CWE-798
Allowed-with-ReviewUse of Hard-coded Credentials
Abstraction: Base · Status: Draft
The product contains hard-coded credentials, such as a password or cryptographic key.
2180 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
GHSA-G674-VJFP-RX8J
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-02-14 18:30 – Updated: 2025-03-17 21:30IXON B.V. IXrouter IX2400 (Industrial Edge Gateway) v3.0 was discovered to contain hardcoded root credentials stored in the non-volatile flash memory. This vulnerability allows physically proximate attackers to gain root access via UART or SSH.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-57790"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-798"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-02-14T17:15:18Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "IXON B.V. IXrouter IX2400 (Industrial Edge Gateway) v3.0 was discovered to contain hardcoded root credentials stored in the non-volatile flash memory. This vulnerability allows physically proximate attackers to gain root access via UART or SSH.",
"id": "GHSA-g674-vjfp-rx8j",
"modified": "2025-03-17T21:30:31Z",
"published": "2025-02-14T18:30:51Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-57790"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/rick-cen/vulnerability-research/tree/main/CVE-2024-57790"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:P/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-G6M7-G8X5-2XV4
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-04-07 18:30 – Updated: 2025-04-10 18:32We observed that Intellispace Portal binaries doesn’t have any protection mechanisms to prevent reverse engineering. Specifically, the app’s code is not obfuscated, and no measures are in place to protect against decompilation, disassembly, or debugging. As a result, attackers can reverse-engineer the application to gain insights into its internal workings, which can potentially lead to the discovery of sensitive information, business logic flaws, and other vulnerabilities. Utilizing this flaw, the attacker was able to identify the Hardcoded credentials from PortalUsersDatabase.dll, which contains .NET remoting definition. Inside the namespace PortalUsersDatabase, the class Users contains the functions CreateAdmin and CreateService that are used to initialize accounts in the Portal service. Both CreateAdmin and CreateService functions contain a hardcoded encrypted password along with its respective salt that are set with the function SetInitialPasswordAndSalt. This issue affects IntelliSpace Portal: 12 and prior; Advanced Visualization Workspace: 15.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-3426"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-798"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-04-07T17:15:40Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "We observed that Intellispace Portal binaries doesn\u2019t have any protection mechanisms to prevent reverse engineering. Specifically, the app\u2019s code is not obfuscated, and no measures are in place to protect against decompilation, disassembly, or debugging. As a result, attackers can reverse-engineer the application to gain insights into its internal workings, which can potentially lead to the discovery of sensitive information, business logic flaws, and other vulnerabilities.\nUtilizing this flaw, the attacker was able to identify the Hardcoded credentials from PortalUsersDatabase.dll, which contains .NET remoting definition. Inside the namespace PortalUsersDatabase, the class Users contains the functions CreateAdmin and CreateService that are used to initialize accounts in the Portal service. Both CreateAdmin and CreateService functions contain a hardcoded encrypted password along with its respective salt that are set with the function SetInitialPasswordAndSalt.\nThis issue affects IntelliSpace Portal: 12 and prior; Advanced Visualization Workspace: 15.",
"id": "GHSA-g6m7-g8x5-2xv4",
"modified": "2025-04-10T18:32:02Z",
"published": "2025-04-07T18:30:48Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-3426"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2025-3426"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.philips.com/a-w/security/security-advisories.html#security_advisories"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:L/AC:H/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:H/VI:N/VA:N/SC:H/SI:H/SA:H/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:P/AU:Y/R:U/V:C/RE:M/U:Green",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
]
}
GHSA-G777-CRP9-M27G
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-01-09 09:30 – Updated: 2024-09-13 14:15In Appwrite CLI before 3.0.0, when using the login command, the credentials of the Appwrite user are stored in a ~/.appwrite/prefs.json file with 0644 as UNIX permissions. Any user of the local system can access those credentials.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "npm",
"name": "appwrite-cli"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "3.0.0"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "PyPI",
"name": "appwrite"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "3.0.0"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-50974"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-798"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2024-01-12T23:19:29Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2024-01-09T09:15:42Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "In Appwrite CLI before 3.0.0, when using the login command, the credentials of the Appwrite user are stored in a ~/.appwrite/prefs.json file with 0644 as UNIX permissions. Any user of the local system can access those credentials.",
"id": "GHSA-g777-crp9-m27g",
"modified": "2024-09-13T14:15:59Z",
"published": "2024-01-09T09:30:29Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-50974"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://appwrite.io/docs/tooling/command-line/installation"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://gist.github.com/SkypLabs/72ee00ecfa7d1a3494e2d69a24279c1d"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/appwrite/sdk-for-cli"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/pypa/advisory-database/tree/main/vulns/appwrite/PYSEC-2024-2.yaml"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:L/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:H/VI:N/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
],
"summary": "Apprite CLI makes Use of Hard-coded Credentials"
}
GHSA-G79X-6JX3-7F7G
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-08-27 15:32 – Updated: 2024-08-27 15:32The default credentials for the setup HSQL database (HSQLDB) for FileCatalyst Workflow are published in a vendor knowledgebase article. Misuse of these credentials could lead to a compromise of confidentiality, integrity, or availability of the software.
The HSQLDB is only included to facilitate installation, has been deprecated, and is not intended for production use per vendor guides. However, users who have not configured FileCatalyst Workflow to use an alternative database per recommendations are vulnerable to attack from any source that can reach the HSQLDB.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-6633"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-200",
"CWE-798"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-08-27T15:15:17Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "The default credentials for the setup HSQL database (HSQLDB) for FileCatalyst Workflow are published in a vendor knowledgebase article. Misuse of these credentials could lead to a compromise of confidentiality, integrity, or availability of the software.\n\nThe HSQLDB is only included to facilitate installation, has been deprecated, and is not intended for production use per vendor guides. However, users who have not configured FileCatalyst Workflow to use an alternative database per recommendations are vulnerable to attack from any source that can reach the HSQLDB.",
"id": "GHSA-g79x-6jx3-7f7g",
"modified": "2024-08-27T15:32:53Z",
"published": "2024-08-27T15:32:53Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-6633"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.fortra.com/security/advisories/product-security/fi-2024-011"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-G7FC-CVVW-C5F6
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 16:49 – Updated: 2024-04-04 01:12Dynacolor FCM-MB40 v1.2.0.0 devices have a hard-coded SSL/TLS key that is used during an administrator's SSL conversation.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2019-13399"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-798"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2019-07-08T01:15:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Dynacolor FCM-MB40 v1.2.0.0 devices have a hard-coded SSL/TLS key that is used during an administrator\u0027s SSL conversation.",
"id": "GHSA-g7fc-cvvw-c5f6",
"modified": "2024-04-04T01:12:52Z",
"published": "2022-05-24T16:49:44Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2019-13399"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://xor.cat/2019/06/19/fortinet-forticam-vulns"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-G7R5-HXWR-JJ87
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-12-15 09:30 – Updated: 2023-12-15 09:30SmartStar Software CWS is a web-base integration platform, it has a vulnerability of using a hard-coded for a specific account with low privilege. An unauthenticated remote attacker can exploit this vulnerability to run partial processes and obtain partial information, but can't disrupt service or obtain sensitive information.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-48374"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-798"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2023-12-15T08:15:44Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "SmartStar Software CWS is a web-base integration platform, it has a vulnerability of using a hard-coded for a specific account with low privilege. An unauthenticated remote attacker can exploit this vulnerability to run partial processes and obtain partial information, but can\u0027t disrupt service or obtain sensitive information.",
"id": "GHSA-g7r5-hxwr-jj87",
"modified": "2023-12-15T09:30:17Z",
"published": "2023-12-15T09:30:17Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-48374"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.twcert.org.tw/tw/cp-132-7593-d3e5b-1.html"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-G7VP-J25F-H34P
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-02-04 23:21 – Updated: 2026-02-04 23:21Impact
The deriveVaultKey function calls retrieveCloudKey which always returns "foobarfoobarfoobarfoobarfoobarfo". When merged with the randomly generated 32-byte key using mergeKeys (16 bytes from each), the last 16 bytes are always "arfoobarfoobarfo". This enables an attacker with physical access to the EVE-OS device to attempt to brute force the remaining 128 bits of key.
Patches
Fixed in 7.10 and 8.12.1-lts
Workarounds
None
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Go",
"name": "github.com/lf-edge/eve"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "0.0.0-20220310190112-c0c966dc31e2"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-43637"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-321",
"CWE-798"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2026-02-04T23:21:25Z",
"nvd_published_at": null,
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "### Impact\n\nThe deriveVaultKey function calls retrieveCloudKey which always returns \"foobarfoobarfoobarfoobarfoobarfo\". When merged with the randomly generated 32-byte key using mergeKeys (16 bytes from each), the last 16 bytes are always \"arfoobarfoobarfo\". This enables an attacker with physical access to the EVE-OS device to attempt to brute force the remaining 128 bits of key.\n\n### Patches\n\nFixed in 7.10 and 8.12.1-lts\n\n### Workarounds\n\nNone",
"id": "GHSA-g7vp-j25f-h34p",
"modified": "2026-02-04T23:21:25Z",
"published": "2026-02-04T23:21:25Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/lf-edge/eve/security/advisories/GHSA-g7vp-j25f-h34p"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-43637"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/lf-edge/eve/commit/c0c966dc31e2ed9aafc155e6be646adb14756c01"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://asrg.io/security-advisories/cve-2023-43637"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://asrg.io/security-advisories/vault-key-partially-predetermined"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/lf-edge/eve"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:P/AC:H/PR:L/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "EVE Has Partially Predetermined Vault Key"
}
GHSA-G8PV-W9GQ-24X8
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-12-09 21:31 – Updated: 2026-02-23 21:31Selea Targa IP OCR-ANPR Camera contains a cross-site request forgery vulnerability that allows attackers to create administrative users without authentication. Attackers can craft a malicious web page that submits a form to add a new admin user with full system privileges when a logged-in user visits the page.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2021-47730"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-352",
"CWE-798"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-12-09T21:15:51Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Selea Targa IP OCR-ANPR Camera contains a cross-site request forgery vulnerability that allows attackers to create administrative users without authentication. Attackers can craft a malicious web page that submits a form to add a new admin user with full system privileges when a logged-in user visits the page.",
"id": "GHSA-g8pv-w9gq-24x8",
"modified": "2026-02-23T21:31:22Z",
"published": "2025-12-09T21:31:48Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-47730"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/zeroscience"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.exploit-db.com/exploits/49458"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.selea.com"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/selea-targa-ip-camera-cross-site-request-forgery-via-admin-creation"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.zeroscience.mk/en/vulnerabilities/ZSL-2021-5618.php"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:A/VC:H/VI:H/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
]
}
GHSA-G8XM-R69X-48CJ
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-03-04 09:31 – Updated: 2026-03-17 18:30The /root/anaconda-ks.cfg installation configuration file in International Datacasting Corporation (IDC) SFX Series(SFX2100) SuperFlex Satellite Receiver insecurely stores the hardcoded root password hash. The password itself is highly insecure and susceptible to offline dictionary attacks using the rockyou.txt wordlist. Because direct root SSH login is disabled, an attacker must first obtain low-privileged access to the system (e.g., via other vulnerabilities) to be able to log in as the root user. The password is hardcoded and so allows for an actor with local access on effected versions to escalate to root
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-29120"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-798"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-03-04T08:16:14Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "The /root/anaconda-ks.cfg installation configuration file in International Datacasting Corporation (IDC) SFX Series(SFX2100) SuperFlex Satellite Receiver insecurely stores the hardcoded root password hash. The password itself is highly insecure and susceptible to offline dictionary attacks using the rockyou.txt wordlist. Because direct root SSH login is disabled, an attacker must first obtain low-privileged access to the system (e.g., via other vulnerabilities) to be able to log in as the root user. The password is hardcoded and so allows for an actor with local access on effected versions to escalate to root",
"id": "GHSA-g8xm-r69x-48cj",
"modified": "2026-03-17T18:30:31Z",
"published": "2026-03-04T09:31:07Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-29120"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.abdulmhsblog.com/posts/sfx2100-vulns"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.abdulmhsblog.com/posts/spfx-vulnrabilities"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:L/AC:L/AT:N/PR:H/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:N/SC:H/SI:H/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
]
}
GHSA-G93F-92GJ-4Q4X
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-06-17 21:32 – Updated: 2025-07-22 15:32Sitecore Experience Manager (XM) and Experience Platform (XP) versions 10.1 to 10.1.4 rev. 011974 PRE, all versions of 10.2, 10.3 to 10.3.3 rev. 011967 PRE, and 10.4 to 10.4.1 rev. 011941 PRE contain a hardcoded user account. Unauthenticated and remote attackers can use this account to access administrative API over HTTP.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-34509"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-798"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-06-17T19:15:31Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Sitecore Experience Manager (XM) and Experience Platform (XP) versions 10.1 to 10.1.4 rev. 011974 PRE, all versions of 10.2, 10.3 to 10.3.3 rev. 011967 PRE, and 10.4 to 10.4.1 rev. 011941 PRE contain a hardcoded user account. Unauthenticated and remote attackers can use this account to access administrative API over HTTP.",
"id": "GHSA-g93f-92gj-4q4x",
"modified": "2025-07-22T15:32:23Z",
"published": "2025-06-17T21:32:29Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-34509"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://labs.watchtowr.com/is-b-for-backdoor-pre-auth-rce-chain-in-sitecore-experience-platform"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://support.sitecore.com/kb?id=kb_article_view\u0026sysparm_article=KB1003667"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
Mitigation
- For outbound authentication: store passwords, keys, and other credentials outside of the code in a strongly-protected, encrypted configuration file or database that is protected from access by all outsiders, including other local users on the same system. Properly protect the key (CWE-320). If you cannot use encryption to protect the file, then make sure that the permissions are as restrictive as possible [REF-7].
- In Windows environments, the Encrypted File System (EFS) may provide some protection.
Mitigation
For inbound authentication: Rather than hard-code a default username and password, key, or other authentication credentials for first time logins, utilize a "first login" mode that requires the user to enter a unique strong password or key.
Mitigation
If the product must contain hard-coded credentials or they cannot be removed, perform access control checks and limit which entities can access the feature that requires the hard-coded credentials. For example, a feature might only be enabled through the system console instead of through a network connection.
Mitigation
- For inbound authentication using passwords: apply strong one-way hashes to passwords and store those hashes in a configuration file or database with appropriate access control. That way, theft of the file/database still requires the attacker to try to crack the password. When handling an incoming password during authentication, take the hash of the password and compare it to the saved hash.
- Use randomly assigned salts for each separate hash that is generated. This increases the amount of computation that an attacker needs to conduct a brute-force attack, possibly limiting the effectiveness of the rainbow table method.
Mitigation
- For front-end to back-end connections: Three solutions are possible, although none are complete.
- The first suggestion involves the use of generated passwords or keys that are changed automatically and must be entered at given time intervals by a system administrator. These passwords will be held in memory and only be valid for the time intervals.
- Next, the passwords or keys should be limited at the back end to only performing actions valid for the front end, as opposed to having full access.
- Finally, the messages sent should be tagged and checksummed with time sensitive values so as to prevent replay-style attacks.
CAPEC-191: Read Sensitive Constants Within an Executable
An adversary engages in activities to discover any sensitive constants present within the compiled code of an executable. These constants may include literal ASCII strings within the file itself, or possibly strings hard-coded into particular routines that can be revealed by code refactoring methods including static and dynamic analysis.
CAPEC-70: Try Common or Default Usernames and Passwords
An adversary may try certain common or default usernames and passwords to gain access into the system and perform unauthorized actions. An adversary may try an intelligent brute force using empty passwords, known vendor default credentials, as well as a dictionary of common usernames and passwords. Many vendor products come preconfigured with default (and thus well-known) usernames and passwords that should be deleted prior to usage in a production environment. It is a common mistake to forget to remove these default login credentials. Another problem is that users would pick very simple (common) passwords (e.g. "secret" or "password") that make it easier for the attacker to gain access to the system compared to using a brute force attack or even a dictionary attack using a full dictionary.