CWE-77
Allowed-with-ReviewImproper Neutralization of Special Elements used in a Command ('Command Injection')
Abstraction: Class · Status: Draft
The product constructs all or part of a command using externally-influenced input from an upstream component, but it does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes special elements that could modify the intended command when it is sent to a downstream component.
5391 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
GHSA-595C-JHRQ-QHXF
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-13 01:50 – Updated: 2022-05-13 01:50A Command Injection issue was discovered in Citrix SD-WAN 10.1.0 and NetScaler SD-WAN 9.3.x before 9.3.6 and 10.0.x before 10.0.4.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2018-17445"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2018-10-23T21:30:00Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "A Command Injection issue was discovered in Citrix SD-WAN 10.1.0 and NetScaler SD-WAN 9.3.x before 9.3.6 and 10.0.x before 10.0.4.",
"id": "GHSA-595c-jhrq-qhxf",
"modified": "2022-05-13T01:50:33Z",
"published": "2022-05-13T01:50:33Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2018-17445"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://support.citrix.com/article/CTX236992"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/105711"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-595J-MFVM-F4GX
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-01-26 00:30 – Updated: 2024-02-01 00:31A command injection issue in TRENDnet TEW-411BRPplus v.2.07_eu that allows a local attacker to execute arbitrary code via the data1 parameter in the debug.cgi page.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-51833"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-01-25T22:15:07Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "A command injection issue in TRENDnet TEW-411BRPplus v.2.07_eu that allows a local attacker to execute arbitrary code via the data1 parameter in the debug.cgi page.",
"id": "GHSA-595j-mfvm-f4gx",
"modified": "2024-02-01T00:31:28Z",
"published": "2024-01-26T00:30:26Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-51833"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://warp-desk-89d.notion.site/TEW-411BRPplus-9bafe26e48964be3be12eab47f77203d"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.trendnet.com/support/support-detail.asp?prod=160_TEW-411BRPplus"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-596W-J23V-RXXC
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-08-09 12:30 – Updated: 2025-08-09 12:30A vulnerability was found in wangzhixuan spring-shiro-training up to 94812c1fd8f7fe796c931f4984ff1aa0671ab562. It has been declared as critical. This vulnerability affects unknown code of the file /role/add. The manipulation leads to command injection. The attack can be initiated remotely. The exploit has been disclosed to the public and may be used. Continious delivery with rolling releases is used by this product. Therefore, no version details of affected nor updated releases are available.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-8752"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-74",
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-08-09T12:15:25Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "A vulnerability was found in wangzhixuan spring-shiro-training up to 94812c1fd8f7fe796c931f4984ff1aa0671ab562. It has been declared as critical. This vulnerability affects unknown code of the file /role/add. The manipulation leads to command injection. The attack can be initiated remotely. The exploit has been disclosed to the public and may be used. Continious delivery with rolling releases is used by this product. Therefore, no version details of affected nor updated releases are available.",
"id": "GHSA-596w-j23v-rxxc",
"modified": "2025-08-09T12:30:20Z",
"published": "2025-08-09T12:30:20Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-8752"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://gitee.com/wangzhixuan/spring-shiro-training/issues/ICP2ME"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?ctiid.319246"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?id.319246"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?submit.623679"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:L",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:L/VI:L/VA:L/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:P/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
]
}
GHSA-598C-F6FP-6P26
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2021-12-27 00:01 – Updated: 2022-01-05 00:01Certain NETGEAR devices are affected by command injection by an authenticated user. This affects RBK752 before 3.2.16.6, RBR750 before 3.2.16.6, RBS750 before 3.2.16.6, RBK852 before 3.2.16.6, RBR850 before 3.2.16.6, and RBS850 before 3.2.16.6.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2021-45562"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2021-12-26T01:15:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Certain NETGEAR devices are affected by command injection by an authenticated user. This affects RBK752 before 3.2.16.6, RBR750 before 3.2.16.6, RBS750 before 3.2.16.6, RBK852 before 3.2.16.6, RBR850 before 3.2.16.6, and RBS850 before 3.2.16.6.",
"id": "GHSA-598c-f6fp-6p26",
"modified": "2022-01-05T00:01:31Z",
"published": "2021-12-27T00:01:17Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-45562"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://kb.netgear.com/000064082/Security-Advisory-for-Post-Authentication-Command-Injection-on-Some-WiFi-Systems-PSV-2020-0060"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": []
}
GHSA-599G-P68Q-2RXV
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-05-30 06:30 – Updated: 2024-05-02 03:30Versions of the package yhirose/cpp-httplib before 0.12.4 are vulnerable to CRLF Injection when untrusted user input is used to set the content-type header in the HTTP .Patch, .Post, .Put and .Delete requests. This can lead to logical errors and other misbehaviors.
Note: This issue is present due to an incomplete fix for CVE-2020-11709.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-26130"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-74",
"CWE-77",
"CWE-93"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2023-05-30T05:15:10Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Versions of the package yhirose/cpp-httplib before 0.12.4 are vulnerable to CRLF Injection when untrusted user input is used to set the content-type header in the HTTP .Patch, .Post, .Put and .Delete requests. This can lead to logical errors and other misbehaviors.\n\n**Note:** This issue is present due to an incomplete fix for [CVE-2020-11709](https://security.snyk.io/vuln/SNYK-UNMANAGED-YHIROSECPPHTTPLIB-2366507).",
"id": "GHSA-599g-p68q-2rxv",
"modified": "2024-05-02T03:30:32Z",
"published": "2023-05-30T06:30:25Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-26130"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/yhirose/cpp-httplib/commit/5b397d455d25a391ba346863830c1949627b4d08"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://gist.github.com/dellalibera/094aece17a86069a7d27f93c8aba2280"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/yhirose/cpp-httplib/releases/tag/v0.12.4"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/package-announce@lists.fedoraproject.org/message/2RY6PKBU73I45L6YWNYCUK2XBEXEFX7L"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/package-announce@lists.fedoraproject.org/message/JY2E7EIRWQMKH6GY4OZOWWBZBY3Q7CGS"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/package-announce@lists.fedoraproject.org/message/NYODHZECXYFC2BNODZPZXZAXOKGMCYAP"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/package-announce@lists.fedoraproject.org/message/U6MO4FSKYNSAJVUXYP7LRY7ARUIGKBFL"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://security.snyk.io/vuln/SNYK-UNMANAGED-YHIROSECPPHTTPLIB-5591194"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-59C7-JP82-73FM
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-05-11 03:31 – Updated: 2026-05-11 03:31A vulnerability has been found in Tenda AC6 2.0/15.03.06.23. The affected element is an unknown function of the file /goform/telnet of the component httpd. The manipulation of the argument lan.ip leads to os command injection. Remote exploitation of the attack is possible. The exploit has been disclosed to the public and may be used.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-8259"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77",
"CWE-78"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-05-11T02:16:27Z",
"severity": "LOW"
},
"details": "A vulnerability has been found in Tenda AC6 2.0/15.03.06.23. The affected element is an unknown function of the file /goform/telnet of the component httpd. The manipulation of the argument lan.ip leads to os command injection. Remote exploitation of the attack is possible. The exploit has been disclosed to the public and may be used.",
"id": "GHSA-59c7-jp82-73fm",
"modified": "2026-05-11T03:31:31Z",
"published": "2026-05-11T03:31:31Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-8259"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/dxz0069/WAVLINK-WN530H4-Command-Injection-in-set_add_routing/blob/main/Tenda%20AC6V2%20TendaTelnet%20Command%20Injection.md"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/submit/809877"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/vuln/362556"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/vuln/362556/cti"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.tenda.com.cn"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:L",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:H/UI:N/VC:L/VI:L/VA:L/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:P/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
]
}
GHSA-59CP-CWVF-86J6
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 19:10 – Updated: 2022-05-24 19:10Certain NETGEAR devices are affected by command injection by an unauthenticated attacker. This affects D8500 before 1.0.3.58, R6900P before 1.3.2.132, R7000P before 1.3.2.132, R7100LG before 1.0.0.64, WNDR3400v3 before 1.0.1.38, and XR300 before 1.0.3.56.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2021-38528"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2021-08-11T00:16:00Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "Certain NETGEAR devices are affected by command injection by an unauthenticated attacker. This affects D8500 before 1.0.3.58, R6900P before 1.3.2.132, R7000P before 1.3.2.132, R7100LG before 1.0.0.64, WNDR3400v3 before 1.0.1.38, and XR300 before 1.0.3.56.",
"id": "GHSA-59cp-cwvf-86j6",
"modified": "2022-05-24T19:10:46Z",
"published": "2022-05-24T19:10:46Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-38528"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://kb.netgear.com/000063781/Security-Advisory-for-Pre-Authentication-Command-Injection-on-Some-Gateways-and-Routers-PSV-2020-0297"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": []
}
GHSA-59FG-GPJQ-7P2G
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-07-14 18:32 – Updated: 2026-07-14 18:32Improper neutralization of special elements used in a command ('command injection') in Windows Clipboard User Service allows an authorized attacker to elevate privileges locally.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-50488"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-07-14T18:17:54Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Improper neutralization of special elements used in a command (\u0027command injection\u0027) in Windows Clipboard User Service allows an authorized attacker to elevate privileges locally.",
"id": "GHSA-59fg-gpjq-7p2g",
"modified": "2026-07-14T18:32:27Z",
"published": "2026-07-14T18:32:27Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-50488"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://msrc.microsoft.com/update-guide/vulnerability/CVE-2026-50488"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-59GW-JX9X-FX7M
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-04-28 00:31 – Updated: 2025-04-28 00:31A vulnerability was found in TOTOLINK N150RT 3.4.0-B20190525. It has been rated as critical. This issue affects some unknown processing of the file /boafrm/formWsc. The manipulation of the argument localPin leads to command injection. The attack may be initiated remotely. The exploit has been disclosed to the public and may be used.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-3987"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-74",
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-04-27T22:15:14Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "A vulnerability was found in TOTOLINK N150RT 3.4.0-B20190525. It has been rated as critical. This issue affects some unknown processing of the file /boafrm/formWsc. The manipulation of the argument localPin leads to command injection. The attack may be initiated remotely. The exploit has been disclosed to the public and may be used.",
"id": "GHSA-59gw-jx9x-fx7m",
"modified": "2025-04-28T00:31:11Z",
"published": "2025-04-28T00:31:11Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-3987"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/fizz-is-on-the-way/Iot_vuls/tree/main/N150RT/RCE_formWsc"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?ctiid.306323"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?id.306323"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?submit.557938"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.totolink.net"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:L",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:L/VI:L/VA:L/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
]
}
GHSA-59HW-J9G6-MFG3
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-05-02 09:30 – Updated: 2026-06-09 13:04The Apache Spark UI offers the possibility to enable ACLs via the configuration option spark.acls.enable. With an authentication filter, this checks whether a user has access permissions to view or modify the application. If ACLs are enabled, a code path in HttpSecurityFilter can allow someone to perform impersonation by providing an arbitrary user name. A malicious user might then be able to reach a permission check function that will ultimately build a Unix shell command based on their input, and execute it. This will result in arbitrary shell command execution as the user Spark is currently running as. This issue was disclosed earlier as CVE-2022-33891, but incorrectly claimed version 3.1.3 (which has since gone EOL) would not be affected.
NOTE: This vulnerability only affects products that are no longer supported by the maintainer.
Users are recommended to upgrade to a supported version of Apache Spark, such as version 3.4.0.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Maven",
"name": "org.apache.spark:spark-parent_2.12"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "3.1.1"
},
{
"fixed": "3.2.2"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "PyPI",
"name": "pyspark"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "3.1.1"
},
{
"fixed": "3.2.2"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-32007"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2023-05-02T16:51:05Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2023-05-02T09:15:10Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "The Apache Spark UI offers the possibility to enable ACLs via the configuration option spark.acls.enable. With an authentication filter, this checks whether a user has access permissions to view or modify the application. If ACLs are enabled, a code path in HttpSecurityFilter can allow someone to perform impersonation by providing an arbitrary user name. A malicious user might then be able to reach a permission check function that will ultimately build a Unix shell command based on their input, and execute it. This will result in arbitrary shell command execution as the user Spark is currently running as. This issue was disclosed earlier as CVE-2022-33891, but incorrectly claimed version 3.1.3 (which has since gone EOL) would not be affected.\n\nNOTE: This vulnerability only affects products that are no longer supported by the maintainer.\n\nUsers are recommended to upgrade to a supported version of Apache Spark, such as version 3.4.0.",
"id": "GHSA-59hw-j9g6-mfg3",
"modified": "2026-06-09T13:04:11Z",
"published": "2023-05-02T09:30:17Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-32007"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/apache/spark"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/pypa/advisory-database/tree/main/vulns/pyspark/PYSEC-2023-72.yaml"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://lists.apache.org/thread/poxgnxhhnzz735kr1wos366l5vdbb0nv"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://spark.apache.org/security.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2022-33891"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2023/05/02/1"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2023/05/02/1"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:L/SI:L/SA:N",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
],
"summary": "Apache Spark UI vulnerable to Command Injection"
}
Mitigation
If at all possible, use library calls rather than external processes to recreate the desired functionality.
Mitigation
If possible, ensure that all external commands called from the program are statically created.
Mitigation MIT-5
Strategy: Input Validation
- Assume all input is malicious. Use an "accept known good" input validation strategy, i.e., use a list of acceptable inputs that strictly conform to specifications. Reject any input that does not strictly conform to specifications, or transform it into something that does.
- When performing input validation, consider all potentially relevant properties, including length, type of input, the full range of acceptable values, missing or extra inputs, syntax, consistency across related fields, and conformance to business rules. As an example of business rule logic, "boat" may be syntactically valid because it only contains alphanumeric characters, but it is not valid if the input is only expected to contain colors such as "red" or "blue."
- Do not rely exclusively on looking for malicious or malformed inputs. This is likely to miss at least one undesirable input, especially if the code's environment changes. This can give attackers enough room to bypass the intended validation. However, denylists can be useful for detecting potential attacks or determining which inputs are so malformed that they should be rejected outright.
Mitigation
Run time: Run time policy enforcement may be used in an allowlist fashion to prevent use of any non-sanctioned commands.
Mitigation
Assign permissions that prevent the user from accessing/opening privileged files.
CAPEC-136: LDAP Injection
An attacker manipulates or crafts an LDAP query for the purpose of undermining the security of the target. Some applications use user input to create LDAP queries that are processed by an LDAP server. For example, a user might provide their username during authentication and the username might be inserted in an LDAP query during the authentication process. An attacker could use this input to inject additional commands into an LDAP query that could disclose sensitive information. For example, entering a * in the aforementioned query might return information about all users on the system. This attack is very similar to an SQL injection attack in that it manipulates a query to gather additional information or coerce a particular return value.
CAPEC-15: Command Delimiters
An attack of this type exploits a programs' vulnerabilities that allows an attacker's commands to be concatenated onto a legitimate command with the intent of targeting other resources such as the file system or database. The system that uses a filter or denylist input validation, as opposed to allowlist validation is vulnerable to an attacker who predicts delimiters (or combinations of delimiters) not present in the filter or denylist. As with other injection attacks, the attacker uses the command delimiter payload as an entry point to tunnel through the application and activate additional attacks through SQL queries, shell commands, network scanning, and so on.
CAPEC-183: IMAP/SMTP Command Injection
An adversary exploits weaknesses in input validation on web-mail servers to execute commands on the IMAP/SMTP server. Web-mail servers often sit between the Internet and the IMAP or SMTP mail server. User requests are received by the web-mail servers which then query the back-end mail server for the requested information and return this response to the user. In an IMAP/SMTP command injection attack, mail-server commands are embedded in parts of the request sent to the web-mail server. If the web-mail server fails to adequately sanitize these requests, these commands are then sent to the back-end mail server when it is queried by the web-mail server, where the commands are then executed. This attack can be especially dangerous since administrators may assume that the back-end server is protected against direct Internet access and therefore may not secure it adequately against the execution of malicious commands.
CAPEC-248: Command Injection
An adversary looking to execute a command of their choosing, injects new items into an existing command thus modifying interpretation away from what was intended. Commands in this context are often standalone strings that are interpreted by a downstream component and cause specific responses. This type of attack is possible when untrusted values are used to build these command strings. Weaknesses in input validation or command construction can enable the attack and lead to successful exploitation.
CAPEC-40: Manipulating Writeable Terminal Devices
This attack exploits terminal devices that allow themselves to be written to by other users. The attacker sends command strings to the target terminal device hoping that the target user will hit enter and thereby execute the malicious command with their privileges. The attacker can send the results (such as copying /etc/passwd) to a known directory and collect once the attack has succeeded.
CAPEC-43: Exploiting Multiple Input Interpretation Layers
An attacker supplies the target software with input data that contains sequences of special characters designed to bypass input validation logic. This exploit relies on the target making multiples passes over the input data and processing a "layer" of special characters with each pass. In this manner, the attacker can disguise input that would otherwise be rejected as invalid by concealing it with layers of special/escape characters that are stripped off by subsequent processing steps. The goal is to first discover cases where the input validation layer executes before one or more parsing layers. That is, user input may go through the following logic in an application: <parser1> --> <input validator> --> <parser2>. In such cases, the attacker will need to provide input that will pass through the input validator, but after passing through parser2, will be converted into something that the input validator was supposed to stop.
CAPEC-75: Manipulating Writeable Configuration Files
Generally these are manually edited files that are not in the preview of the system administrators, any ability on the attackers' behalf to modify these files, for example in a CVS repository, gives unauthorized access directly to the application, the same as authorized users.
CAPEC-76: Manipulating Web Input to File System Calls
An attacker manipulates inputs to the target software which the target software passes to file system calls in the OS. The goal is to gain access to, and perhaps modify, areas of the file system that the target software did not intend to be accessible.