CWE-78
AllowedImproper Neutralization of Special Elements used in an OS Command ('OS Command Injection')
Abstraction: Base · Status: Stable
The product constructs all or part of an OS command using externally-influenced input from an upstream component, but it does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes special elements that could modify the intended OS command when it is sent to a downstream component.
8310 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
GHSA-R4RF-J49F-C6Q2
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-04-17 15:30 – Updated: 2024-04-17 15:30An OS command injection vulnerability exists in the web interface mac2name functionality of Peplink Smart Reader v1.2.0 (in QEMU). A specially crafted HTTP request can lead to arbitrary command execution. An attacker can make an authenticated HTTP request to trigger this vulnerability.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-39367"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-78"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-04-17T13:15:06Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "An OS command injection vulnerability exists in the web interface mac2name functionality of Peplink Smart Reader v1.2.0 (in QEMU). A specially crafted HTTP request can lead to arbitrary command execution. An attacker can make an authenticated HTTP request to trigger this vulnerability.",
"id": "GHSA-r4rf-j49f-c6q2",
"modified": "2024-04-17T15:30:41Z",
"published": "2024-04-17T15:30:41Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-39367"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://forum.peplink.com/t/peplink-security-advisory-smart-reader-firmware-1-2-0-cve-2023-43491-cve-2023-45209-cve-2023-39367-cve-2023-45744-cve-2023-40146/47256"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://talosintelligence.com/vulnerability_reports/TALOS-2023-1867"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.talosintelligence.com/vulnerability_reports/TALOS-2023-1867"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-R4V7-WV7G-7QW4
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-09-23 09:30 – Updated: 2026-06-05 12:31Improper Neutralization of Special Elements used in an OS Command ('OS Command Injection') vulnerability in Iron Mountain Archiving Services Inc. EnVision allows Command Injection.This issue affects enVision: before 250563.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-9588"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-78"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-09-23T08:15:39Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "Improper Neutralization of Special Elements used in an OS Command (\u0027OS Command Injection\u0027) vulnerability in Iron Mountain Archiving Services Inc. EnVision allows Command Injection.This issue affects enVision: before 250563.",
"id": "GHSA-r4v7-wv7g-7qw4",
"modified": "2026-06-05T12:31:42Z",
"published": "2025-09-23T09:30:19Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-9588"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://siberguvenlik.gov.tr/guvenlik-bildirimleri/detay/tr-25-0285"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.usom.gov.tr/bildirim/tr-25-0285"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-R4WM-J267-RQ33
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-04-08 21:31 – Updated: 2025-04-08 21:31ColdFusion versions 2023.12, 2021.18, 2025.0 and earlier are affected by an Improper Neutralization of Special Elements used in an OS Command ('OS Command Injection') vulnerability that could lead in arbitrary code execution by an attacker. Exploitation of this issue does not require user interaction.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-30286"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-78"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-04-08T20:15:26Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "ColdFusion versions 2023.12, 2021.18, 2025.0 and earlier are affected by an Improper Neutralization of Special Elements used in an OS Command (\u0027OS Command Injection\u0027) vulnerability that could lead in arbitrary code execution by an attacker. Exploitation of this issue does not require user interaction.",
"id": "GHSA-r4wm-j267-rq33",
"modified": "2025-04-08T21:31:41Z",
"published": "2025-04-08T21:31:41Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-30286"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://helpx.adobe.com/security/products/coldfusion/apsb25-15.html"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:H/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-R4XF-PP9Q-GMX5
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 19:10 – Updated: 2022-05-24 19:10An OS Command Injection vulnerability exists in the ping.php script functionality of Advantech R-SeeNet v 2.4.12 (20.10.2020). A specially crafted HTTP request can lead to arbitrary OS command execution. An attacker can send a crafted HTTP request to trigger this vulnerability.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2021-21805"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-78"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2021-08-05T21:15:00Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "An OS Command Injection vulnerability exists in the ping.php script functionality of Advantech R-SeeNet v 2.4.12 (20.10.2020). A specially crafted HTTP request can lead to arbitrary OS command execution. An attacker can send a crafted HTTP request to trigger this vulnerability.",
"id": "GHSA-r4xf-pp9q-gmx5",
"modified": "2022-05-24T19:10:08Z",
"published": "2022-05-24T19:10:08Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-21805"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://talosintelligence.com/vulnerability_reports/TALOS-2021-1274"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-R53H-JP5F-7QXM
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-09-10 09:31 – Updated: 2024-09-10 09:31A low privileged remote attacker can trigger the execution of arbitrary OS commands as root due to improper neutralization of special elements in the variable PROXY_HTTP_PORT in mGuard devices.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-43385"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-78"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-09-10T09:15:04Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "A low privileged remote attacker can trigger the\u00a0execution of arbitrary OS commands as root due to improper neutralization of special elements in\u00a0the variable PROXY_HTTP_PORT in\u00a0mGuard devices.",
"id": "GHSA-r53h-jp5f-7qxm",
"modified": "2024-09-10T09:31:12Z",
"published": "2024-09-10T09:31:12Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-43385"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://cert.vde.com/en/advisories/VDE-2024-039"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-R55H-3RWJ-HCMG
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-03-07 01:59 – Updated: 2026-03-09 13:14Summary
A critical unauthenticated remote code execution (RCE) vulnerability exists in the MCP stdio configuration validation introduced in version 2.0.5.
The application allows unrestricted user registration, meaning any attacker can create an account and exploit the command injection flaw. Despite implementing a whitelist for allowed commands (npx, uvx) and blacklists for dangerous arguments and environment variables, the validation can be bypassed using the -p flag with npx node. This allows any attacker to execute arbitrary commands with the application's privileges, leading to complete system compromise.
The vulnerability remained unfixed across multiple releases (2.0.6-2.0.9) before being silently patched in version 2.0.10, without a published CVE, potentially leaving customers unaware.
Details
The application's open registration policy, combined with the vulnerable MCP stdio configuration, creates an unrestricted attack surface. Any attacker can: 1. Register a new account without restrictions (no email verification, approval process, or rate limiting mentioned) 2. Obtain API authentication credentials 3. Exploit the command injection vulnerability to execute arbitrary code
The security patch introduced in commit f7900a5e9a18c99d25cec9589ead9e4e59ce04bb attempts to prevent command injection through:
1. Command Whitelist: Only uvx and npx are allowed
2. Argument Blacklist: Blocks dangerous patterns including shells, command chaining, and path traversal
3. Environment Variable Blacklist: Restricts sensitive variables like LD_PRELOAD, PATH, etc.
However, the patch has a critical flaw: the -p flag in npx node is not explicitly blocked in the DangerousArgPatterns regex list. The -p flag allows Node.js to evaluate and execute arbitrary JavaScript code, effectively bypassing the argument validation.
The vulnerable code flow:
- ValidateStdioConfig() calls ValidateStdioArgs(args)
- ValidateStdioArgs() checks each argument against DangerousArgPatterns
- The pattern list does not include -p or similar execution flags
- Arguments like ["node", "-p", "require('fs').writeFileSync(...)"] pass validation
- When executed, npx node -p <payload> executes the JavaScript payload
Timeline of Concern: - Version 2.0.5: Initial patch introducing validation (incomplete/bypassable) - Versions 2.0.6-2.0.9: Vulnerability persists with no public notification - Version 2.0.10 (commit 57d6fea8bc265ad28b385e0158957c870cff4b50): Stdio-based MCP server is disabled entirely. - Issue: The hot fix was deployed silently without a CVE publication or security advisory, meaning customers using versions 2.0.5-2.0.9 remained unaware of the critical vulnerability
This silent fix pattern poses significant risks: - Customers may not know to update immediately - Security scanning tools may not flag the vulnerability without a published CVE - Organisations relying on vendor advisories have no record of the issue - There is no documented attack history or mitigation guidance for affected versions
PoC
Step 1: Register a new account (unauthenticated)
Step 2: Create a malicious MCP service
POST /api/v1/mcp-services HTTP/1.1
Host: localhost:8080
Authorization: Bearer [JWT_TOKEN_FROM_REGISTRATION]
Content-Type: application/json
{
"name":"rce",
"description":"rce",
"enabled":true,
"transport_type":"stdio",
"stdio_config":{
"command":"npx",
"args":["node","-p","require('fs').writeFileSync('/tmp/pwned.txt', 'Hacked by attacker')"]
},
"env_vars":{}
}
Response will contain the service ID (e.g., 087854f4-bde3-4468-8702-4aeb95c868da)
Step 3: Trigger the RCE by testing the service
POST /api/v1/mcp-services/087854f4-bde3-4468-8702-4aeb95c868da/test HTTP/1.1
Host: localhost:8080
Authorization: Bearer [JWT_TOKEN_FROM_REGISTRATION]
Content-Type: application/json
{}
Step 4: Verify exploitation
On the server, the file /tmp/pwned.txt will be created with content "Hacked by attacker", confirming arbitrary command execution.
Impact
Severity: Critical
Unauthenticated RCE allowing complete server compromise. An attacker can register an account and execute arbitrary commands with full application privileges.
- Full data breach and system compromise
- Install malware, backdoors, ransomware
- Lateral movement to internal systems
- Versions 2.0.5-2.0.9 vulnerable without notification
Immediate Actions: 1. Upgrade to 2.0.10+ immediately 2. Review logs for exploitation since 2.0.5 3. Check for suspicious MCP configurations 4. Monitor for unauthorized file creation 5. Assume breach if compromise suspected
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Go",
"name": "github.com/Tencent/WeKnora"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0.2.5"
},
{
"fixed": "0.2.10"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-30861"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-78"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2026-03-07T01:59:01Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2026-03-07T17:15:53Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "### Summary\n\nA critical unauthenticated remote code execution (RCE) vulnerability exists in the MCP stdio configuration validation introduced in version 2.0.5. \n\nThe application allows unrestricted user registration, meaning any attacker can create an account and exploit the command injection flaw. Despite implementing a whitelist for allowed commands (`npx`, `uvx`) and blacklists for dangerous arguments and environment variables, the validation can be bypassed using the `-p` flag with `npx node`. This allows any attacker to execute arbitrary commands with the application\u0027s privileges, leading to complete system compromise. \n\nThe vulnerability remained unfixed across multiple releases (2.0.6-2.0.9) before being silently patched in version 2.0.10, without a published CVE, potentially leaving customers unaware.\n\n### Details\n\nThe application\u0027s open registration policy, combined with the vulnerable MCP stdio configuration, creates an unrestricted attack surface. Any attacker can:\n1. Register a new account without restrictions (no email verification, approval process, or rate limiting mentioned)\n2. Obtain API authentication credentials\n3. Exploit the command injection vulnerability to execute arbitrary code\n\nThe security patch introduced in commit f7900a5e9a18c99d25cec9589ead9e4e59ce04bb attempts to prevent command injection through:\n1. **Command Whitelist**: Only `uvx` and `npx` are allowed\n2. **Argument Blacklist**: Blocks dangerous patterns including shells, command chaining, and path traversal\n3. **Environment Variable Blacklist**: Restricts sensitive variables like `LD_PRELOAD`, `PATH`, etc.\n\nHowever, the patch has a critical flaw: the `-p` flag in `npx node` is not explicitly blocked in the `DangerousArgPatterns` regex list. The `-p` flag allows Node.js to evaluate and execute arbitrary JavaScript code, effectively bypassing the argument validation.\n\nThe vulnerable code flow:\n- `ValidateStdioConfig()` calls `ValidateStdioArgs(args)`\n- `ValidateStdioArgs()` checks each argument against `DangerousArgPatterns`\n- The pattern list does not include `-p` or similar execution flags\n- Arguments like `[\"node\", \"-p\", \"require(\u0027fs\u0027).writeFileSync(...)\"]` pass validation\n- When executed, `npx node -p \u003cpayload\u003e` executes the JavaScript payload\n\n**Timeline of Concern:**\n- **Version 2.0.5**: Initial patch introducing validation (incomplete/bypassable)\n- **Versions 2.0.6-2.0.9**: Vulnerability persists with no public notification\n- **Version 2.0.10** (commit 57d6fea8bc265ad28b385e0158957c870cff4b50): Stdio-based MCP server is disabled entirely.\n- **Issue**: The hot fix was deployed silently without a CVE publication or security advisory, meaning customers using versions 2.0.5-2.0.9 remained unaware of the critical vulnerability\n\nThis silent fix pattern poses significant risks:\n- Customers may not know to update immediately\n- Security scanning tools may not flag the vulnerability without a published CVE\n- Organisations relying on vendor advisories have no record of the issue\n- There is no documented attack history or mitigation guidance for affected versions\n\n### PoC\n\n**Step 1: Register a new account (unauthenticated)**\n\n**Step 2: Create a malicious MCP service**\n\n```http\nPOST /api/v1/mcp-services HTTP/1.1\nHost: localhost:8080\nAuthorization: Bearer [JWT_TOKEN_FROM_REGISTRATION]\nContent-Type: application/json\n\n{\n \"name\":\"rce\",\n \"description\":\"rce\",\n \"enabled\":true,\n \"transport_type\":\"stdio\",\n \"stdio_config\":{\n \"command\":\"npx\",\n \"args\":[\"node\",\"-p\",\"require(\u0027fs\u0027).writeFileSync(\u0027/tmp/pwned.txt\u0027, \u0027Hacked by attacker\u0027)\"]\n },\n \"env_vars\":{}\n}\n```\n\nResponse will contain the service ID (e.g., 087854f4-bde3-4468-8702-4aeb95c868da)\n\n**Step 3: Trigger the RCE by testing the service**\n\n```http\nPOST /api/v1/mcp-services/087854f4-bde3-4468-8702-4aeb95c868da/test HTTP/1.1\nHost: localhost:8080\nAuthorization: Bearer [JWT_TOKEN_FROM_REGISTRATION]\nContent-Type: application/json\n\n{}\n```\n\n**Step 4: Verify exploitation**\n\nOn the server, the file `/tmp/pwned.txt` will be created with content \"Hacked by attacker\", confirming arbitrary command execution.\n\n### Impact\n\n**Severity**: Critical\n\nUnauthenticated RCE allowing complete server compromise. An attacker can register an account and execute arbitrary commands with full application privileges.\n\n- Full data breach and system compromise\n- Install malware, backdoors, ransomware\n- Lateral movement to internal systems\n- Versions 2.0.5-2.0.9 vulnerable without notification\n\n**Immediate Actions**:\n1. Upgrade to 2.0.10+ immediately\n2. Review logs for exploitation since 2.0.5\n3. Check for suspicious MCP configurations\n4. Monitor for unauthorized file creation\n5. Assume breach if compromise suspected\n---",
"id": "GHSA-r55h-3rwj-hcmg",
"modified": "2026-03-09T13:14:26Z",
"published": "2026-03-07T01:59:01Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/Tencent/WeKnora/security/advisories/GHSA-r55h-3rwj-hcmg"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-30861"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/Tencent/WeKnora/commit/57d6fea8bc265ad28b385e0158957c870cff4b50"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/Tencent/WeKnora"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "WeKnora has Remote Code Execution (RCE) via Command Injection in MCP Stdio Configuration Validation"
}
GHSA-R568-76CW-JX2W
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-12-31 00:31 – Updated: 2025-12-31 00:31SOUND4 IMPACT/FIRST/PULSE/Eco <=2.x contains a conditional command injection vulnerability that allows local authenticated users to create malicious files in the /tmp directory. Unauthenticated attackers can execute commands by making a single HTTP POST request to the vulnerable ping.php script, which triggers the malicious file and then deletes it.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2022-50791"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-78"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-12-30T23:15:45Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "SOUND4 IMPACT/FIRST/PULSE/Eco \u003c=2.x contains a conditional command injection vulnerability that allows local authenticated users to create malicious files in the /tmp directory. Unauthenticated attackers can execute commands by making a single HTTP POST request to the vulnerable ping.php script, which triggers the malicious file and then deletes it.",
"id": "GHSA-r568-76cw-jx2w",
"modified": "2025-12-31T00:31:10Z",
"published": "2025-12-31T00:31:10Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-50791"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://exchange.xforce.ibmcloud.com/vulnerabilities/247915"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://packetstormsecurity.com/files/170262/SOUND4-IMPACT-FIRST-PULSE-Eco-2.x-ping.php-Command-Injection.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.sound4.com"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/sound-impactfirstpulseeco-x-conditional-command-injection-via-pingphp"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.zeroscience.mk/en/vulnerabilities/ZSL-2022-5735.php"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:L/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
]
}
GHSA-R57P-GW8H-38XJ
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-02-08 06:30 – Updated: 2024-08-01 21:31Yealink Meeting Server before v26.0.0.66 was discovered to contain an OS command injection vulnerability via the file upload interface.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-24091"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-78",
"CWE-94"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-02-08T06:15:51Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "Yealink Meeting Server before v26.0.0.66 was discovered to contain an OS command injection vulnerability via the file upload interface.",
"id": "GHSA-r57p-gw8h-38xj",
"modified": "2024-08-01T21:31:38Z",
"published": "2024-02-08T06:30:24Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-24091"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.yealink.com/en/trust-center/security-advisories/2f2b990211c440cf"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-R586-R9HC-JWQ2
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 19:14 – Updated: 2022-05-24 19:14The HGiga OAKlouds mobile portal does not filter special characters of the IPv6 Gateway parameter of the network interface card setting page. Remote attackers can use this vulnerability to perform command injection and execute arbitrary commands in the system without logging in.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2021-37913"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-78"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2021-09-15T19:15:00Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "The HGiga OAKlouds mobile portal does not filter special characters of the IPv6 Gateway parameter of the network interface card setting page. Remote attackers can use this vulnerability to perform command injection and execute arbitrary commands in the system without logging in.",
"id": "GHSA-r586-r9hc-jwq2",
"modified": "2022-05-24T19:14:33Z",
"published": "2022-05-24T19:14:33Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-37913"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.twcert.org.tw/tw/cp-132-5092-f88e2-1.html"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": []
}
GHSA-R59M-F4MX-6PWC
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-10-31 00:30 – Updated: 2025-11-06 18:32Nagios XI versions prior to 2024R1.2 are vulnerable to remote code execution (RCE) through its NRDP (Nagios Remote Data Processor) server plugins. Insufficient validation of inbound NRDP request parameters allows crafted input to reach command execution paths, enabling attackers to execute arbitrary commands on the underlying host in the context of the web/Nagios service.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-14003"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-78"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-10-30T22:15:45Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "Nagios XI versions prior to 2024R1.2 are\u00a0vulnerable to remote code execution (RCE) through its NRDP (Nagios Remote Data Processor) server plugins. Insufficient validation of inbound NRDP request parameters allows crafted input to reach command execution paths, enabling attackers to execute arbitrary commands on the underlying host in the context of the web/Nagios service.",
"id": "GHSA-r59m-f4mx-6pwc",
"modified": "2025-11-06T18:32:47Z",
"published": "2025-10-31T00:30:34Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-14003"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.nagios.com/changelog/nagios-xi"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.nagios.com/products/security/#nagios-xi"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/nagios-xi-rce-via-nrdp-server-plugins"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:H/SI:H/SA:H/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
]
}
Mitigation
If at all possible, use library calls rather than external processes to recreate the desired functionality.
Mitigation MIT-22
Strategy: Sandbox or Jail
- Run the code in a "jail" or similar sandbox environment that enforces strict boundaries between the process and the operating system. This may effectively restrict which files can be accessed in a particular directory or which commands can be executed by the software.
- OS-level examples include the Unix chroot jail, AppArmor, and SELinux. In general, managed code may provide some protection. For example, java.io.FilePermission in the Java SecurityManager allows the software to specify restrictions on file operations.
- This may not be a feasible solution, and it only limits the impact to the operating system; the rest of the application may still be subject to compromise.
- Be careful to avoid CWE-243 and other weaknesses related to jails.
Mitigation
Strategy: Attack Surface Reduction
For any data that will be used to generate a command to be executed, keep as much of that data out of external control as possible. For example, in web applications, this may require storing the data locally in the session's state instead of sending it out to the client in a hidden form field.
Mitigation MIT-15
For any security checks that are performed on the client side, ensure that these checks are duplicated on the server side, in order to avoid CWE-602. Attackers can bypass the client-side checks by modifying values after the checks have been performed, or by changing the client to remove the client-side checks entirely. Then, these modified values would be submitted to the server.
Mitigation MIT-4.3
Strategy: Libraries or Frameworks
- Use a vetted library or framework that does not allow this weakness to occur or provides constructs that make this weakness easier to avoid.
- For example, consider using the ESAPI Encoding control [REF-45] or a similar tool, library, or framework. These will help the programmer encode outputs in a manner less prone to error.
Mitigation MIT-28
Strategy: Output Encoding
While it is risky to use dynamically-generated query strings, code, or commands that mix control and data together, sometimes it may be unavoidable. Properly quote arguments and escape any special characters within those arguments. The most conservative approach is to escape or filter all characters that do not pass an extremely strict allowlist (such as everything that is not alphanumeric or white space). If some special characters are still needed, such as white space, wrap each argument in quotes after the escaping/filtering step. Be careful of argument injection (CWE-88).
Mitigation
If the program to be executed allows arguments to be specified within an input file or from standard input, then consider using that mode to pass arguments instead of the command line.
Mitigation MIT-27
Strategy: Parameterization
- If available, use structured mechanisms that automatically enforce the separation between data and code. These mechanisms may be able to provide the relevant quoting, encoding, and validation automatically, instead of relying on the developer to provide this capability at every point where output is generated.
- Some languages offer multiple functions that can be used to invoke commands. Where possible, identify any function that invokes a command shell using a single string, and replace it with a function that requires individual arguments. These functions typically perform appropriate quoting and filtering of arguments. For example, in C, the system() function accepts a string that contains the entire command to be executed, whereas execl(), execve(), and others require an array of strings, one for each argument. In Windows, CreateProcess() only accepts one command at a time. In Perl, if system() is provided with an array of arguments, then it will quote each of the arguments.
Mitigation MIT-5
Strategy: Input Validation
- Assume all input is malicious. Use an "accept known good" input validation strategy, i.e., use a list of acceptable inputs that strictly conform to specifications. Reject any input that does not strictly conform to specifications, or transform it into something that does.
- When performing input validation, consider all potentially relevant properties, including length, type of input, the full range of acceptable values, missing or extra inputs, syntax, consistency across related fields, and conformance to business rules. As an example of business rule logic, "boat" may be syntactically valid because it only contains alphanumeric characters, but it is not valid if the input is only expected to contain colors such as "red" or "blue."
- Do not rely exclusively on looking for malicious or malformed inputs. This is likely to miss at least one undesirable input, especially if the code's environment changes. This can give attackers enough room to bypass the intended validation. However, denylists can be useful for detecting potential attacks or determining which inputs are so malformed that they should be rejected outright.
- When constructing OS command strings, use stringent allowlists that limit the character set based on the expected value of the parameter in the request. This will indirectly limit the scope of an attack, but this technique is less important than proper output encoding and escaping.
- Note that proper output encoding, escaping, and quoting is the most effective solution for preventing OS command injection, although input validation may provide some defense-in-depth. This is because it effectively limits what will appear in output. Input validation will not always prevent OS command injection, especially if you are required to support free-form text fields that could contain arbitrary characters. For example, when invoking a mail program, you might need to allow the subject field to contain otherwise-dangerous inputs like ";" and ">" characters, which would need to be escaped or otherwise handled. In this case, stripping the character might reduce the risk of OS command injection, but it would produce incorrect behavior because the subject field would not be recorded as the user intended. This might seem to be a minor inconvenience, but it could be more important when the program relies on well-structured subject lines in order to pass messages to other components.
- Even if you make a mistake in your validation (such as forgetting one out of 100 input fields), appropriate encoding is still likely to protect you from injection-based attacks. As long as it is not done in isolation, input validation is still a useful technique, since it may significantly reduce your attack surface, allow you to detect some attacks, and provide other security benefits that proper encoding does not address.
Mitigation MIT-21
Strategy: Enforcement by Conversion
When the set of acceptable objects, such as filenames or URLs, is limited or known, create a mapping from a set of fixed input values (such as numeric IDs) to the actual filenames or URLs, and reject all other inputs.
Mitigation MIT-32
Strategy: Compilation or Build Hardening
Run the code in an environment that performs automatic taint propagation and prevents any command execution that uses tainted variables, such as Perl's "-T" switch. This will force the program to perform validation steps that remove the taint, although you must be careful to correctly validate your inputs so that you do not accidentally mark dangerous inputs as untainted (see CWE-183 and CWE-184).
Mitigation MIT-32
Strategy: Environment Hardening
Run the code in an environment that performs automatic taint propagation and prevents any command execution that uses tainted variables, such as Perl's "-T" switch. This will force the program to perform validation steps that remove the taint, although you must be careful to correctly validate your inputs so that you do not accidentally mark dangerous inputs as untainted (see CWE-183 and CWE-184).
Mitigation MIT-39
- Ensure that error messages only contain minimal details that are useful to the intended audience and no one else. The messages need to strike the balance between being too cryptic (which can confuse users) or being too detailed (which may reveal more than intended). The messages should not reveal the methods that were used to determine the error. Attackers can use detailed information to refine or optimize their original attack, thereby increasing their chances of success.
- If errors must be captured in some detail, record them in log messages, but consider what could occur if the log messages can be viewed by attackers. Highly sensitive information such as passwords should never be saved to log files.
- Avoid inconsistent messaging that might accidentally tip off an attacker about internal state, such as whether a user account exists or not.
- In the context of OS Command Injection, error information passed back to the user might reveal whether an OS command is being executed and possibly which command is being used.
Mitigation
Strategy: Sandbox or Jail
Use runtime policy enforcement to create an allowlist of allowable commands, then prevent use of any command that does not appear in the allowlist. Technologies such as AppArmor are available to do this.
Mitigation MIT-29
Strategy: Firewall
Use an application firewall that can detect attacks against this weakness. It can be beneficial in cases in which the code cannot be fixed (because it is controlled by a third party), as an emergency prevention measure while more comprehensive software assurance measures are applied, or to provide defense in depth [REF-1481].
Mitigation MIT-17
Strategy: Environment Hardening
Run your code using the lowest privileges that are required to accomplish the necessary tasks [REF-76]. If possible, create isolated accounts with limited privileges that are only used for a single task. That way, a successful attack will not immediately give the attacker access to the rest of the software or its environment. For example, database applications rarely need to run as the database administrator, especially in day-to-day operations.
Mitigation MIT-16
Strategy: Environment Hardening
When using PHP, configure the application so that it does not use register_globals. During implementation, develop the application so that it does not rely on this feature, but be wary of implementing a register_globals emulation that is subject to weaknesses such as CWE-95, CWE-621, and similar issues.
CAPEC-108: Command Line Execution through SQL Injection
An attacker uses standard SQL injection methods to inject data into the command line for execution. This could be done directly through misuse of directives such as MSSQL_xp_cmdshell or indirectly through injection of data into the database that would be interpreted as shell commands. Sometime later, an unscrupulous backend application (or could be part of the functionality of the same application) fetches the injected data stored in the database and uses this data as command line arguments without performing proper validation. The malicious data escapes that data plane by spawning new commands to be executed on the host.
CAPEC-15: Command Delimiters
An attack of this type exploits a programs' vulnerabilities that allows an attacker's commands to be concatenated onto a legitimate command with the intent of targeting other resources such as the file system or database. The system that uses a filter or denylist input validation, as opposed to allowlist validation is vulnerable to an attacker who predicts delimiters (or combinations of delimiters) not present in the filter or denylist. As with other injection attacks, the attacker uses the command delimiter payload as an entry point to tunnel through the application and activate additional attacks through SQL queries, shell commands, network scanning, and so on.
CAPEC-43: Exploiting Multiple Input Interpretation Layers
An attacker supplies the target software with input data that contains sequences of special characters designed to bypass input validation logic. This exploit relies on the target making multiples passes over the input data and processing a "layer" of special characters with each pass. In this manner, the attacker can disguise input that would otherwise be rejected as invalid by concealing it with layers of special/escape characters that are stripped off by subsequent processing steps. The goal is to first discover cases where the input validation layer executes before one or more parsing layers. That is, user input may go through the following logic in an application: <parser1> --> <input validator> --> <parser2>. In such cases, the attacker will need to provide input that will pass through the input validator, but after passing through parser2, will be converted into something that the input validator was supposed to stop.
CAPEC-6: Argument Injection
An attacker changes the behavior or state of a targeted application through injecting data or command syntax through the targets use of non-validated and non-filtered arguments of exposed services or methods.
CAPEC-88: OS Command Injection
In this type of an attack, an adversary injects operating system commands into existing application functions. An application that uses untrusted input to build command strings is vulnerable. An adversary can leverage OS command injection in an application to elevate privileges, execute arbitrary commands and compromise the underlying operating system.