CWE-862
Allowed-with-ReviewMissing Authorization
Abstraction: Class · Status: Incomplete
The product does not perform an authorization check when an actor attempts to access a resource or perform an action.
19598 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
GHSA-454G-WXRR-37FG
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-08-21 09:32 – Updated: 2026-08-24 18:31Missing authorization issue for domain admins in CloudStack's host tags listing functionality.
Domain Admins, by default, have permission to call the listHostTags API, but the API returns host tags for every host in the environment without domain scoping. It should instead be restricted to only the hosts dedicated to that admin's domain.
This issue affects Apache CloudStack: from 4.12.0.0 through 4.20.3.0 and from 4.21.0.0 through 4.22.1.0.
Users are recommended to upgrade to version 4.20.3.1 or 4.22.1.1 or later, which fixes the issue.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-66721"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-862"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-08-21T09:16:40Z",
"severity": "LOW"
},
"details": "Missing authorization issue for domain admins in CloudStack\u0027s host tags listing functionality.\n\n\n\n\nDomain Admins, by default, have permission to call the listHostTags API, but the API returns host tags for every host in the environment without domain scoping. It should instead be restricted to only the hosts dedicated to that admin\u0027s domain.\n\n\n\n\nThis issue affects Apache CloudStack: from 4.12.0.0 through 4.20.3.0 and from 4.21.0.0 through 4.22.1.0.\n\n\n\n\nUsers are recommended to upgrade to version 4.20.3.1 or 4.22.1.1 or later, which fixes the issue.",
"id": "GHSA-454g-wxrr-37fg",
"modified": "2026-08-24T18:31:45Z",
"published": "2026-08-21T09:32:05Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-66721"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://lists.apache.org/thread/g6cwddtjrwbh1d56wjz4cfp3fzfm4kbc"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-454R-JCCQ-96Q8
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-03-12 00:00 – Updated: 2024-04-23 22:41Teachers exporting a forum in CSV format could receive a CSV of forums from all courses in some circumstances. Moodle versions 3.10 to 3.10.3, 3.9 to 3.9.6 and 3.8 to 3.8.8 are affected.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Packagist",
"name": "moodle/moodle"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "3.8.0"
},
{
"fixed": "3.8.9"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Packagist",
"name": "moodle/moodle"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "3.9.0"
},
{
"fixed": "3.9.7"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Packagist",
"name": "moodle/moodle"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "3.10.0"
},
{
"fixed": "3.10.4"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2021-32472"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-200",
"CWE-862"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2024-04-23T22:41:12Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2022-03-11T18:15:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Teachers exporting a forum in CSV format could receive a CSV of forums from all courses in some circumstances. Moodle versions 3.10 to 3.10.3, 3.9 to 3.9.6 and 3.8 to 3.8.8 are affected.",
"id": "GHSA-454r-jccq-96q8",
"modified": "2024-04-23T22:41:12Z",
"published": "2022-03-12T00:00:32Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-32472"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/moodle/moodle"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://moodle.org/mod/forum/discuss.php?d=422305"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "Moodle Exposure of Sensitive Information to an Unauthorized Actor"
}
GHSA-455C-VQRF-MGHR
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-06-16 09:30 – Updated: 2025-07-25 14:50Mattermost Apps Framework fails to verify that a secret provided in the incoming webhook request allowing an attacker to modify the contents of the post sent by the Apps.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Go",
"name": "github.com/mattermost/mattermost-server/v6"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "7.10.0"
},
{
"fixed": "7.10.1"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
],
"versions": [
"7.10.0"
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Go",
"name": "github.com/mattermost/mattermost-server/v6"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "7.9.0"
},
{
"fixed": "7.9.4"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Go",
"name": "github.com/mattermost/mattermost-server/v6"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "6.0.0"
},
{
"fixed": "7.8.5"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Go",
"name": "github.com/mattermost/mattermost-server/v6"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "6.0.0-20230511130429-1629a6ca7fed"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-2783"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-862"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2023-06-23T21:37:38Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2023-06-16T09:15:09Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Mattermost Apps Framework fails to verify that a secret provided in the incoming webhook request allowing an attacker to\u00a0modify the contents of the post sent by the Apps.",
"id": "GHSA-455c-vqrf-mghr",
"modified": "2025-07-25T14:50:30Z",
"published": "2023-06-16T09:30:24Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-2783"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/mattermost/mattermost-server"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://mattermost.com/security-updates"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "Mattermost Server Missing Authorization vulnerability"
}
GHSA-455H-7777-FX44
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-12-13 15:30 – Updated: 2026-04-28 21:35Missing Authorization vulnerability in Inqsys Technology Duplicate Post Page Menu & Custom Post Type allows Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels.This issue affects Duplicate Post Page Menu & Custom Post Type: from n/a through 2.4.1.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-36526"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-862"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-12-13T15:15:17Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Missing Authorization vulnerability in Inqsys Technology Duplicate Post Page Menu \u0026 Custom Post Type allows Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels.This issue affects Duplicate Post Page Menu \u0026 Custom Post Type: from n/a through 2.4.1.",
"id": "GHSA-455h-7777-fx44",
"modified": "2026-04-28T21:35:23Z",
"published": "2024-12-13T15:30:41Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-36526"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://patchstack.com/database/wordpress/plugin/duplicate-post-page-menu-custom-post-type/vulnerability/wordpress-duplicate-post-page-menu-custom-post-type-plugin-2-3-1-broken-access-control?_s_id=cve"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:L",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-455R-X3FG-CVP2
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-11-01 15:32 – Updated: 2026-04-01 18:32Missing Authorization vulnerability in Kraft Plugins Wheel of Life allows Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels.This issue affects Wheel of Life: from n/a through 1.1.8.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-47311"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-862"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-11-01T15:15:53Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Missing Authorization vulnerability in Kraft Plugins Wheel of Life allows Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels.This issue affects Wheel of Life: from n/a through 1.1.8.",
"id": "GHSA-455r-x3fg-cvp2",
"modified": "2026-04-01T18:32:16Z",
"published": "2024-11-01T15:32:00Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-47311"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://patchstack.com/database/Wordpress/Plugin/wheel-of-life/vulnerability/wordpress-wheel-of-life-plugin-1-1-8-broken-access-control-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://patchstack.com/database/vulnerability/wheel-of-life/wordpress-wheel-of-life-plugin-1-1-8-broken-access-control-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-4573-8946-684P
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-07-14 03:31 – Updated: 2026-07-14 03:31SAP Create Single Payment does not perform necessary authorization checks for an authenticated user, a restricted user could access specific entity set keys resulting in disclosure of information. This has low impact on confidentiality, with no impact on integrity and availability of the application.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-44770"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-862"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-07-14T01:16:18Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "SAP Create Single Payment does not perform necessary authorization checks for an authenticated user, a restricted user could access specific entity set keys resulting in disclosure of information. This has low impact on confidentiality, with no impact on integrity and availability of the application.",
"id": "GHSA-4573-8946-684p",
"modified": "2026-07-14T03:31:37Z",
"published": "2026-07-14T03:31:37Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-44770"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://me.sap.com/notes/3713902"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://url.sap/sapsecuritypatchday"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-457M-VQ92-44F4
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-06-12 12:30 – Updated: 2024-06-12 12:30Missing Authorization vulnerability in Buy Me a Coffee.This issue affects Buy Me a Coffee: from n/a through 3.7.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-25030"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-862"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-06-12T10:15:23Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Missing Authorization vulnerability in Buy Me a Coffee.This issue affects Buy Me a Coffee: from n/a through 3.7.",
"id": "GHSA-457m-vq92-44f4",
"modified": "2024-06-12T12:30:40Z",
"published": "2024-06-12T12:30:40Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-25030"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://patchstack.com/database/vulnerability/buymeacoffee/wordpress-buy-me-a-coffee-plugin-3-7-broken-access-control-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-4587-27HR-9Q42
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-04-14 00:31 – Updated: 2026-04-14 00:31Due to a missing authorization check, SAP S/4HANA (Private Cloud and On-Premise) allows an authenticated user to delete files on the operating system and gain unauthorized control over file operations which could leads to no impact on Confidentiality, Low impact on Integrity and Availability of the application.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-27673"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-862"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-04-14T00:16:05Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Due to a missing authorization check, SAP S/4HANA (Private Cloud and On-Premise) allows an authenticated user to delete files on the operating system and gain unauthorized control over file operations which could leads to no impact on Confidentiality, Low impact on Integrity and Availability of the application.",
"id": "GHSA-4587-27hr-9q42",
"modified": "2026-04-14T00:31:13Z",
"published": "2026-04-14T00:31:13Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-27673"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://me.sap.com/notes/3703813"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://url.sap/sapsecuritypatchday"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:L/UI:N/S:C/C:N/I:L/A:L",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-458Q-G468-2FRR
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-01-08 12:30 – Updated: 2026-01-20 15:33Missing Authorization vulnerability in shinetheme Traveler traveler allows Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels.This issue affects Traveler: from n/a through <= 3.2.6.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-67917"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-862"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-01-08T10:15:50Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Missing Authorization vulnerability in shinetheme Traveler traveler allows Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels.This issue affects Traveler: from n/a through \u003c= 3.2.6.",
"id": "GHSA-458q-g468-2frr",
"modified": "2026-01-20T15:33:09Z",
"published": "2026-01-08T12:30:30Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-67917"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://patchstack.com/database/Wordpress/Theme/traveler/vulnerability/wordpress-traveler-theme-3-2-6-broken-access-control-vulnerability-2?_s_id=cve"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vdp.patchstack.com/database/Wordpress/Theme/traveler/vulnerability/wordpress-traveler-theme-3-2-6-broken-access-control-vulnerability-2?_s_id=cve"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-45CJ-F97F-GGWV
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-05-24 17:20 – Updated: 2024-09-24 20:30Impact
Synapse is an open-source Matrix homeserver written and maintained by the Matrix.org Foundation. The Matrix Federation API allows remote homeservers to request the authorisation events of events in a room. This is necessary so that a homeserver receiving some events can validate that those events are legitimate and permitted in their room. However, in versions of Synapse up to and including 1.68.0, a Synapse homeserver answering a query for authorisation events does not sufficiently check that the requesting server should be able to access them.
Authorisation events include power level events (the list of user IDs and their power levels at the time) and relevant membership events (including the display name of the sender of that event), as well as events like m.room.create, m.room.third_party_invite and m.room.join_rules. Non-authorisation events are unaffected, so it isn't possible to e.g. extract message contents this way.
This issue is only exploitable when a malicious actor knows the ID of a target room and the ID of an event from that room. In most cases, this makes exploitation infeasible. This issue is of negligible consequence for public rooms given that any server can easily join the room in order to be allowed to view authorisation events. Further, deployments in a closed federation where all homeservers are trustworthy are not affected.
Patches
The issue was patched in Synapse 1.69.0. Homeserver administrators are advised to upgrade.
Workarounds
Synapse can be configured with a list of servers that it is allowed to federate with [federation_domain_whitelist]. If this list is in use and all the servers on the list are trusted not to exploit this issue, then this issue is of no consequence.
This workaround is not practical for homeservers participating in open federation as interaction with any server not on the list would have to happen indirectly through servers that are, leading to inconsistent delays in message delivery.
References
Fixed in https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/pull/13823.
For more information
If you have any questions or comments about this advisory, e-mail us at security@matrix.org.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "PyPI",
"name": "matrix-synapse"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "1.69.0"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2022-39335"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-200",
"CWE-862"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2023-05-24T17:20:43Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2023-05-26T14:15:09Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "### Impact\nSynapse is an open-source Matrix homeserver written and maintained by the Matrix.org Foundation. The Matrix Federation API allows remote homeservers to request the *authorisation events* of events in a room. This is necessary so that a homeserver receiving some events can validate that those events are legitimate and permitted in their room.\nHowever, in versions of Synapse up to and including 1.68.0, a Synapse homeserver answering a query for authorisation events does not sufficiently check that the requesting server should be able to access them.\n\nAuthorisation events include power level events (the list of user IDs and their power levels at the time) and relevant membership events (including the display name of the sender of that event), as well as events like `m.room.create`, `m.room.third_party_invite` and `m.room.join_rules`. Non-authorisation events are unaffected, so it isn\u0027t possible to e.g. extract message contents this way.\n\nThis issue is only exploitable when a malicious actor knows the ID of a target room and the ID of an event from that room. In most cases, this makes exploitation infeasible. This issue is of negligible consequence for public rooms given that any server can easily join the room in order to be allowed to view authorisation events. Further, deployments in a closed federation where all homeservers are trustworthy are not affected.\n\n\n### Patches\n\nThe issue was patched in Synapse 1.69.0. Homeserver administrators are advised to upgrade.\n\n\n### Workarounds\n\nSynapse can be configured with a list of servers that it is allowed to federate with [`federation_domain_whitelist`]. If this list is in use and all the servers on the list are trusted not to exploit this issue, then this issue is of no consequence.\n\nThis workaround is not practical for homeservers participating in open federation as interaction with any server not on the list would have to happen indirectly through servers that are, leading to inconsistent delays in message delivery.\n\n[`federation_domain_whitelist`]: https://matrix-org.github.io/synapse/v1.68/usage/configuration/config_documentation.html#federation_domain_whitelist\n\n### References\n\nFixed in https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/pull/13823.\n\n\n### For more information\n\nIf you have any questions or comments about this advisory, e-mail us at security@matrix.org.",
"id": "GHSA-45cj-f97f-ggwv",
"modified": "2024-09-24T20:30:11Z",
"published": "2023-05-24T17:20:43Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/security/advisories/GHSA-45cj-f97f-ggwv"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-39335"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/13288"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/pull/13823"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/pypa/advisory-database/tree/main/vulns/matrix-synapse/PYSEC-2023-65.yaml"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/package-announce@lists.fedoraproject.org/message/T2MBNMZAFY4RCZL2VGBGAPKGB4JUPZVS"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:L",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:H/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
],
"summary": "Synapse does not apply enough checks to servers requesting auth events of events in a room"
}
Mitigation
- Divide the product into anonymous, normal, privileged, and administrative areas. Reduce the attack surface by carefully mapping roles with data and functionality. Use role-based access control (RBAC) [REF-229] to enforce the roles at the appropriate boundaries.
- Note that this approach may not protect against horizontal authorization, i.e., it will not protect a user from attacking others with the same role.
Mitigation
Ensure that access control checks are performed related to the business logic. These checks may be different than the access control checks that are applied to more generic resources such as files, connections, processes, memory, and database records. For example, a database may restrict access for medical records to a specific database user, but each record might only be intended to be accessible to the patient and the patient's doctor [REF-7].
Mitigation MIT-4.4
Strategy: Libraries or Frameworks
- Use a vetted library or framework that does not allow this weakness to occur or provides constructs that make this weakness easier to avoid.
- For example, consider using authorization frameworks such as the JAAS Authorization Framework [REF-233] and the OWASP ESAPI Access Control feature [REF-45].
Mitigation
- For web applications, make sure that the access control mechanism is enforced correctly at the server side on every page. Users should not be able to access any unauthorized functionality or information by simply requesting direct access to that page.
- One way to do this is to ensure that all pages containing sensitive information are not cached, and that all such pages restrict access to requests that are accompanied by an active and authenticated session token associated with a user who has the required permissions to access that page.
Mitigation
Use the access control capabilities of your operating system and server environment and define your access control lists accordingly. Use a "default deny" policy when defining these ACLs.
CAPEC-665: Exploitation of Thunderbolt Protection Flaws
An adversary leverages a firmware weakness within the Thunderbolt protocol, on a computing device to manipulate Thunderbolt controller firmware in order to exploit vulnerabilities in the implementation of authorization and verification schemes within Thunderbolt protection mechanisms. Upon gaining physical access to a target device, the adversary conducts high-level firmware manipulation of the victim Thunderbolt controller SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface) flash, through the use of a SPI Programing device and an external Thunderbolt device, typically as the target device is booting up. If successful, this allows the adversary to modify memory, subvert authentication mechanisms, spoof identities and content, and extract data and memory from the target device. Currently 7 major vulnerabilities exist within Thunderbolt protocol with 9 attack vectors as noted in the Execution Flow.