitive information are not cached, and that all such pages restrict access to requests that are accompanied by an active and authenticated session token associated with a user who has the required permissions to access that page.
Mitigation
System Configuration Installation

Use the access control capabilities of your operating system and server environment and define your access control lists accordingly. Use a "default deny" policy when defining these ACLs.

CAPEC-665: Exploitation of Thunderbolt Protection Flaws

An adversary leverages a firmware weakness within the Thunderbolt protocol, on a computing device to manipulate Thunderbolt controller firmware in order to exploit vulnerabilities in the implementation of authorization and verification schemes within Thunderbolt protection mechanisms. Upon gaining physical access to a target device, the adversary conducts high-level firmware manipulation of the victim Thunderbolt controller SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface) flash, through the use of a SPI Programing device and an external Thunderbolt device, typically as the target device is booting up. If successful, this allows the adversary to modify memory, subvert authentication mechanisms, spoof identities and content, and extract data and memory from the target device. Currently 7 major vulnerabilities exist within Thunderbolt protocol with 9 attack vectors as noted in the Execution Flow.