CWE-77
Allowed-with-ReviewImproper Neutralization of Special Elements used in a Command ('Command Injection')
Abstraction: Class · Status: Draft
The product constructs all or part of a command using externally-influenced input from an upstream component, but it does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes special elements that could modify the intended command when it is sent to a downstream component.
5388 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
GHSA-QF7F-CGQ3-XFVH
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-08-27 15:33 – Updated: 2025-08-27 15:33OPNsense 25.1 contains an authenticated command injection vulnerability in its Bridge Interface Edit endpoint (interfaces_bridge_edit.php). The span POST parameter is concatenated into a system-level command without proper sanitization or escaping, allowing an administrator to inject arbitrary shell operators and payloads. Successful exploitation grants RCE with the privileges of the web service (typically root), potentially leading to full system compromise or lateral movement. This vulnerability arises from inadequate input validation and improper handling of user-supplied data in backend command invocations.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-50989"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-08-27T15:15:38Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "OPNsense 25.1 contains an authenticated command injection vulnerability in its Bridge Interface Edit endpoint (interfaces_bridge_edit.php). The span POST parameter is concatenated into a system-level command without proper sanitization or escaping, allowing an administrator to inject arbitrary shell operators and payloads. Successful exploitation grants RCE with the privileges of the web service (typically root), potentially leading to full system compromise or lateral movement. This vulnerability arises from inadequate input validation and improper handling of user-supplied data in backend command invocations.",
"id": "GHSA-qf7f-cgq3-xfvh",
"modified": "2025-08-27T15:33:15Z",
"published": "2025-08-27T15:33:15Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-50989"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/4rdr/proofs/blob/main/info/OPNsense-25.1-Command-Injection-via-span-parameter.md"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-QF9J-HR2M-CP58
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-08-14 18:31 – Updated: 2025-08-14 18:31A vulnerability in the web-based management interface of Cisco Secure Firewall Management Center (FMC) Software could allow an authenticated, remote attacker with Administrator-level privileges to execute arbitrary commands on the underlying operating system.
This vulnerability is due to insufficient input validation of certain HTTP request parameters that are sent to the web-based management interface. An attacker could exploit this vulnerability by authenticating to the interface and sending a crafted HTTP request to an affected device. A successful exploit could allow the attacker to execute commands as the root user on the affected device. To exploit this vulnerability, an attacker would need Administrator-level credentials.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-20306"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-08-14T17:15:40Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "A vulnerability in the web-based management interface of Cisco Secure Firewall Management Center (FMC) Software could allow an authenticated, remote attacker with Administrator-level privileges to execute arbitrary commands on the underlying operating system.\n\nThis vulnerability is due to insufficient input validation of certain HTTP request parameters that are sent to the web-based management interface. An attacker could exploit this vulnerability by authenticating to the interface and sending a crafted HTTP request to an affected device. A successful exploit could allow the attacker to execute commands as the root\u0026nbsp;user on the affected device. To exploit this vulnerability, an attacker would need\u0026nbsp;Administrator-level credentials.",
"id": "GHSA-qf9j-hr2m-cp58",
"modified": "2025-08-14T18:31:30Z",
"published": "2025-08-14T18:31:30Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-20306"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://sec.cloudapps.cisco.com/security/center/content/CiscoSecurityAdvisory/cisco-sa-fmc-cmd-inj-HCRLpFyN"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-QFCF-8PF2-288V
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-06-18 18:35 – Updated: 2026-06-18 21:32InHand Networks IR912 V1.0.0.r20042 and IR915 V1.0.0.r20042 (including earlier versions) were discovered to contain a command injection vulnerability in the file upload function. The vulnerability allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary commands as root via a crafted input.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-38717"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-06-18T17:16:30Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "InHand Networks IR912 V1.0.0.r20042 and IR915 V1.0.0.r20042 (including earlier versions) were discovered to contain a command injection vulnerability in the file upload function. The vulnerability allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary commands as root via a crafted input.",
"id": "GHSA-qfcf-8pf2-288v",
"modified": "2026-06-18T21:32:33Z",
"published": "2026-06-18T18:35:24Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-38717"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.inhand.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/InHand-PSA-2026-06_EN.pdf"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-QFF8-H2GH-57QQ
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-08-24 21:30 – Updated: 2024-08-24 21:30A vulnerability was found in D-Link DNS-120, DNR-202L, DNS-315L, DNS-320, DNS-320L, DNS-320LW, DNS-321, DNR-322L, DNS-323, DNS-325, DNS-326, DNS-327L, DNR-326, DNS-340L, DNS-343, DNS-345, DNS-726-4, DNS-1100-4, DNS-1200-05 and DNS-1550-04 up to 20240814. It has been rated as critical. This issue affects the function cgi_FMT_Std2R5_1st_DiskMGR of the file /cgi-bin/hd_config.cgi of the component HTTP POST Request Handler. The manipulation of the argument f_source_dev leads to command injection. The attack may be initiated remotely. The exploit has been disclosed to the public and may be used. NOTE: This vulnerability only affects products that are no longer supported by the maintainer. NOTE: Vendor was contacted early and confirmed that the product is end-of-life. It should be retired and replaced.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-8134"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77",
"CWE-78"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-08-24T20:15:04Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "A vulnerability was found in D-Link DNS-120, DNR-202L, DNS-315L, DNS-320, DNS-320L, DNS-320LW, DNS-321, DNR-322L, DNS-323, DNS-325, DNS-326, DNS-327L, DNR-326, DNS-340L, DNS-343, DNS-345, DNS-726-4, DNS-1100-4, DNS-1200-05 and DNS-1550-04 up to 20240814. It has been rated as critical. This issue affects the function cgi_FMT_Std2R5_1st_DiskMGR of the file /cgi-bin/hd_config.cgi of the component HTTP POST Request Handler. The manipulation of the argument f_source_dev leads to command injection. The attack may be initiated remotely. The exploit has been disclosed to the public and may be used. NOTE: This vulnerability only affects products that are no longer supported by the maintainer. NOTE: Vendor was contacted early and confirmed that the product is end-of-life. It should be retired and replaced.",
"id": "GHSA-qff8-h2gh-57qq",
"modified": "2024-08-24T21:30:29Z",
"published": "2024-08-24T21:30:29Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-8134"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/BuaaIOTTeam/Iot_Dlink_NAS/blob/main/DNS_cgi_FMT_Std2R5_1st_DiskMGR.md"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://supportannouncement.us.dlink.com/security/publication.aspx?name=SAP10383"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?ctiid.275705"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?id.275705"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?submit.396296"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.dlink.com"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:L",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:L/VI:L/VA:L/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
]
}
GHSA-QFHJ-937R-972Q
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2021-12-27 00:01 – Updated: 2022-01-05 00:01Certain NETGEAR devices are affected by command injection by an authenticated user. This affects RBK752 before 3.2.16.6, RBR750 before 3.2.16.6, RBS750 before 3.2.16.6, RBK852 before 3.2.16.6, RBR850 before 3.2.16.6, and RBS850 before 3.2.16.6.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2021-45561"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2021-12-26T01:15:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Certain NETGEAR devices are affected by command injection by an authenticated user. This affects RBK752 before 3.2.16.6, RBR750 before 3.2.16.6, RBS750 before 3.2.16.6, RBK852 before 3.2.16.6, RBR850 before 3.2.16.6, and RBS850 before 3.2.16.6.",
"id": "GHSA-qfhj-937r-972q",
"modified": "2022-01-05T00:01:31Z",
"published": "2021-12-27T00:01:18Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-45561"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://kb.netgear.com/000064165/Security-Advisory-for-Post-Authentication-Command-Injection-on-Some-WiFi-Systems-PSV-2020-0059"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": []
}
GHSA-QFM4-9QQJ-3W82
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-01-24 18:31 – Updated: 2024-01-30 21:30There is a command injection vulnerability in the ssdpcgi_main function of cgibin binary in D-Link DIR-815 router firmware v1.04.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-22651"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-01-24T16:15:08Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "There is a command injection vulnerability in the ssdpcgi_main function of cgibin binary in D-Link DIR-815 router firmware v1.04.",
"id": "GHSA-qfm4-9qqj-3w82",
"modified": "2024-01-30T21:30:28Z",
"published": "2024-01-24T18:31:01Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-22651"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/goldds96/Report/blob/main/DLink/DIR-815/CI.md"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-QFM5-C84W-R442
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-08-12 15:30 – Updated: 2024-08-12 15:30Multiple OS command injection vulnerabilities affecting Vonets
industrial wifi bridge relays and wifi bridge repeaters, software versions 3.3.23.6.9 and prior, enable an authenticated remote attacker to execute arbitrary OS commands via various endpoint parameters.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-37023"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-08-12T13:38:22Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "Multiple OS command injection vulnerabilities affecting Vonets \n\n industrial wifi bridge relays and wifi bridge repeaters, software \nversions 3.3.23.6.9 and prior, enable an authenticated remote attacker \nto execute arbitrary OS commands via various endpoint parameters.",
"id": "GHSA-qfm5-c84w-r442",
"modified": "2024-08-12T15:30:49Z",
"published": "2024-08-12T15:30:49Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-37023"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.cisa.gov/news-events/ics-advisories/icsa-24-214-08"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:H/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:H/SI:H/SA:H/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
]
}
GHSA-QFR9-7C9V-FQ5R
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-03-31 15:30 – Updated: 2025-08-18 18:30A command injection vulnerability in the web interface of Adtran 411 ONT L80.00.0011.M2 allows attackers to escalate privileges to root and execute arbitrary commands.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-22941"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-03-31T15:15:43Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "A command injection vulnerability in the web interface of Adtran 411 ONT L80.00.0011.M2 allows attackers to escalate privileges to root and execute arbitrary commands.",
"id": "GHSA-qfr9-7c9v-fq5r",
"modified": "2025-08-18T18:30:33Z",
"published": "2025-03-31T15:30:48Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-22941"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://drive.google.com/file/d/1levaZk5aC6g6a2zPW8xlOIVAu9MFYvAz/view"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://lanrat.com/posts/adtran-isp-hacking"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-QFWQ-CHF4-JVWG
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-14 01:49 – Updated: 2025-08-15 13:55The karo gem through 2.5.2 for Ruby allows Remote command injection via the host field.
A flaw in db.rb is triggered when handling metacharacters. This may allow a remote attacker to execute arbitrary commands.
In particular lines 76 and 95 (as of 2014-06-01) pass unsanitized user supplied input to the command line.
73- host = "{@configuration["user"]}@{@configuration["host"]}"
74- cmd = "ssh #{host} cat {server_db_config_file}"
75-
76: server_db_config_output = `{cmd}`
79-
--
89- def drop_and_create_local_database(local_db_config)
90- command = case local_db_config["adapter"]
91- when "mysql2"
93- when "postgresql"
95- dropdb -h #{local_db_config["host"]} -U #{local_db_config["username"]} --if-exists #{local_db_config["database"]}
If this gem is used in the context of a rails application malicious input could lead to remote command injection. As of version 2.5.2 the affected code lines have not changed.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "RubyGems",
"name": "karo"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"last_affected": "2.5.2"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2014-10075"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2023-03-29T20:26:16Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2018-10-05T06:29:00Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "The karo gem through 2.5.2 for Ruby allows Remote command injection via the host field.\n\nA flaw in `db.rb` is triggered when handling metacharacters. This may allow a remote attacker to execute arbitrary commands.\n\nIn particular lines 76 and 95 (as of `2014-06-01`) pass unsanitized user supplied input to the command line. \n\n```\n73- host = \"{@configuration[\"user\"]}@{@configuration[\"host\"]}\"\n74- cmd = \"ssh #{host} cat {server_db_config_file}\"\n75-\n76: server_db_config_output = `{cmd}`\n79-\n--\n89- def drop_and_create_local_database(local_db_config)\n90- command = case local_db_config[\"adapter\"]\n91- when \"mysql2\"\n93- when \"postgresql\"\n95- dropdb -h #{local_db_config[\"host\"]} -U #{local_db_config[\"username\"]} --if-exists #{local_db_config[\"database\"]}\n```\n\nIf this gem is used in the context of a rails application malicious input could lead to remote command injection. As of version 2.5.2 the affected code lines have not changed.",
"id": "GHSA-qfwq-chf4-jvwg",
"modified": "2025-08-15T13:55:26Z",
"published": "2022-05-14T01:49:44Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2014-10075"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/rahult/karo"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/rahult/karo/blob/master/lib/karo/db.rb#L76"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/rahult/karo/blob/master/lib/karo/db.rb#L95"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/rubysec/ruby-advisory-db/blob/master/gems/karo/CVE-2014-10075.yml"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.vapid.dhs.org/advisories/karo-2.3.8.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.vapidlabs.com/advisory.php?v=63"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "karo Metacharacter Handling Remote Command Execution"
}
GHSA-QFXH-G429-P7G2
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-08-06 18:31 – Updated: 2025-08-06 18:31A vulnerability, which was classified as critical, was found in SkyworkAI DeepResearchAgent up to 08eb7f8eb9505d0094d75bb97ff7dacc3fa3bbf2. Affected is the function from_code/from_dict/from_mcp of the file src/tools/tools.py. The manipulation leads to os command injection. It is possible to launch the attack remotely. The exploit has been disclosed to the public and may be used. Continious delivery with rolling releases is used by this product. Therefore, no version details of affected nor updated releases are available. The vendor was contacted early about this disclosure but did not respond in any way.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-8667"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-08-06T18:15:29Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "A vulnerability, which was classified as critical, was found in SkyworkAI DeepResearchAgent up to 08eb7f8eb9505d0094d75bb97ff7dacc3fa3bbf2. Affected is the function from_code/from_dict/from_mcp of the file src/tools/tools.py. The manipulation leads to os command injection. It is possible to launch the attack remotely. The exploit has been disclosed to the public and may be used. Continious delivery with rolling releases is used by this product. Therefore, no version details of affected nor updated releases are available. The vendor was contacted early about this disclosure but did not respond in any way.",
"id": "GHSA-qfxh-g429-p7g2",
"modified": "2025-08-06T18:31:21Z",
"published": "2025-08-06T18:31:21Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-8667"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/bayuncao-bit/vul-36"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/bayuncao-bit/vul-36#proof-of-concept"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?ctiid.319026"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?id.319026"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?submit.621324"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:L",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:L/VI:L/VA:L/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:P/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
]
}
Mitigation
If at all possible, use library calls rather than external processes to recreate the desired functionality.
Mitigation
If possible, ensure that all external commands called from the program are statically created.
Mitigation MIT-5
Strategy: Input Validation
- Assume all input is malicious. Use an "accept known good" input validation strategy, i.e., use a list of acceptable inputs that strictly conform to specifications. Reject any input that does not strictly conform to specifications, or transform it into something that does.
- When performing input validation, consider all potentially relevant properties, including length, type of input, the full range of acceptable values, missing or extra inputs, syntax, consistency across related fields, and conformance to business rules. As an example of business rule logic, "boat" may be syntactically valid because it only contains alphanumeric characters, but it is not valid if the input is only expected to contain colors such as "red" or "blue."
- Do not rely exclusively on looking for malicious or malformed inputs. This is likely to miss at least one undesirable input, especially if the code's environment changes. This can give attackers enough room to bypass the intended validation. However, denylists can be useful for detecting potential attacks or determining which inputs are so malformed that they should be rejected outright.
Mitigation
Run time: Run time policy enforcement may be used in an allowlist fashion to prevent use of any non-sanctioned commands.
Mitigation
Assign permissions that prevent the user from accessing/opening privileged files.
CAPEC-136: LDAP Injection
An attacker manipulates or crafts an LDAP query for the purpose of undermining the security of the target. Some applications use user input to create LDAP queries that are processed by an LDAP server. For example, a user might provide their username during authentication and the username might be inserted in an LDAP query during the authentication process. An attacker could use this input to inject additional commands into an LDAP query that could disclose sensitive information. For example, entering a * in the aforementioned query might return information about all users on the system. This attack is very similar to an SQL injection attack in that it manipulates a query to gather additional information or coerce a particular return value.
CAPEC-15: Command Delimiters
An attack of this type exploits a programs' vulnerabilities that allows an attacker's commands to be concatenated onto a legitimate command with the intent of targeting other resources such as the file system or database. The system that uses a filter or denylist input validation, as opposed to allowlist validation is vulnerable to an attacker who predicts delimiters (or combinations of delimiters) not present in the filter or denylist. As with other injection attacks, the attacker uses the command delimiter payload as an entry point to tunnel through the application and activate additional attacks through SQL queries, shell commands, network scanning, and so on.
CAPEC-183: IMAP/SMTP Command Injection
An adversary exploits weaknesses in input validation on web-mail servers to execute commands on the IMAP/SMTP server. Web-mail servers often sit between the Internet and the IMAP or SMTP mail server. User requests are received by the web-mail servers which then query the back-end mail server for the requested information and return this response to the user. In an IMAP/SMTP command injection attack, mail-server commands are embedded in parts of the request sent to the web-mail server. If the web-mail server fails to adequately sanitize these requests, these commands are then sent to the back-end mail server when it is queried by the web-mail server, where the commands are then executed. This attack can be especially dangerous since administrators may assume that the back-end server is protected against direct Internet access and therefore may not secure it adequately against the execution of malicious commands.
CAPEC-248: Command Injection
An adversary looking to execute a command of their choosing, injects new items into an existing command thus modifying interpretation away from what was intended. Commands in this context are often standalone strings that are interpreted by a downstream component and cause specific responses. This type of attack is possible when untrusted values are used to build these command strings. Weaknesses in input validation or command construction can enable the attack and lead to successful exploitation.
CAPEC-40: Manipulating Writeable Terminal Devices
This attack exploits terminal devices that allow themselves to be written to by other users. The attacker sends command strings to the target terminal device hoping that the target user will hit enter and thereby execute the malicious command with their privileges. The attacker can send the results (such as copying /etc/passwd) to a known directory and collect once the attack has succeeded.
CAPEC-43: Exploiting Multiple Input Interpretation Layers
An attacker supplies the target software with input data that contains sequences of special characters designed to bypass input validation logic. This exploit relies on the target making multiples passes over the input data and processing a "layer" of special characters with each pass. In this manner, the attacker can disguise input that would otherwise be rejected as invalid by concealing it with layers of special/escape characters that are stripped off by subsequent processing steps. The goal is to first discover cases where the input validation layer executes before one or more parsing layers. That is, user input may go through the following logic in an application: <parser1> --> <input validator> --> <parser2>. In such cases, the attacker will need to provide input that will pass through the input validator, but after passing through parser2, will be converted into something that the input validator was supposed to stop.
CAPEC-75: Manipulating Writeable Configuration Files
Generally these are manually edited files that are not in the preview of the system administrators, any ability on the attackers' behalf to modify these files, for example in a CVS repository, gives unauthorized access directly to the application, the same as authorized users.
CAPEC-76: Manipulating Web Input to File System Calls
An attacker manipulates inputs to the target software which the target software passes to file system calls in the OS. The goal is to gain access to, and perhaps modify, areas of the file system that the target software did not intend to be accessible.