CWE-77
Allowed-with-ReviewImproper Neutralization of Special Elements used in a Command ('Command Injection')
Abstraction: Class · Status: Draft
The product constructs all or part of a command using externally-influenced input from an upstream component, but it does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes special elements that could modify the intended command when it is sent to a downstream component.
5385 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
GHSA-45V4-CRHQ-RHHC
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 17:37 – Updated: 2022-05-24 17:37NETGEAR DGN2200v1 devices before v1.0.0.58 are affected by command injection.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2020-35777"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2020-12-30T00:15:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "NETGEAR DGN2200v1 devices before v1.0.0.58 are affected by command injection.",
"id": "GHSA-45v4-crhq-rhhc",
"modified": "2022-05-24T17:37:40Z",
"published": "2022-05-24T17:37:40Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2020-35777"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://kb.netgear.com/000062634/Security-Advisory-for-Command-Injection-Vulnerability-on-DGN2200v1-PSV-2020-0411"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": []
}
GHSA-45V8-QC9W-MCMJ
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-04-27 18:32 – Updated: 2026-04-27 18:32A remote code execution (RCE) vulnerability in the /devserver/start endpoint of leonvanzyl autocoder commit 79d02a allows attackers to execute arbitrary code via providing a crafted command parameter.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-30352"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-04-27T16:16:43Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "A remote code execution (RCE) vulnerability in the /devserver/start endpoint of leonvanzyl autocoder commit 79d02a allows attackers to execute arbitrary code via providing a crafted command parameter.",
"id": "GHSA-45v8-qc9w-mcmj",
"modified": "2026-04-27T18:32:06Z",
"published": "2026-04-27T18:32:06Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-30352"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://gist.github.com/syphonetic/e3bdee6c022b36d5ecb98fbf61284931"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/leonvanzyl/autocoder"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://autocoder.com"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://leonvanzyl.com"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-45W5-PVR8-4RH5
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2021-04-13 15:19 – Updated: 2021-03-26 22:09The eslint-fixer package through 0.1.5 for Node.js allows command injection via shell metacharacters to the fix function. NOTE: This vulnerability only affects products that are no longer supported by the maintainer. The ozum/eslint-fixer GitHub repository has been intentionally deleted.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "npm",
"name": "eslint-fixer"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"last_affected": "0.1.5"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2021-26275"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2021-03-26T22:09:16Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2021-03-19T00:15:00Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "The eslint-fixer package through 0.1.5 for Node.js allows command injection via shell metacharacters to the fix function. NOTE: This vulnerability only affects products that are no longer supported by the maintainer. The ozum/eslint-fixer GitHub repository has been intentionally deleted.",
"id": "GHSA-45w5-pvr8-4rh5",
"modified": "2021-03-26T22:09:16Z",
"published": "2021-04-13T15:19:14Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-26275"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://advisory.checkmarx.net/advisory/CX-2021-4774"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.npmjs.com/package/eslint-fixer"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "Command injection in eslint-fixer"
}
GHSA-45XP-XQX7-H96P
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 17:49 – Updated: 2022-05-24 17:49The api/ZRIGMP/set_IGMP_PROXY interface in China Mobile An Lianbao WF-1 router 1.0.1 allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary commands via shell metacharacters in the IGMP_PROXY_WAN_CONNECT parameter.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2021-30232"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77",
"CWE-78"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2021-04-29T16:15:00Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "The api/ZRIGMP/set_IGMP_PROXY interface in China Mobile An Lianbao WF-1 router 1.0.1 allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary commands via shell metacharacters in the IGMP_PROXY_WAN_CONNECT parameter.",
"id": "GHSA-45xp-xqx7-h96p",
"modified": "2022-05-24T17:49:07Z",
"published": "2022-05-24T17:49:07Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-30232"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/pokerfacett/MY_REQUEST/blob/master/China%20Mobile%20An%20Lianbao%20WF-1%20router%20Command%20Injection6.md"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.cnvd.org.cn/flaw/show/CNVD-2021-03520"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://iot.10086.cn/?l=en-us"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-46J9-2J4R-83Q6
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 19:05 – Updated: 2022-05-24 19:05Improper neutralization of special elements used in a command ('Command Injection') vulnerability in task management component in Synology Download Station before 3.8.16-3566 allows remote authenticated users to execute arbitrary code via unspecified vectors.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2021-34809"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2021-06-18T03:15:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Improper neutralization of special elements used in a command (\u0027Command Injection\u0027) vulnerability in task management component in Synology Download Station before 3.8.16-3566 allows remote authenticated users to execute arbitrary code via unspecified vectors.",
"id": "GHSA-46j9-2j4r-83q6",
"modified": "2022-05-24T19:05:40Z",
"published": "2022-05-24T19:05:40Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-34809"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.synology.com/security/advisory/Synology_SA_21_11"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": []
}
GHSA-46JG-H552-883R
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-12-15 18:30 – Updated: 2023-12-19 21:32A Command Injection vulnerability exists in NETGEAR WNR2000v4 version 1.0.0.70. When using HTTP for SOAP authentication, command execution occurs during the process after successful authentication.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-50089"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2023-12-15T17:15:12Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "A Command Injection vulnerability exists in NETGEAR WNR2000v4 version 1.0.0.70. When using HTTP for SOAP authentication, command execution occurs during the process after successful authentication.",
"id": "GHSA-46jg-h552-883r",
"modified": "2023-12-19T21:32:20Z",
"published": "2023-12-15T18:30:29Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-50089"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/NoneShell/Vulnerabilities/blob/main/NETGEAR/WNR2000v4-1.0.0.70-Authorized-Command-Injection.md"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.netgear.com/about/security"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-46Q3-7GV7-QMGG
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-06-09 20:31 – Updated: 2026-07-06 22:54Summary
Two Net::IMAP commands, #id and #enable, do not validate their arguments. Arguments to either command could be used by an attacker to inject arbitrary IMAP commands.
Please note that passing untrusted inputs to these commands is usually inappropriate and expected to be uncommon.
Details
When Net::IMAP#id is called with a hash argument, although the ID field value strings are correctly quoted (escaping quoted specials), they were not validated to prohibit CRLF sequences.
While Net::IMAP#enable does process its arguments for aliases, it does not validate them as valid atoms (or as a list of valid atoms). The #to_s value is sent verbatim.
Impact
This is expected to impact very few users: use of untrusted user input for either command is expected to be very uncommon.
The documentation for #enable explicitly warns that using any arguments that are not in the explicitly supported list may result in undocumented behavior. Using arbitrary untrusted user input for #enable will always be inappropriate.
Although client ID field values will most commonly be static and hardcoded, dynamic input sources may be used. For example, client ID fields may be set by configuration or version numbers. Using untrusted user inputs for client ID fields is expected to be uncommon. But any untrusted inputs to client ID can trivially exploit this vulnerability.
Untrusted inputs to either command may include a CRLF sequence followed by a new IMAP command (like DELETE mailbox). Although this does not directly enable data exfiltration, it could be combined with other attack vectors or knowledge of the target system's attributes, e.g.: shared mail folders or the application's installed response handlers.
Mitigation
Update to a version of net-imap which validates #id and #enable arguments.
Untrusted inputs should never be used for #enable arguments.
If net-imap cannot be upgraded:
* do not use untrusted inputs for client ID field values
* or add validation that client ID field values must not contain any CR or LF bytes.
{
"affected": [
{
"database_specific": {
"last_known_affected_version_range": "\u003c= 0.6.4"
},
"package": {
"ecosystem": "RubyGems",
"name": "net-imap"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0.6.0"
},
{
"fixed": "0.6.4.1"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"database_specific": {
"last_known_affected_version_range": "\u003c= 0.5.14"
},
"package": {
"ecosystem": "RubyGems",
"name": "net-imap"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "0.5.15"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-47242"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77",
"CWE-93"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2026-06-09T20:31:52Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2026-06-22T21:16:24Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "### Summary\n\nTwo `Net::IMAP` commands, `#id` and `#enable`, do not validate their arguments. Arguments to either command could be used by an attacker to inject arbitrary IMAP commands.\n\nPlease note that passing untrusted inputs to these commands is usually inappropriate and expected to be uncommon.\n\n### Details\n\nWhen `Net::IMAP#id` is called with a hash argument, although the ID field value strings are correctly quoted (escaping quoted specials), they were not validated to prohibit CRLF sequences.\n\nWhile `Net::IMAP#enable` does process its arguments for aliases, it does not validate them as valid atoms (or as a list of valid atoms). The `#to_s` value is sent verbatim.\n\n### Impact\n\nThis is expected to impact very few users: use of untrusted user input for either command is expected to be very uncommon.\n\nThe documentation for `#enable` explicitly warns that using any arguments that are not in the explicitly supported list may result in undocumented behavior. Using arbitrary untrusted user input for `#enable` will always be inappropriate.\n\nAlthough client ID field values will most commonly be static and hardcoded, dynamic input sources may be used. For example, client ID fields may be set by configuration or version numbers. Using untrusted user inputs for client ID fields is expected to be uncommon. But any untrusted inputs to client ID can trivially exploit this vulnerability.\n\nUntrusted inputs to either command may include a CRLF sequence followed by a new IMAP command (like DELETE mailbox). Although this does not directly enable data exfiltration, it could be combined with other attack vectors or knowledge of the target system\u0027s attributes, e.g.: shared mail folders or the application\u0027s installed response handlers.\n\n### Mitigation\n\nUpdate to a version of `net-imap` which validates `#id` and `#enable` arguments.\n\nUntrusted inputs should _never_ be used for `#enable` arguments.\n\nIf `net-imap` cannot be upgraded:\n* do not use untrusted inputs for client ID field values\n* or add validation that client ID field values must not contain any CR or LF bytes.",
"id": "GHSA-46q3-7gv7-qmgg",
"modified": "2026-07-06T22:54:06Z",
"published": "2026-06-09T20:31:52Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/ruby/net-imap/security/advisories/GHSA-46q3-7gv7-qmgg"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-47242"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/ruby/net-imap"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/ruby/net-imap/releases/tag/v0.6.4.1"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/rubysec/ruby-advisory-db/blob/master/gems/net-imap/CVE-2026-47242.yml"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2026-47242"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:L/AC:L/AT:P/PR:N/UI:P/VC:N/VI:H/VA:L/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
],
"summary": "Net::IMAP: Command Injection via ID command argument"
}
GHSA-46RH-W7F2-6752
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2021-12-27 00:00 – Updated: 2022-01-05 00:01Certain NETGEAR devices are affected by command injection by an authenticated user. This affects CBR750 before 4.6.3.6, RBK852 before 3.2.17.12, RBR850 before 3.2.17.12, and RBS850 before 3.2.17.12.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2021-45600"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2021-12-26T01:15:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Certain NETGEAR devices are affected by command injection by an authenticated user. This affects CBR750 before 4.6.3.6, RBK852 before 3.2.17.12, RBR850 before 3.2.17.12, and RBS850 before 3.2.17.12.",
"id": "GHSA-46rh-w7f2-6752",
"modified": "2022-01-05T00:01:15Z",
"published": "2021-12-27T00:00:59Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-45600"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://kb.netgear.com/000064146/Security-Advisory-for-Post-Authentication-Command-Injection-on-Some-WiFi-Systems-PSV-2020-0555"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": []
}
GHSA-46WQ-R5Q9-QQ5F
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-13 01:42 – Updated: 2022-05-13 01:42A vulnerability in the CLI of Cisco NX-OS System Software could allow an authenticated, local attacker to perform a command injection attack. The vulnerability is due to insufficient input validation of command arguments. An attacker could exploit this vulnerability by injecting crafted command arguments into a vulnerable CLI command and gain unauthorized access to the underlying operating system of the device. An exploit could allow the attacker to execute arbitrary commands at the user's privilege level. On products that support multiple virtual device contexts (VDCs), this vulnerability could allow an attacker to execute commands at the user's privilege level outside the user's environment. This vulnerability affects the following products running Cisco NX-OS System Software: Multilayer Director Switches, Nexus 2000 Series Fabric Extenders, Nexus 3000 Series Switches, Nexus 5000 Series Switches, Nexus 5500 Platform Switches, Nexus 5600 Platform Switches, Nexus 6000 Series Switches, Nexus 7000 Series Switches, Nexus 7700 Series Switches, Nexus 9000 Series Switches in standalone NX-OS mode, Nexus 9500 R-Series Line Cards and Fabric Modules, Unified Computing System Manager. Cisco Bug IDs: CSCvf14923, CSCvf14926, CSCvg04095.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2017-12335"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2017-11-30T09:29:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "A vulnerability in the CLI of Cisco NX-OS System Software could allow an authenticated, local attacker to perform a command injection attack. The vulnerability is due to insufficient input validation of command arguments. An attacker could exploit this vulnerability by injecting crafted command arguments into a vulnerable CLI command and gain unauthorized access to the underlying operating system of the device. An exploit could allow the attacker to execute arbitrary commands at the user\u0027s privilege level. On products that support multiple virtual device contexts (VDCs), this vulnerability could allow an attacker to execute commands at the user\u0027s privilege level outside the user\u0027s environment. This vulnerability affects the following products running Cisco NX-OS System Software: Multilayer Director Switches, Nexus 2000 Series Fabric Extenders, Nexus 3000 Series Switches, Nexus 5000 Series Switches, Nexus 5500 Platform Switches, Nexus 5600 Platform Switches, Nexus 6000 Series Switches, Nexus 7000 Series Switches, Nexus 7700 Series Switches, Nexus 9000 Series Switches in standalone NX-OS mode, Nexus 9500 R-Series Line Cards and Fabric Modules, Unified Computing System Manager. Cisco Bug IDs: CSCvf14923, CSCvf14926, CSCvg04095.",
"id": "GHSA-46wq-r5q9-qq5f",
"modified": "2022-05-13T01:42:39Z",
"published": "2022-05-13T01:42:39Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2017-12335"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://tools.cisco.com/security/center/content/CiscoSecurityAdvisory/cisco-sa-20171129-nxos4"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/102165"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.securitytracker.com/id/1039935"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:L",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-473Q-VGVV-5537
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 17:36 – Updated: 2022-05-24 17:36Ubilling v1.0.9 allows Remote Command Execution as Root user by executing a malicious command that is injected inside the config file and being triggered by another part of the software.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2020-29311"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2020-12-10T23:15:00Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "Ubilling v1.0.9 allows Remote Command Execution as Root user by executing a malicious command that is injected inside the config file and being triggered by another part of the software.",
"id": "GHSA-473q-vgvv-5537",
"modified": "2022-05-24T17:36:06Z",
"published": "2022-05-24T17:36:06Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2020-29311"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://drive.google.com/file/d/1iLMFSbY8x1CXIf0uFntovY6yZ7N24dQA/view?usp=sharing"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://drive.google.com/file/d/1smOjvenPB-nE0PyIxnfujCT4KcxxkeWV/view?usp=sharing"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://gist.github.com/mhaskar/bfa9c2c799fca6697bcc6a213d08cb3e"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": []
}
Mitigation
If at all possible, use library calls rather than external processes to recreate the desired functionality.
Mitigation
If possible, ensure that all external commands called from the program are statically created.
Mitigation MIT-5
Strategy: Input Validation
- Assume all input is malicious. Use an "accept known good" input validation strategy, i.e., use a list of acceptable inputs that strictly conform to specifications. Reject any input that does not strictly conform to specifications, or transform it into something that does.
- When performing input validation, consider all potentially relevant properties, including length, type of input, the full range of acceptable values, missing or extra inputs, syntax, consistency across related fields, and conformance to business rules. As an example of business rule logic, "boat" may be syntactically valid because it only contains alphanumeric characters, but it is not valid if the input is only expected to contain colors such as "red" or "blue."
- Do not rely exclusively on looking for malicious or malformed inputs. This is likely to miss at least one undesirable input, especially if the code's environment changes. This can give attackers enough room to bypass the intended validation. However, denylists can be useful for detecting potential attacks or determining which inputs are so malformed that they should be rejected outright.
Mitigation
Run time: Run time policy enforcement may be used in an allowlist fashion to prevent use of any non-sanctioned commands.
Mitigation
Assign permissions that prevent the user from accessing/opening privileged files.
CAPEC-136: LDAP Injection
An attacker manipulates or crafts an LDAP query for the purpose of undermining the security of the target. Some applications use user input to create LDAP queries that are processed by an LDAP server. For example, a user might provide their username during authentication and the username might be inserted in an LDAP query during the authentication process. An attacker could use this input to inject additional commands into an LDAP query that could disclose sensitive information. For example, entering a * in the aforementioned query might return information about all users on the system. This attack is very similar to an SQL injection attack in that it manipulates a query to gather additional information or coerce a particular return value.
CAPEC-15: Command Delimiters
An attack of this type exploits a programs' vulnerabilities that allows an attacker's commands to be concatenated onto a legitimate command with the intent of targeting other resources such as the file system or database. The system that uses a filter or denylist input validation, as opposed to allowlist validation is vulnerable to an attacker who predicts delimiters (or combinations of delimiters) not present in the filter or denylist. As with other injection attacks, the attacker uses the command delimiter payload as an entry point to tunnel through the application and activate additional attacks through SQL queries, shell commands, network scanning, and so on.
CAPEC-183: IMAP/SMTP Command Injection
An adversary exploits weaknesses in input validation on web-mail servers to execute commands on the IMAP/SMTP server. Web-mail servers often sit between the Internet and the IMAP or SMTP mail server. User requests are received by the web-mail servers which then query the back-end mail server for the requested information and return this response to the user. In an IMAP/SMTP command injection attack, mail-server commands are embedded in parts of the request sent to the web-mail server. If the web-mail server fails to adequately sanitize these requests, these commands are then sent to the back-end mail server when it is queried by the web-mail server, where the commands are then executed. This attack can be especially dangerous since administrators may assume that the back-end server is protected against direct Internet access and therefore may not secure it adequately against the execution of malicious commands.
CAPEC-248: Command Injection
An adversary looking to execute a command of their choosing, injects new items into an existing command thus modifying interpretation away from what was intended. Commands in this context are often standalone strings that are interpreted by a downstream component and cause specific responses. This type of attack is possible when untrusted values are used to build these command strings. Weaknesses in input validation or command construction can enable the attack and lead to successful exploitation.
CAPEC-40: Manipulating Writeable Terminal Devices
This attack exploits terminal devices that allow themselves to be written to by other users. The attacker sends command strings to the target terminal device hoping that the target user will hit enter and thereby execute the malicious command with their privileges. The attacker can send the results (such as copying /etc/passwd) to a known directory and collect once the attack has succeeded.
CAPEC-43: Exploiting Multiple Input Interpretation Layers
An attacker supplies the target software with input data that contains sequences of special characters designed to bypass input validation logic. This exploit relies on the target making multiples passes over the input data and processing a "layer" of special characters with each pass. In this manner, the attacker can disguise input that would otherwise be rejected as invalid by concealing it with layers of special/escape characters that are stripped off by subsequent processing steps. The goal is to first discover cases where the input validation layer executes before one or more parsing layers. That is, user input may go through the following logic in an application: <parser1> --> <input validator> --> <parser2>. In such cases, the attacker will need to provide input that will pass through the input validator, but after passing through parser2, will be converted into something that the input validator was supposed to stop.
CAPEC-75: Manipulating Writeable Configuration Files
Generally these are manually edited files that are not in the preview of the system administrators, any ability on the attackers' behalf to modify these files, for example in a CVS repository, gives unauthorized access directly to the application, the same as authorized users.
CAPEC-76: Manipulating Web Input to File System Calls
An attacker manipulates inputs to the target software which the target software passes to file system calls in the OS. The goal is to gain access to, and perhaps modify, areas of the file system that the target software did not intend to be accessible.