Common Weakness Enumeration

CWE-78

Allowed

Improper Neutralization of Special Elements used in an OS Command ('OS Command Injection')

Abstraction: Base · Status: Stable

API response cwe.mitre.org

The product constructs all or part of an OS command using externally-influenced input from an upstream component, but it does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes special elements that could modify the intended OS command when it is sent to a downstream component.

9841 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.

CVE-2026-111214 (GCVE-0-2026-111214)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-10-15 18:46 – Updated: 2026-10-16 17:11
VLAI
Title
Netgate pfSense CE 2.7.0 through 2.9.0 OS Command Injection via interfaces_qinq_edit.php
Summary
Netgate pfSense CE 2.7.0 through 2.9.0 contains an OS command injection vulnerability that allows authenticated users with QinQ edit privilege to run commands by storing an unvalidated parent interface name. Attackers can save a crafted 'if' value, then edit the QinQ entry so it is interpolated into ifconfig shell commands, executing commands as root.
Severity
8.6 (High)
CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:H/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N
7.2 (High)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
SSVC
Exploitation: poc Automatable: no Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-10-16 16:29 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-78 - Improper Neutralization of Special Elements used in an OS Command ('OS Command Injection')
Assigner
VulnCheck CNA under the mitre root
CNA scorecard B 84/100 over 6373 records in the last 180 days details
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
Netgate pfSense CE Affected: 2.7.0 , ≤ 2.9.0 (semver)
    cpe:2.3:a:netgate:pfsense:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
Create a notification for this product.
Date Public
2026-10-13 15:55
Credits
Abraxas Labs
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2026-110957 (GCVE-0-2026-110957)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-10-15 14:45 – Updated: 2026-10-15 14:45
VLAI
Title
Wavlink WL-WN530BE2-A Login Processing api.cgi sub_12580 os command injection
Summary
A vulnerability has been found in Wavlink WL-WN530BE2-A up to M30BE2_V250604. The affected element is the function sub_12580 of the file api.cgi of the component Login Processing. The manipulation of the argument REMOTE_ADDR leads to os command injection. It is possible to initiate the attack remotely. The exploit has been disclosed to the public and may be used. Upgrading to version 2026-09-24-841a51c6d5_tclinux.bin is sufficient to fix this issue. You should upgrade the affected component. The vendor confirms: "We confirm the finding, and it has already been addressed. In the current firmware the api=info&client=app handler no longer builds a shell command: the login script is now invoked through an argument vector (execvp) instead of system(), and the client address is length-limited and null-checked."
Severity
10 (Critical)
CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:H/SI:H/SA:H/E:P
10 (Critical)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:H/E:P/RL:O/RC:C
10 (Critical)
CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:H/E:P/RL:O/RC:C
CWE
Assigner
VulDB CNA under the mitre root
CNA scorecard B 82/100 over 3870 records in the last 180 days details
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
Wavlink WL-WN530BE2-A Affected: M30BE2_V250604
Unaffected: 2026-09-24-841a51c6d5_tclinux.bin
    cpe:2.3:a:wavlink:wl-wn530be2-a:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
Create a notification for this product.
Credits
yyjy (VulDB User) VulDB CNA Team
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2026-110925 (GCVE-0-2026-110925)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-10-15 05:25 – Updated: 2026-10-15 19:30
VLAI
Title
Openssh: openssh: '$' and '\' in a command-line username expand through %u
Summary
A flaw was found in OpenSSH. A username entered on the ssh command line can still contain '$' or a non-trailing backslash. When a configuration expands %u inside ProxyCommand or Match exec, those characters are passed into the shell.
Severity
5.4 (Medium)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:N
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-10-15 15:00 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-78 - Improper Neutralization of Special Elements used in an OS Command ('OS Command Injection')
Assigner
redhat CNA under the redhat root
CNA scorecard B 82/100 over 1029 records in the last 180 days details
References
URL Tags
https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:82247 vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT
https://access.redhat.com/security/cve/CVE-2026-110925 vdb-entryx_refsource_REDHAT
https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=2553034 issue-trackingx_refsource_REDHAT
Impacted products
Date Public
2026-10-15 00:00
Credits
Red Hat would like to thank SecBuddyF (KeenLab) for reporting this issue.
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2026-110908 (GCVE-0-2026-110908)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-10-15 02:24 – Updated: 2026-10-15 15:43
VLAI
Summary
Netgate pfSense FRR package (pfSense-pkg-frr) 2.0.2_1 and source revision 2.1.2_1 contain an OS command injection vulnerability in the FRR status filter. An authenticated WebGUI user with only the page-status-frr privilege can supply a filter value that breaks out of a single-quoted sed expression into which escapeshellarg() output is concatenated. Shell command substitution is then evaluated by a popen() pipeline, allowing attacker-selected commands to execute as root. There are updated FRR packages for pfSense Plus 26.07/26.03.1 and CE 2.9.0/2.8.1.
Severity
8.8 (High)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-10-15 15:43 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-78 - Improper Neutralization of Special Elements used in an OS Command ('OS Command Injection')
Assigner
mitre CNA under the mitre root
CNA scorecard E 28/100 over 2362 records in the last 180 days details
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
Netgate pfSense-pkg-frr Affected: 2.0.2_1 (custom)
Affected: 2.1.2_1 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2026-110650 (GCVE-0-2026-110650)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-10-14 14:17 – Updated: 2026-10-14 20:38
VLAI
Title
Thumbnail through 1.5 OS Command Injection via generate_thumbnail File Paths
Summary
The thumbnail Python package through 1.5 contains an OS command injection vulnerability in generate_thumbnail() that allows attackers to execute commands by supplying shell metacharacters in file paths. Attackers who control a file name passed to generate_thumbnail, such as an uploaded file, can inject commands into os.system() calls running ffmpeg, convert or unoconv with the Python process privileges.
Severity
9.3 (Critical)
CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N
9.8 (Critical)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
SSVC
Exploitation: poc Automatable: yes Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-10-14 20:38 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-78 - Improper Neutralization of Special Elements used in an OS Command ('OS Command Injection')
Assigner
VulnCheck CNA under the mitre root
CNA scorecard B 84/100 over 6373 records in the last 180 days details
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
anshulkharb thumbnail Affected: 0 , ≤ 1.5 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Date Public
2026-06-28 00:00
Credits
Zachariah Mithani
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2026-110649 (GCVE-0-2026-110649)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-10-14 14:17 – Updated: 2026-10-14 17:36
VLAI
Title
Stills before 25.24.2 OS Command Injection via Media File Names
Summary
Stills before 25.24.2 contains an OS command injection vulnerability that allows attackers to execute shell commands by supplying crafted media file paths. Attackers can name a media file with $(...) or backticks to execute operating system commands with Node.js process privileges when ffmpeg, ffprobe, gifsicle, or convert runs.
Severity
9.3 (Critical)
CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N
9.8 (Critical)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: yes Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-10-14 17:36 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-78 - Improper Neutralization of Special Elements used in an OS Command ('OS Command Injection')
Assigner
VulnCheck CNA under the mitre root
CNA scorecard B 84/100 over 6373 records in the last 180 days details
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
shahkashani stills Affected: 0 , < 25.24.2 (semver)
Create a notification for this product.
Date Public
2026-08-05 00:00
Credits
Zachariah Mithani
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2026-110648 (GCVE-0-2026-110648)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-10-14 14:17 – Updated: 2026-10-16 17:15
VLAI
Title
@offactory/compress-fonts before 1.1.1 OS Command Injection via Font File Names
Summary
@offactory/compress-fonts before 1.1.1 contains an OS command injection vulnerability that allows attackers to execute shell commands by supplying font files with crafted names. Font paths are interpolated unquoted into a FontForge command run through child_process.execSync, so shell metacharacters in file names execute commands with the Node.js process privileges.
Severity
8.5 (High)
CVSS:4.0/AV:L/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:P/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N
7.8 (High)
CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-10-16 16:35 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-78 - Improper Neutralization of Special Elements used in an OS Command ('OS Command Injection')
Assigner
VulnCheck CNA under the mitre root
CNA scorecard B 84/100 over 6373 records in the last 180 days details
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
adamarcanov compress-fonts Affected: 0 , < 1.1.1 (semver)
Create a notification for this product.
Date Public
2026-06-28 00:00
Credits
Zachariah Mithani
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2026-110647 (GCVE-0-2026-110647)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-10-14 14:17 – Updated: 2026-10-14 18:20
VLAI
Title
Turnpress through 0.4.2 OS Command Injection via Crafted .docx File Names
Summary
Turnpress through 0.4.2 contains an OS command injection vulnerability that allows attackers to execute shell commands by supplying .docx files with crafted names. The convertDocxToHtml function in src/converter.ts invokes pandoc through execa with shell:true, so shell metacharacters in the --docx path run with the victim's privileges during convert or create.
Severity
8.5 (High)
CVSS:4.0/AV:L/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:P/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N
7.8 (High)
CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-10-14 18:19 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-78 - Improper Neutralization of Special Elements used in an OS Command ('OS Command Injection')
Assigner
VulnCheck CNA under the mitre root
CNA scorecard B 84/100 over 6373 records in the last 180 days details
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
jinghaihan turnpress Affected: 0 , ≤ 0.4.2 (semver)
Create a notification for this product.
Date Public
2026-09-01 00:00
Credits
Zachariah Mithani
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2026-110646 (GCVE-0-2026-110646)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-10-14 14:17 – Updated: 2026-10-14 14:17
VLAI
Title
Beganovich snappdf 1.1.0 before 6.1.0 OS Command Injection on Windows via setUrl()
Summary
Beganovich snappdf from 1.1.0 before 6.1.0 contains an OS command injection vulnerability on Windows that allows attackers to run commands by influencing the rendered URL. Attackers can supply cmd.exe metacharacters such as & in the setUrl() value, which executeOnWindows() passes unescaped to PHP exec(), executing commands as the PHP process.
Severity
9.2 (Critical)
CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:P/PR:N/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N
8.1 (High)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
CWE
  • CWE-78 - Improper Neutralization of Special Elements used in an OS Command ('OS Command Injection')
Assigner
VulnCheck CNA under the mitre root
CNA scorecard B 84/100 over 6373 records in the last 180 days details
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
beganovich snappdf Affected: 1.1.0 , < 6.1.0 (semver)
Create a notification for this product.
Date Public
2026-06-29 00:00
Credits
Zachariah Mithani
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2026-110645 (GCVE-0-2026-110645)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-10-14 14:17 – Updated: 2026-10-14 20:34
VLAI
Title
Video-stitch before 2.0.0-beta.1 OS Command Injection via concat() and cut()
Summary
Video-stitch before 2.0.0-beta.1 contains an OS command injection vulnerability that allows attackers to execute commands by supplying file names interpolated unquoted into shell-executed ffmpeg command lines. Attackers who influence file names passed to concat(), cut(), or merge() can inject shell metacharacters to run commands with the Node.js process privileges.
Severity
9.3 (Critical)
CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N
9.8 (Critical)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
SSVC
Exploitation: poc Automatable: yes Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-10-14 20:34 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-78 - Improper Neutralization of Special Elements used in an OS Command ('OS Command Injection')
Assigner
VulnCheck CNA under the mitre root
CNA scorecard B 84/100 over 6373 records in the last 180 days details
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
ArsalanDotMe video-stitch Affected: 0 , < 2.0.0-beta.1 (semver)
Create a notification for this product.
Date Public
2026-06-21 00:00
Credits
Zachariah Mithani
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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      "datePublic": "2026-06-21T00:00:00.000Z",
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          "lang": "en",
          "value": "Video-stitch before 2.0.0-beta.1 contains an OS command injection vulnerability that allows attackers to execute commands by supplying file names interpolated unquoted into shell-executed ffmpeg command lines. Attackers who influence file names passed to concat(), cut(), or merge() can inject shell metacharacters to run commands with the Node.js process privileges."
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      "metrics": [
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            "privilegesRequired": "NONE",
            "subAvailabilityImpact": "NONE",
            "subConfidentialityImpact": "NONE",
            "subIntegrityImpact": "NONE",
            "userInteraction": "NONE",
            "vectorString": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N",
            "version": "4.0",
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            "scope": "UNCHANGED",
            "userInteraction": "NONE",
            "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
            "version": "3.1"
          },
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      ],
      "problemTypes": [
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            {
              "cweId": "CWE-78",
              "description": "Improper Neutralization of Special Elements used in an OS Command (\u0027OS Command Injection\u0027)",
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        "orgId": "83251b91-4cc7-4094-a5c7-464a1b83ea10",
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          "url": "https://github.com/ArsalanDotMe/VideoStitch/pull/26"
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          "url": "https://github.com/ArsalanDotMe/VideoStitch/commit/ba60353e6c3707e6ff5d89eb6d76c2c6cdb0df9b"
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          "url": "https://github.com/ArsalanDotMe/VideoStitch/blob/f33560852c848fe572a79f45ae0e85a7bcb0d3b2/lib/videoconcat.js#L61"
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          "url": "https://github.com/ArsalanDotMe/VideoStitch/blob/f33560852c848fe572a79f45ae0e85a7bcb0d3b2/lib/videocut.js#L96-L99"
        },
        {
          "tags": [
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          "url": "https://github.com/ArsalanDotMe/VideoStitch/tree/v2.0.0-beta.1"
        },
        {
          "name": "VulnCheck Advisory: Video-stitch before 2.0.0-beta.1 OS Command Injection via concat() and cut()",
          "tags": [
            "third-party-advisory"
          ],
          "url": "https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/video-stitch-before-2.0.0-beta.1-os-command-injection-via-concat-and-cut"
        }
      ],
      "title": "Video-stitch before 2.0.0-beta.1 OS Command Injection via concat() and cut()",
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    }
  },
  "cveMetadata": {
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    "assignerShortName": "VulnCheck",
    "cveId": "CVE-2026-110645",
    "datePublished": "2026-10-14T14:17:14.471Z",
    "dateReserved": "2026-10-14T13:07:35.099Z",
    "dateUpdated": "2026-10-14T20:34:06.275Z",
    "state": "PUBLISHED"
  },
  "dataType": "CVE_RECORD",
  "dataVersion": "5.2"
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Mitigation
Architecture and Design

If at all possible, use library calls rather than external processes to recreate the desired functionality.

Mitigation MIT-22
Architecture and Design Operation

Strategy: Sandbox or Jail

  • Run the code in a "jail" or similar sandbox environment that enforces strict boundaries between the process and the operating system. This may effectively restrict which files can be accessed in a particular directory or which commands can be executed by the software.
  • OS-level examples include the Unix chroot jail, AppArmor, and SELinux. In general, managed code may provide some protection. For example, java.io.FilePermission in the Java SecurityManager allows the software to specify restrictions on file operations.
  • This may not be a feasible solution, and it only limits the impact to the operating system; the rest of the application may still be subject to compromise.
  • Be careful to avoid CWE-243 and other weaknesses related to jails.
Mitigation
Architecture and Design

Strategy: Attack Surface Reduction

For any data that will be used to generate a command to be executed, keep as much of that data out of external control as possible. For example, in web applications, this may require storing the data locally in the session's state instead of sending it out to the client in a hidden form field.

Mitigation MIT-15
Architecture and Design

For any security checks that are performed on the client side, ensure that these checks are duplicated on the server side, in order to avoid CWE-602. Attackers can bypass the client-side checks by modifying values after the checks have been performed, or by changing the client to remove the client-side checks entirely. Then, these modified values would be submitted to the server.

Mitigation MIT-4.3
Architecture and Design

Strategy: Libraries or Frameworks

  • Use a vetted library or framework that does not allow this weakness to occur or provides constructs that make this weakness easier to avoid.
  • For example, consider using the ESAPI Encoding control [REF-45] or a similar tool, library, or framework. These will help the programmer encode outputs in a manner less prone to error.
Mitigation MIT-28
Implementation

Strategy: Output Encoding

While it is risky to use dynamically-generated query strings, code, or commands that mix control and data together, sometimes it may be unavoidable. Properly quote arguments and escape any special characters within those arguments. The most conservative approach is to escape or filter all characters that do not pass an extremely strict allowlist (such as everything that is not alphanumeric or white space). If some special characters are still needed, such as white space, wrap each argument in quotes after the escaping/filtering step. Be careful of argument injection (CWE-88).

Mitigation
Implementation

If the program to be executed allows arguments to be specified within an input file or from standard input, then consider using that mode to pass arguments instead of the command line.

Mitigation MIT-27
Architecture and Design

Strategy: Parameterization

  • If available, use structured mechanisms that automatically enforce the separation between data and code. These mechanisms may be able to provide the relevant quoting, encoding, and validation automatically, instead of relying on the developer to provide this capability at every point where output is generated.
  • Some languages offer multiple functions that can be used to invoke commands. Where possible, identify any function that invokes a command shell using a single string, and replace it with a function that requires individual arguments. These functions typically perform appropriate quoting and filtering of arguments. For example, in C, the system() function accepts a string that contains the entire command to be executed, whereas execl(), execve(), and others require an array of strings, one for each argument. In Windows, CreateProcess() only accepts one command at a time. In Perl, if system() is provided with an array of arguments, then it will quote each of the arguments.
Mitigation MIT-5
Implementation

Strategy: Input Validation

  • Assume all input is malicious. Use an "accept known good" input validation strategy, i.e., use a list of acceptable inputs that strictly conform to specifications. Reject any input that does not strictly conform to specifications, or transform it into something that does.
  • When performing input validation, consider all potentially relevant properties, including length, type of input, the full range of acceptable values, missing or extra inputs, syntax, consistency across related fields, and conformance to business rules. As an example of business rule logic, "boat" may be syntactically valid because it only contains alphanumeric characters, but it is not valid if the input is only expected to contain colors such as "red" or "blue."
  • Do not rely exclusively on looking for malicious or malformed inputs. This is likely to miss at least one undesirable input, especially if the code's environment changes. This can give attackers enough room to bypass the intended validation. However, denylists can be useful for detecting potential attacks or determining which inputs are so malformed that they should be rejected outright.
  • When constructing OS command strings, use stringent allowlists that limit the character set based on the expected value of the parameter in the request. This will indirectly limit the scope of an attack, but this technique is less important than proper output encoding and escaping.
  • Note that proper output encoding, escaping, and quoting is the most effective solution for preventing OS command injection, although input validation may provide some defense-in-depth. This is because it effectively limits what will appear in output. Input validation will not always prevent OS command injection, especially if you are required to support free-form text fields that could contain arbitrary characters. For example, when invoking a mail program, you might need to allow the subject field to contain otherwise-dangerous inputs like ";" and ">" characters, which would need to be escaped or otherwise handled. In this case, stripping the character might reduce the risk of OS command injection, but it would produce incorrect behavior because the subject field would not be recorded as the user intended. This might seem to be a minor inconvenience, but it could be more important when the program relies on well-structured subject lines in order to pass messages to other components.
  • Even if you make a mistake in your validation (such as forgetting one out of 100 input fields), appropriate encoding is still likely to protect you from injection-based attacks. As long as it is not done in isolation, input validation is still a useful technique, since it may significantly reduce your attack surface, allow you to detect some attacks, and provide other security benefits that proper encoding does not address.
Mitigation MIT-21
Architecture and Design

Strategy: Enforcement by Conversion

When the set of acceptable objects, such as filenames or URLs, is limited or known, create a mapping from a set of fixed input values (such as numeric IDs) to the actual filenames or URLs, and reject all other inputs.

Mitigation MIT-32
Operation

Strategy: Compilation or Build Hardening

Run the code in an environment that performs automatic taint propagation and prevents any command execution that uses tainted variables, such as Perl's "-T" switch. This will force the program to perform validation steps that remove the taint, although you must be careful to correctly validate your inputs so that you do not accidentally mark dangerous inputs as untainted (see CWE-183 and CWE-184).

Mitigation MIT-32
Operation

Strategy: Environment Hardening

Run the code in an environment that performs automatic taint propagation and prevents any command execution that uses tainted variables, such as Perl's "-T" switch. This will force the program to perform validation steps that remove the taint, although you must be careful to correctly validate your inputs so that you do not accidentally mark dangerous inputs as untainted (see CWE-183 and CWE-184).

Mitigation MIT-39
Implementation
  • Ensure that error messages only contain minimal details that are useful to the intended audience and no one else. The messages need to strike the balance between being too cryptic (which can confuse users) or being too detailed (which may reveal more than intended). The messages should not reveal the methods that were used to determine the error. Attackers can use detailed information to refine or optimize their original attack, thereby increasing their chances of success.
  • If errors must be captured in some detail, record them in log messages, but consider what could occur if the log messages can be viewed by attackers. Highly sensitive information such as passwords should never be saved to log files.
  • Avoid inconsistent messaging that might accidentally tip off an attacker about internal state, such as whether a user account exists or not.
  • In the context of OS Command Injection, error information passed back to the user might reveal whether an OS command is being executed and possibly which command is being used.
Mitigation
Operation

Strategy: Sandbox or Jail

Use runtime policy enforcement to create an allowlist of allowable commands, then prevent use of any command that does not appear in the allowlist. Technologies such as AppArmor are available to do this.

Mitigation MIT-29
Operation

Strategy: Firewall

Use an application firewall that can detect attacks against this weakness. It can be beneficial in cases in which the code cannot be fixed (because it is controlled by a third party), as an emergency prevention measure while more comprehensive software assurance measures are applied, or to provide defense in depth [REF-1481].

Mitigation MIT-17
Architecture and Design Operation

Strategy: Environment Hardening

Run your code using the lowest privileges that are required to accomplish the necessary tasks [REF-76]. If possible, create isolated accounts with limited privileges that are only used for a single task. That way, a successful attack will not immediately give the attacker access to the rest of the software or its environment. For example, database applications rarely need to run as the database administrator, especially in day-to-day operations.

Mitigation MIT-16
Operation Implementation

Strategy: Environment Hardening

When using PHP, configure the application so that it does not use register_globals. During implementation, develop the application so that it does not rely on this feature, but be wary of implementing a register_globals emulation that is subject to weaknesses such as CWE-95, CWE-621, and similar issues.

CAPEC-108: Command Line Execution through SQL Injection

An attacker uses standard SQL injection methods to inject data into the command line for execution. This could be done directly through misuse of directives such as MSSQL_xp_cmdshell or indirectly through injection of data into the database that would be interpreted as shell commands. Sometime later, an unscrupulous backend application (or could be part of the functionality of the same application) fetches the injected data stored in the database and uses this data as command line arguments without performing proper validation. The malicious data escapes that data plane by spawning new commands to be executed on the host.

CAPEC-15: Command Delimiters

An attack of this type exploits a programs' vulnerabilities that allows an attacker's commands to be concatenated onto a legitimate command with the intent of targeting other resources such as the file system or database. The system that uses a filter or denylist input validation, as opposed to allowlist validation is vulnerable to an attacker who predicts delimiters (or combinations of delimiters) not present in the filter or denylist. As with other injection attacks, the attacker uses the command delimiter payload as an entry point to tunnel through the application and activate additional attacks through SQL queries, shell commands, network scanning, and so on.

CAPEC-43: Exploiting Multiple Input Interpretation Layers

An attacker supplies the target software with input data that contains sequences of special characters designed to bypass input validation logic. This exploit relies on the target making multiples passes over the input data and processing a "layer" of special characters with each pass. In this manner, the attacker can disguise input that would otherwise be rejected as invalid by concealing it with layers of special/escape characters that are stripped off by subsequent processing steps. The goal is to first discover cases where the input validation layer executes before one or more parsing layers. That is, user input may go through the following logic in an application: <parser1> --> <input validator> --> <parser2>. In such cases, the attacker will need to provide input that will pass through the input validator, but after passing through parser2, will be converted into something that the input validator was supposed to stop.

CAPEC-6: Argument Injection

An attacker changes the behavior or state of a targeted application through injecting data or command syntax through the targets use of non-validated and non-filtered arguments of exposed services or methods.

CAPEC-88: OS Command Injection

In this type of an attack, an adversary injects operating system commands into existing application functions. An application that uses untrusted input to build command strings is vulnerable. An adversary can leverage OS command injection in an application to elevate privileges, execute arbitrary commands and compromise the underlying operating system.

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