CWE-77
Allowed-with-ReviewImproper Neutralization of Special Elements used in a Command ('Command Injection')
Abstraction: Class · Status: Draft
The product constructs all or part of a command using externally-influenced input from an upstream component, but it does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes special elements that could modify the intended command when it is sent to a downstream component.
5397 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
GHSA-6HW8-WHVQ-HMWP
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-06-19 00:31 – Updated: 2025-06-19 00:31The Versa Director SD-WAN orchestration platform includes functionality to initiate SSH sessions to remote CPEs and the Director shell via Shell-In-A-Box. The underlying Python script, shell-connect.py, is vulnerable to command injection through the user argument. This allows an attacker to execute arbitrary commands on the system.
Exploitation Status:
Versa Networks is not aware of any reported instance where this vulnerability was exploited. Proof of concept for this vulnerability has been disclosed by third party security researchers.
Workarounds or Mitigation:
There are no workarounds to disable the GUI option. Versa recommends that Director be upgraded to one of the remediated software versions.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-23170"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-06-19T00:15:21Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "The Versa Director SD-WAN orchestration platform includes functionality to initiate SSH sessions to remote CPEs and the Director shell via Shell-In-A-Box. The underlying Python script, shell-connect.py, is vulnerable to command injection through the user argument. This allows an attacker to execute arbitrary commands on the system. \n\nExploitation Status: \n\nVersa Networks is not aware of any reported instance where this vulnerability was exploited. Proof of concept for this vulnerability has been disclosed by third party security researchers. \n\nWorkarounds or Mitigation: \n\nThere are no workarounds to disable the GUI option. Versa recommends that Director be upgraded to one of the remediated software versions.",
"id": "GHSA-6hw8-whvq-hmwp",
"modified": "2025-06-19T00:31:06Z",
"published": "2025-06-19T00:31:06Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-23170"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://security-portal.versa-networks.com/emailbulletins/68526bc7dc94d6b9f2faf717"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://support.versa-networks.com/support/solutions/articles/23000024323-release-21-2-3"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://support.versa-networks.com/support/solutions/articles/23000025680-release-22-1-2"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://support.versa-networks.com/support/solutions/articles/23000026033-release-22-1-3"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://support.versa-networks.com/support/solutions/articles/23000026708-release-22-1-4"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-6HWC-9RPR-8QPG
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 17:37 – Updated: 2022-05-24 17:37Command Injection in EntoneWebEngine in Amino Communications AK45x series, AK5xx series, AK65x series, Aria6xx series, Aria7/AK7Xx series and Kami7B allows authenticated remote attackers to execute arbitrary commands with root user privileges.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2020-10208"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2020-12-30T00:15:00Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "Command Injection in EntoneWebEngine in Amino Communications AK45x series, AK5xx series, AK65x series, Aria6xx series, Aria7/AK7Xx series and Kami7B allows authenticated remote attackers to execute arbitrary commands with root user privileges.",
"id": "GHSA-6hwc-9rpr-8qpg",
"modified": "2022-05-24T17:37:35Z",
"published": "2022-05-24T17:37:35Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2020-10208"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://andre-oudhof.medium.com/pwning-my-isps-stbs-c5e78544274d#9cf3"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": []
}
GHSA-6J46-7PM3-F2JP
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-05-27 18:31 – Updated: 2026-06-01 18:31Command injection in Raynet rvia version 12.6.4392.49-amd64.deb allows adversaries to execute arbitrary Java code via a crafted path that matches the improperly terminated search criteria of rvia's Java search using the find command.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-38945"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-05-27T17:16:34Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Command injection in Raynet rvia version 12.6.4392.49-amd64.deb allows adversaries to execute arbitrary Java code via a crafted path that matches the improperly terminated search criteria of rvia\u0027s Java search using the find command.",
"id": "GHSA-6j46-7pm3-f2jp",
"modified": "2026-06-01T18:31:35Z",
"published": "2026-05-27T18:31:40Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-38945"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/Wise-Security/CVE-2026-38945"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/Wise-Security/CVE-2026-38945/blob/main/CVE-2026-38945.sh"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://support.raynet.de"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://support.raynet.de/hc/en-us/articles/46163206384788-RSEC200967-Java-Detection-Path-Traversal"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-6J79-P574-2V97
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 19:07 – Updated: 2022-06-29 00:00A remote arbitrary command execution vulnerability was discovered in Aruba ClearPass Policy Manager version(s): Prior to 6.10.0, 6.9.6 and 6.8.9. Aruba has released updates to ClearPass Policy Manager that address this security vulnerability.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2021-34610"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2021-07-08T16:15:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "A remote arbitrary command execution vulnerability was discovered in Aruba ClearPass Policy Manager version(s): Prior to 6.10.0, 6.9.6 and 6.8.9. Aruba has released updates to ClearPass Policy Manager that address this security vulnerability.",
"id": "GHSA-6j79-p574-2v97",
"modified": "2022-06-29T00:00:53Z",
"published": "2022-05-24T19:07:13Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-34610"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.arubanetworks.com/assets/alert/ARUBA-PSA-2021-012.txt"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-6J7G-69XX-G49V
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 17:49 – Updated: 2022-05-24 17:49The api/zrDm/set_zrDm interface in China Mobile An Lianbao WF-1 router 1.0.1 allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary commands via shell metacharacters in the dm_enable, AppKey, or Pwd parameter.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2021-30229"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77",
"CWE-78"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2021-04-29T16:15:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "The api/zrDm/set_zrDm interface in China Mobile An Lianbao WF-1 router 1.0.1 allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary commands via shell metacharacters in the dm_enable, AppKey, or Pwd parameter.",
"id": "GHSA-6j7g-69xx-g49v",
"modified": "2022-05-24T17:49:07Z",
"published": "2022-05-24T17:49:07Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-30229"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/pokerfacett/MY_REQUEST/blob/master/China%20Mobile%20An%20Lianbao%20WF-1%20router%20Command%20Injection3.md"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.cnvd.org.cn/flaw/show/CNVD-2021-03520"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://iot.10086.cn/?l=en-us"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-6J7X-87CM-P532
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-07-13 00:01 – Updated: 2022-07-16 00:00A vulnerability has been identified in SIMATIC CP 1242-7 V2 (All versions), SIMATIC CP 1243-1 (All versions), SIMATIC CP 1243-7 LTE EU (All versions), SIMATIC CP 1243-7 LTE US (All versions), SIMATIC CP 1243-8 IRC (All versions), SIMATIC CP 1542SP-1 IRC (All versions >= V2.0), SIMATIC CP 1543-1 (All versions < V3.0.22), SIMATIC CP 1543SP-1 (All versions >= V2.0), SIPLUS ET 200SP CP 1542SP-1 IRC TX RAIL (All versions >= V2.0), SIPLUS ET 200SP CP 1543SP-1 ISEC (All versions >= V2.0), SIPLUS ET 200SP CP 1543SP-1 ISEC TX RAIL (All versions >= V2.0), SIPLUS NET CP 1242-7 V2 (All versions), SIPLUS NET CP 1543-1 (All versions < V3.0.22), SIPLUS S7-1200 CP 1243-1 (All versions), SIPLUS S7-1200 CP 1243-1 RAIL (All versions). The application does not correctly escape some user provided fields during the authentication process. This could allow an attacker to inject custom commands and execute arbitrary code with elevated privileges.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2022-34820"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-116",
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2022-07-12T10:15:00Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "A vulnerability has been identified in SIMATIC CP 1242-7 V2 (All versions), SIMATIC CP 1243-1 (All versions), SIMATIC CP 1243-7 LTE EU (All versions), SIMATIC CP 1243-7 LTE US (All versions), SIMATIC CP 1243-8 IRC (All versions), SIMATIC CP 1542SP-1 IRC (All versions \u003e= V2.0), SIMATIC CP 1543-1 (All versions \u003c V3.0.22), SIMATIC CP 1543SP-1 (All versions \u003e= V2.0), SIPLUS ET 200SP CP 1542SP-1 IRC TX RAIL (All versions \u003e= V2.0), SIPLUS ET 200SP CP 1543SP-1 ISEC (All versions \u003e= V2.0), SIPLUS ET 200SP CP 1543SP-1 ISEC TX RAIL (All versions \u003e= V2.0), SIPLUS NET CP 1242-7 V2 (All versions), SIPLUS NET CP 1543-1 (All versions \u003c V3.0.22), SIPLUS S7-1200 CP 1243-1 (All versions), SIPLUS S7-1200 CP 1243-1 RAIL (All versions). The application does not correctly escape some user provided fields during the authentication process. This could allow an attacker to inject custom commands and execute arbitrary code with elevated privileges.",
"id": "GHSA-6j7x-87cm-p532",
"modified": "2022-07-16T00:00:21Z",
"published": "2022-07-13T00:01:56Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-34820"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://cert-portal.siemens.com/productcert/pdf/ssa-517377.pdf"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-6JF7-P33C-7GW9
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-03-04 21:30 – Updated: 2025-03-04 21:30A vulnerability classified as critical has been found in hzmanyun Education and Training System 2.1.3. This affects the function scorm of the file UploadImageController.java. The manipulation of the argument param leads to command injection. It is possible to initiate the attack remotely. The exploit has been disclosed to the public and may be used.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-1947"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-74",
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-03-04T19:15:37Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "A vulnerability classified as critical has been found in hzmanyun Education and Training System 2.1.3. This affects the function scorm of the file UploadImageController.java. The manipulation of the argument param leads to command injection. It is possible to initiate the attack remotely. The exploit has been disclosed to the public and may be used.",
"id": "GHSA-6jf7-p33c-7gw9",
"modified": "2025-03-04T21:30:56Z",
"published": "2025-03-04T21:30:56Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-1947"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/heiheixz/report/blob/main/nxb_2.md"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?ctiid.298521"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?id.298521"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?submit.506659"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:L",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:L/VI:L/VA:L/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
]
}
GHSA-6JHR-4RFQ-6G56
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2021-12-27 00:00 – Updated: 2022-01-06 00:00Certain NETGEAR devices are affected by command injection by an unauthenticated attacker. This affects CBR40 before 2.5.0.24, CBR750 before 4.6.3.6, R7900P before 1.4.2.84, R7960P before 1.4.2.84, R8000P before 1.4.2.84, R8300 before 1.0.2.154, R8500 before 1.0.2.154, RBK752 before 3.2.17.12, RBR750 before 3.2.17.12, RBS750 before 3.2.17.12, RBK852 before 3.2.17.12, RBR850 before 3.2.17.12, and RBS850 before 3.2.17.12.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2021-45615"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2021-12-26T01:15:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Certain NETGEAR devices are affected by command injection by an unauthenticated attacker. This affects CBR40 before 2.5.0.24, CBR750 before 4.6.3.6, R7900P before 1.4.2.84, R7960P before 1.4.2.84, R8000P before 1.4.2.84, R8300 before 1.0.2.154, R8500 before 1.0.2.154, RBK752 before 3.2.17.12, RBR750 before 3.2.17.12, RBS750 before 3.2.17.12, RBK852 before 3.2.17.12, RBR850 before 3.2.17.12, and RBS850 before 3.2.17.12.",
"id": "GHSA-6jhr-4rfq-6g56",
"modified": "2022-01-06T00:00:54Z",
"published": "2021-12-27T00:00:50Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-45615"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://kb.netgear.com/000064514/Security-Advisory-for-Pre-Authentication-Command-Injection-on-Some-Routers-and-WiFi-Systems-PSV-2020-0521"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": []
}
GHSA-6JM8-4FHR-5W64
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-06-01 06:30 – Updated: 2026-07-09 20:49A vulnerability was found in nextlevelbuilder GoClaw up to 3.11.3. This impacts the function FsBridge.WriteFile of the file internal/sandbox/fsbridge.go of the component write_file Tool. Performing a manipulation results in os command injection. The attack is possible to be carried out remotely. The exploit has been made public and could be used. The pull request to fix this issue awaits acceptance.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Go",
"name": "github.com/nextlevelbuilder/goclaw"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"last_affected": "3.11.3"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-10219"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2026-07-09T20:49:44Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2026-06-01T04:16:21Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "A vulnerability was found in nextlevelbuilder GoClaw up to 3.11.3. This impacts the function FsBridge.WriteFile of the file internal/sandbox/fsbridge.go of the component write_file Tool. Performing a manipulation results in os command injection. The attack is possible to be carried out remotely. The exploit has been made public and could be used. The pull request to fix this issue awaits acceptance.",
"id": "GHSA-6jm8-4fhr-5w64",
"modified": "2026-07-09T20:49:44Z",
"published": "2026-06-01T06:30:25Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-10219"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/nextlevelbuilder/goclaw/issues/1121"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/nextlevelbuilder/goclaw/pull/1155"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/nextlevelbuilder/goclaw"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/cve/CVE-2026-10219"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/submit/821939"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/vuln/367498"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/vuln/367498/cti"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:L",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:L/VI:L/VA:L/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:P",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
],
"summary": "GoClaw has a Command Injection issue"
}
GHSA-6JW2-2V2J-W474
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-05-02 15:31 – Updated: 2025-05-06 18:30Tenda AC9 V15.03.06.42_multi was found to contain a command injection vulnerability in the formsetUsbUnload function via the deviceName parameter. This vulnerability allows attackers to execute arbitrary commands via a crafted request.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-44872"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-05-02T15:15:49Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "Tenda AC9 V15.03.06.42_multi was found to contain a command injection vulnerability in the formsetUsbUnload function via the deviceName parameter. This vulnerability allows attackers to execute arbitrary commands via a crafted request.",
"id": "GHSA-6jw2-2v2j-w474",
"modified": "2025-05-06T18:30:37Z",
"published": "2025-05-02T15:31:49Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-44872"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/Summermu/VulnForIoT/tree/main/Tenda_AC/AC9_formsetUsbUnload"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
Mitigation
If at all possible, use library calls rather than external processes to recreate the desired functionality.
Mitigation
If possible, ensure that all external commands called from the program are statically created.
Mitigation MIT-5
Strategy: Input Validation
- Assume all input is malicious. Use an "accept known good" input validation strategy, i.e., use a list of acceptable inputs that strictly conform to specifications. Reject any input that does not strictly conform to specifications, or transform it into something that does.
- When performing input validation, consider all potentially relevant properties, including length, type of input, the full range of acceptable values, missing or extra inputs, syntax, consistency across related fields, and conformance to business rules. As an example of business rule logic, "boat" may be syntactically valid because it only contains alphanumeric characters, but it is not valid if the input is only expected to contain colors such as "red" or "blue."
- Do not rely exclusively on looking for malicious or malformed inputs. This is likely to miss at least one undesirable input, especially if the code's environment changes. This can give attackers enough room to bypass the intended validation. However, denylists can be useful for detecting potential attacks or determining which inputs are so malformed that they should be rejected outright.
Mitigation
Run time: Run time policy enforcement may be used in an allowlist fashion to prevent use of any non-sanctioned commands.
Mitigation
Assign permissions that prevent the user from accessing/opening privileged files.
CAPEC-136: LDAP Injection
An attacker manipulates or crafts an LDAP query for the purpose of undermining the security of the target. Some applications use user input to create LDAP queries that are processed by an LDAP server. For example, a user might provide their username during authentication and the username might be inserted in an LDAP query during the authentication process. An attacker could use this input to inject additional commands into an LDAP query that could disclose sensitive information. For example, entering a * in the aforementioned query might return information about all users on the system. This attack is very similar to an SQL injection attack in that it manipulates a query to gather additional information or coerce a particular return value.
CAPEC-15: Command Delimiters
An attack of this type exploits a programs' vulnerabilities that allows an attacker's commands to be concatenated onto a legitimate command with the intent of targeting other resources such as the file system or database. The system that uses a filter or denylist input validation, as opposed to allowlist validation is vulnerable to an attacker who predicts delimiters (or combinations of delimiters) not present in the filter or denylist. As with other injection attacks, the attacker uses the command delimiter payload as an entry point to tunnel through the application and activate additional attacks through SQL queries, shell commands, network scanning, and so on.
CAPEC-183: IMAP/SMTP Command Injection
An adversary exploits weaknesses in input validation on web-mail servers to execute commands on the IMAP/SMTP server. Web-mail servers often sit between the Internet and the IMAP or SMTP mail server. User requests are received by the web-mail servers which then query the back-end mail server for the requested information and return this response to the user. In an IMAP/SMTP command injection attack, mail-server commands are embedded in parts of the request sent to the web-mail server. If the web-mail server fails to adequately sanitize these requests, these commands are then sent to the back-end mail server when it is queried by the web-mail server, where the commands are then executed. This attack can be especially dangerous since administrators may assume that the back-end server is protected against direct Internet access and therefore may not secure it adequately against the execution of malicious commands.
CAPEC-248: Command Injection
An adversary looking to execute a command of their choosing, injects new items into an existing command thus modifying interpretation away from what was intended. Commands in this context are often standalone strings that are interpreted by a downstream component and cause specific responses. This type of attack is possible when untrusted values are used to build these command strings. Weaknesses in input validation or command construction can enable the attack and lead to successful exploitation.
CAPEC-40: Manipulating Writeable Terminal Devices
This attack exploits terminal devices that allow themselves to be written to by other users. The attacker sends command strings to the target terminal device hoping that the target user will hit enter and thereby execute the malicious command with their privileges. The attacker can send the results (such as copying /etc/passwd) to a known directory and collect once the attack has succeeded.
CAPEC-43: Exploiting Multiple Input Interpretation Layers
An attacker supplies the target software with input data that contains sequences of special characters designed to bypass input validation logic. This exploit relies on the target making multiples passes over the input data and processing a "layer" of special characters with each pass. In this manner, the attacker can disguise input that would otherwise be rejected as invalid by concealing it with layers of special/escape characters that are stripped off by subsequent processing steps. The goal is to first discover cases where the input validation layer executes before one or more parsing layers. That is, user input may go through the following logic in an application: <parser1> --> <input validator> --> <parser2>. In such cases, the attacker will need to provide input that will pass through the input validator, but after passing through parser2, will be converted into something that the input validator was supposed to stop.
CAPEC-75: Manipulating Writeable Configuration Files
Generally these are manually edited files that are not in the preview of the system administrators, any ability on the attackers' behalf to modify these files, for example in a CVS repository, gives unauthorized access directly to the application, the same as authorized users.
CAPEC-76: Manipulating Web Input to File System Calls
An attacker manipulates inputs to the target software which the target software passes to file system calls in the OS. The goal is to gain access to, and perhaps modify, areas of the file system that the target software did not intend to be accessible.