CWE-77
Allowed-with-ReviewImproper Neutralization of Special Elements used in a Command ('Command Injection')
Abstraction: Class · Status: Draft
The product constructs all or part of a command using externally-influenced input from an upstream component, but it does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes special elements that could modify the intended command when it is sent to a downstream component.
5383 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
GHSA-M5Q6-6PRW-VPGQ
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-07-10 15:31 – Updated: 2025-07-10 15:31A vulnerability, which was classified as critical, was found in Netgear D6400 1.0.0.114. This affects an unknown part of the file diag.cgi. The manipulation of the argument host_name leads to os command injection. It is possible to initiate the attack remotely. The exploit has been disclosed to the public and may be used. The vendor was contacted early and confirmed the existence of the vulnerability. They reacted very quickly, professional and kind. This vulnerability only affects products that are no longer supported by the maintainer.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-7407"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-07-10T14:15:27Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "A vulnerability, which was classified as critical, was found in Netgear D6400 1.0.0.114. This affects an unknown part of the file diag.cgi. The manipulation of the argument host_name leads to os command injection. It is possible to initiate the attack remotely. The exploit has been disclosed to the public and may be used. The vendor was contacted early and confirmed the existence of the vulnerability. They reacted very quickly, professional and kind. This vulnerability only affects products that are no longer supported by the maintainer.",
"id": "GHSA-m5q6-6prw-vpgq",
"modified": "2025-07-10T15:31:27Z",
"published": "2025-07-10T15:31:27Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-7407"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/wudipjq/my_vuln/blob/main/Netgear7/vuln_66/66.md"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/wudipjq/my_vuln/blob/main/Netgear7/vuln_66/66.md#poc"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?ctiid.315867"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?id.315867"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?submit.603668"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.netgear.com"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:L",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:L/VI:L/VA:L/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:P/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
]
}
GHSA-M5RX-HC2H-RX36
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 19:08 – Updated: 2022-05-24 19:08An command injection vulnerability in HNAP1/SetWLanApcliSettings of Motorola CX2 router CX 1.0.2 Build 20190508 Rel.97360n allows attackers to execute arbitrary system commands.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2020-21937"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77",
"CWE-78"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2021-07-21T15:15:00Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "An command injection vulnerability in HNAP1/SetWLanApcliSettings of Motorola CX2 router CX 1.0.2 Build 20190508 Rel.97360n allows attackers to execute arbitrary system commands.",
"id": "GHSA-m5rx-hc2h-rx36",
"modified": "2022-05-24T19:08:49Z",
"published": "2022-05-24T19:08:49Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2020-21937"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/78.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/cc-crack/router/blob/master/motocx2.md"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://l0n0l.xyz/post/motocx2"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-M5VC-M25P-PQ4Q
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-04-14 15:30 – Updated: 2024-04-04 03:28TOTOLINK X18 V9.1.0cu.2024_B20220329 was discovered to contain a command injection vulnerability via the FileName parameter in the UploadFirmwareFile function.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-29800"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2023-04-14T14:15:00Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "TOTOLINK X18 V9.1.0cu.2024_B20220329 was discovered to contain a command injection vulnerability via the FileName parameter in the UploadFirmwareFile function.",
"id": "GHSA-m5vc-m25p-pq4q",
"modified": "2024-04-04T03:28:18Z",
"published": "2023-04-14T15:30:29Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-29800"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://sore-pail-31b.notion.site/Command-Injection-5-e88b72309a3c4e20b7469b3679c0c7d9"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-M5X8-5G7C-7X6P
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-11-25 00:31 – Updated: 2024-11-25 00:31Improper Neutralization of Special Elements used in a Command ('Command Injection') vulnerability in hardy-barth cph2_echarge_firmware allows OS Command Injection.This issue affects cph2_echarge_firmware: through 2.0.4.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-11665"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-11-24T23:15:03Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Improper Neutralization of Special Elements used in a Command (\u0027Command Injection\u0027) vulnerability in hardy-barth cph2_echarge_firmware allows OS Command Injection.This issue affects cph2_echarge_firmware: through 2.0.4.",
"id": "GHSA-m5x8-5g7c-7x6p",
"modified": "2024-11-25T00:31:54Z",
"published": "2024-11-25T00:31:54Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-11665"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.onekey.com/resource/critical-vulnerabilities-in-ev-charging-stations-analysis-of-echarge-controllers"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:A/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-M656-JQ7Q-4F8X
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 17:49 – Updated: 2022-05-24 17:49IBM QRadar SIEM 7.3 and 7.4 is vulnerable to insecure inter-deployment communication. An attacker that is able to comprimise or spoof traffic between hosts may be able to execute arbitrary commands. IBM X-Force D: 192538.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2020-4979"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2021-05-05T16:15:00Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "IBM QRadar SIEM 7.3 and 7.4 is vulnerable to insecure inter-deployment communication. An attacker that is able to comprimise or spoof traffic between hosts may be able to execute arbitrary commands. IBM X-Force D: 192538.",
"id": "GHSA-m656-jq7q-4f8x",
"modified": "2022-05-24T17:49:27Z",
"published": "2022-05-24T17:49:27Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2020-4979"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://exchange.xforce.ibmcloud.com/vulnerabilities/192538"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.ibm.com/support/pages/node/6449668"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-M657-V3W3-JR64
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-02-16 15:32 – Updated: 2026-02-16 15:32A vulnerability has been found in kalcaddle kodbox up to 1.64.05. The impacted element is the function run of the file plugins/fileThumb/lib/VideoResize.class.php of the component Media File Preview Plugin. Such manipulation of the argument localFile leads to os command injection. The attack can be executed remotely. The exploit has been disclosed to the public and may be used. The vendor was contacted early about this disclosure but did not respond in any way.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-2560"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-02-16T14:16:18Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "A vulnerability has been found in kalcaddle kodbox up to 1.64.05. The impacted element is the function run of the file plugins/fileThumb/lib/VideoResize.class.php of the component Media File Preview Plugin. Such manipulation of the argument localFile leads to os command injection. The attack can be executed remotely. The exploit has been disclosed to the public and may be used. The vendor was contacted early about this disclosure but did not respond in any way.",
"id": "GHSA-m657-v3w3-jr64",
"modified": "2026-02-16T15:32:47Z",
"published": "2026-02-16T15:32:47Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-2560"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://gist.github.com/DReazer/d7380aca4ade9fd73b688633901367ed"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://gist.github.com/DReazer/d7380aca4ade9fd73b688633901367ed#proof-of-concept-poc"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?ctiid.346167"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?id.346167"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?submit.750944"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:L",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:L/VI:L/VA:L/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:P/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
]
}
GHSA-M6CQ-F7JW-66MH
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-17 03:55 – Updated: 2022-05-17 03:55Cool Projects TarDiff allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary commands via shell metacharacters in the name of a (1) tar file or (2) file within a tar file.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2015-0857"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2016-05-06T17:59:00Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "Cool Projects TarDiff allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary commands via shell metacharacters in the name of a (1) tar file or (2) file within a tar file.",
"id": "GHSA-m6cq-f7jw-66mh",
"modified": "2022-05-17T03:55:47Z",
"published": "2022-05-17T03:55:47Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2015-0857"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://anonscm.debian.org/cgit/collab-maint/tardiff.git/commit/?id=9bd6a07bc204472ac27242cea16f89943b43003a"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://anonscm.debian.org/cgit/collab-maint/tardiff.git/commit/?id=a18e8df51511df276e61dbccdbe1714fc53af965"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.debian.org/security/2016/dsa-3562"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-M6HX-3R4G-9M98
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-09-23 18:30 – Updated: 2025-09-24 21:30SQL Injection vulnerability in CSZ-CMS v.1.3.0 allows a remote attacker to execute arbitrary code via the execSqlFile function in the Plugin_Manager.php file.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-29083"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-09-23T18:15:31Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "SQL Injection vulnerability in CSZ-CMS v.1.3.0 allows a remote attacker to execute arbitrary code via the execSqlFile function in the Plugin_Manager.php file.",
"id": "GHSA-m6hx-3r4g-9m98",
"modified": "2025-09-24T21:30:36Z",
"published": "2025-09-23T18:30:25Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-29083"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/fax77829yz/CSZ_CMS-exploit/blob/main/README.md#cve2"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-M6M8-V67P-7G6Q
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2021-12-27 00:01 – Updated: 2022-01-06 00:01Certain NETGEAR devices are affected by command injection by an authenticated user. This affects LAX20 before 1.1.6.28, MK62 before 1.1.6.122, MR60 before 1.1.6.122, MS60 before 1.1.6.122, R6400v2 before 1.0.4.118, R6700v3 before 1.0.4.118, R6900P before 1.3.3.140, R7000 before 1.0.11.116, R7000P before 1.3.3.140, R7850 before 1.0.5.68, R7900 before 1.0.4.38, R7900P before 1.4.2.84, R7960P before 1.4.2.84, R8000 before 1.0.4.68, R8000P before 1.4.2.84, RAX15 before 1.0.3.96, RAX20 before 1.0.3.96, RAX200 before 1.0.4.120, RAX35v2 before 1.0.3.96, RAX40v2 before 1.0.3.96, RAX43 before 1.0.3.96, RAX45 before 1.0.3.96, RAX50 before 1.0.3.96, RAX75 before 1.0.4.120, RAX80 before 1.0.4.120, RS400 before 1.5.1.80, and XR1000 before 1.0.0.58.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2021-45549"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2021-12-26T01:15:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Certain NETGEAR devices are affected by command injection by an authenticated user. This affects LAX20 before 1.1.6.28, MK62 before 1.1.6.122, MR60 before 1.1.6.122, MS60 before 1.1.6.122, R6400v2 before 1.0.4.118, R6700v3 before 1.0.4.118, R6900P before 1.3.3.140, R7000 before 1.0.11.116, R7000P before 1.3.3.140, R7850 before 1.0.5.68, R7900 before 1.0.4.38, R7900P before 1.4.2.84, R7960P before 1.4.2.84, R8000 before 1.0.4.68, R8000P before 1.4.2.84, RAX15 before 1.0.3.96, RAX20 before 1.0.3.96, RAX200 before 1.0.4.120, RAX35v2 before 1.0.3.96, RAX40v2 before 1.0.3.96, RAX43 before 1.0.3.96, RAX45 before 1.0.3.96, RAX50 before 1.0.3.96, RAX75 before 1.0.4.120, RAX80 before 1.0.4.120, RS400 before 1.5.1.80, and XR1000 before 1.0.0.58.",
"id": "GHSA-m6m8-v67p-7g6q",
"modified": "2022-01-06T00:01:00Z",
"published": "2021-12-27T00:01:22Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-45549"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://kb.netgear.com/000064513/Security-Advisory-for-Post-Authentication-Command-Injection-on-Some-Routers-Extenders-and-WiFi-Systems-PSV-2020-0517"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": []
}
GHSA-M6VG-69CM-GX8X
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-08-11 03:30 – Updated: 2025-08-11 03:30A vulnerability was found in Linksys RE6250, RE6300, RE6350, RE6500, RE7000 and RE9000 up to 20250801. Affected by this vulnerability is the function setDeviceName of the file /goform/setDeviceName. The manipulation of the argument DeviceName leads to os command injection. The attack can be launched remotely. The exploit has been disclosed to the public and may be used. The vendor was contacted early about this disclosure but did not respond in any way.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-8823"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-08-11T02:15:25Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "A vulnerability was found in Linksys RE6250, RE6300, RE6350, RE6500, RE7000 and RE9000 up to 20250801. Affected by this vulnerability is the function setDeviceName of the file /goform/setDeviceName. The manipulation of the argument DeviceName leads to os command injection. The attack can be launched remotely. The exploit has been disclosed to the public and may be used. The vendor was contacted early about this disclosure but did not respond in any way.",
"id": "GHSA-m6vg-69cm-gx8x",
"modified": "2025-08-11T03:30:29Z",
"published": "2025-08-11T03:30:29Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-8823"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/wudipjq/my_vuln/blob/main/Linksys1/vuln_57/57.md"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/wudipjq/my_vuln/blob/main/Linksys1/vuln_57/57.md#poc"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?ctiid.319357"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?id.319357"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?submit.626687"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.linksys.com"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:L",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:L/VI:L/VA:L/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:P/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
]
}
Mitigation
If at all possible, use library calls rather than external processes to recreate the desired functionality.
Mitigation
If possible, ensure that all external commands called from the program are statically created.
Mitigation MIT-5
Strategy: Input Validation
- Assume all input is malicious. Use an "accept known good" input validation strategy, i.e., use a list of acceptable inputs that strictly conform to specifications. Reject any input that does not strictly conform to specifications, or transform it into something that does.
- When performing input validation, consider all potentially relevant properties, including length, type of input, the full range of acceptable values, missing or extra inputs, syntax, consistency across related fields, and conformance to business rules. As an example of business rule logic, "boat" may be syntactically valid because it only contains alphanumeric characters, but it is not valid if the input is only expected to contain colors such as "red" or "blue."
- Do not rely exclusively on looking for malicious or malformed inputs. This is likely to miss at least one undesirable input, especially if the code's environment changes. This can give attackers enough room to bypass the intended validation. However, denylists can be useful for detecting potential attacks or determining which inputs are so malformed that they should be rejected outright.
Mitigation
Run time: Run time policy enforcement may be used in an allowlist fashion to prevent use of any non-sanctioned commands.
Mitigation
Assign permissions that prevent the user from accessing/opening privileged files.
CAPEC-136: LDAP Injection
An attacker manipulates or crafts an LDAP query for the purpose of undermining the security of the target. Some applications use user input to create LDAP queries that are processed by an LDAP server. For example, a user might provide their username during authentication and the username might be inserted in an LDAP query during the authentication process. An attacker could use this input to inject additional commands into an LDAP query that could disclose sensitive information. For example, entering a * in the aforementioned query might return information about all users on the system. This attack is very similar to an SQL injection attack in that it manipulates a query to gather additional information or coerce a particular return value.
CAPEC-15: Command Delimiters
An attack of this type exploits a programs' vulnerabilities that allows an attacker's commands to be concatenated onto a legitimate command with the intent of targeting other resources such as the file system or database. The system that uses a filter or denylist input validation, as opposed to allowlist validation is vulnerable to an attacker who predicts delimiters (or combinations of delimiters) not present in the filter or denylist. As with other injection attacks, the attacker uses the command delimiter payload as an entry point to tunnel through the application and activate additional attacks through SQL queries, shell commands, network scanning, and so on.
CAPEC-183: IMAP/SMTP Command Injection
An adversary exploits weaknesses in input validation on web-mail servers to execute commands on the IMAP/SMTP server. Web-mail servers often sit between the Internet and the IMAP or SMTP mail server. User requests are received by the web-mail servers which then query the back-end mail server for the requested information and return this response to the user. In an IMAP/SMTP command injection attack, mail-server commands are embedded in parts of the request sent to the web-mail server. If the web-mail server fails to adequately sanitize these requests, these commands are then sent to the back-end mail server when it is queried by the web-mail server, where the commands are then executed. This attack can be especially dangerous since administrators may assume that the back-end server is protected against direct Internet access and therefore may not secure it adequately against the execution of malicious commands.
CAPEC-248: Command Injection
An adversary looking to execute a command of their choosing, injects new items into an existing command thus modifying interpretation away from what was intended. Commands in this context are often standalone strings that are interpreted by a downstream component and cause specific responses. This type of attack is possible when untrusted values are used to build these command strings. Weaknesses in input validation or command construction can enable the attack and lead to successful exploitation.
CAPEC-40: Manipulating Writeable Terminal Devices
This attack exploits terminal devices that allow themselves to be written to by other users. The attacker sends command strings to the target terminal device hoping that the target user will hit enter and thereby execute the malicious command with their privileges. The attacker can send the results (such as copying /etc/passwd) to a known directory and collect once the attack has succeeded.
CAPEC-43: Exploiting Multiple Input Interpretation Layers
An attacker supplies the target software with input data that contains sequences of special characters designed to bypass input validation logic. This exploit relies on the target making multiples passes over the input data and processing a "layer" of special characters with each pass. In this manner, the attacker can disguise input that would otherwise be rejected as invalid by concealing it with layers of special/escape characters that are stripped off by subsequent processing steps. The goal is to first discover cases where the input validation layer executes before one or more parsing layers. That is, user input may go through the following logic in an application: <parser1> --> <input validator> --> <parser2>. In such cases, the attacker will need to provide input that will pass through the input validator, but after passing through parser2, will be converted into something that the input validator was supposed to stop.
CAPEC-75: Manipulating Writeable Configuration Files
Generally these are manually edited files that are not in the preview of the system administrators, any ability on the attackers' behalf to modify these files, for example in a CVS repository, gives unauthorized access directly to the application, the same as authorized users.
CAPEC-76: Manipulating Web Input to File System Calls
An attacker manipulates inputs to the target software which the target software passes to file system calls in the OS. The goal is to gain access to, and perhaps modify, areas of the file system that the target software did not intend to be accessible.