CWE-601
AllowedURL Redirection to Untrusted Site ('Open Redirect')
Abstraction: Base · Status: Draft
The web application accepts a user-controlled input that specifies a link to an external site, and uses that link in a redirect.
2310 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
GHSA-9H33-G3WW-MQFF
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-03-09 17:24 – Updated: 2026-03-10 18:43Impact
A flaw in callback URL validation allowed crafted redirect_uri values containing URL userinfo (@) to bypass legitimate callback pattern checks. If an attacker can trick a user into opening a malicious authorization link, the authorization code may be redirected to an attacker-controlled host.
Patches
Fixed in v2.3.1 (commit 3a339e33191c31b68bf57db907f800d9de5ffbc8).
The fix replaces delimiter-based callback matching with structured URL pattern matching and updates validation logic/tests.
Workarounds
- Reject callback URLs containing userinfo (
@) at reverse proxy / app policy level if feasible.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Go",
"name": "github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "0.0.0-20260228130835-3a339e33191c"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-28512"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2026-03-09T17:24:27Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2026-03-10T17:38:50Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "### Impact\nA flaw in callback URL validation allowed crafted `redirect_uri` values containing URL userinfo (`@`) to bypass legitimate callback pattern checks. If an attacker can trick a user into opening a malicious authorization link, the authorization code may be redirected to an attacker-controlled host.\n\n### Patches\nFixed in `v2.3.1` (commit 3a339e33191c31b68bf57db907f800d9de5ffbc8).\nThe fix replaces delimiter-based callback matching with structured URL pattern matching and updates validation logic/tests.\n\n### Workarounds\n- Reject callback URLs containing userinfo (`@`) at reverse proxy / app policy level if feasible.",
"id": "GHSA-9h33-g3ww-mqff",
"modified": "2026-03-10T18:43:02Z",
"published": "2026-03-09T17:24:27Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/security/advisories/GHSA-9h33-g3ww-mqff"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-28512"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/commit/3a339e33191c31b68bf57db907f800d9de5ffbc8"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "Pocket ID: OAuth redirect_uri validation bypass via userinfo/host confusion"
}
GHSA-9HFG-2WCX-MFH7
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-06-17 18:35 – Updated: 2026-06-17 18:35Vulnerability in the WebLogic Server product of Oracle Fusion Middleware (component: Console). Supported versions that are affected are 14.1.2.0.0 and 15.1.1.0.0. Easily exploitable vulnerability allows low privileged attacker with network access via HTTPS to compromise WebLogic Server. Successful attacks require human interaction from a person other than the attacker and while the vulnerability is in WebLogic Server, attacks may significantly impact additional products (scope change). Successful attacks of this vulnerability can result in unauthorized creation, deletion or modification access to critical data or all WebLogic Server accessible data as well as unauthorized access to critical data or complete access to all WebLogic Server accessible data. CVSS 3.1 Base Score 8.7 (Confidentiality and Integrity impacts). CVSS Vector: (CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:R/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:N).
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-35258"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-06-17T10:40:17Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Vulnerability in the WebLogic Server product of Oracle Fusion Middleware (component: Console). Supported versions that are affected are 14.1.2.0.0 and 15.1.1.0.0. Easily exploitable vulnerability allows low privileged attacker with network access via HTTPS to compromise WebLogic Server. Successful attacks require human interaction from a person other than the attacker and while the vulnerability is in WebLogic Server, attacks may significantly impact additional products (scope change). Successful attacks of this vulnerability can result in unauthorized creation, deletion or modification access to critical data or all WebLogic Server accessible data as well as unauthorized access to critical data or complete access to all WebLogic Server accessible data. CVSS 3.1 Base Score 8.7 (Confidentiality and Integrity impacts). CVSS Vector: (CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:R/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:N).",
"id": "GHSA-9hfg-2wcx-mfh7",
"modified": "2026-06-17T18:35:21Z",
"published": "2026-06-17T18:35:21Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-35258"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.oracle.com/security-alerts/cspujun2026.html"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:R/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-9HG5-7HWC-V434
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 17:05 – Updated: 2022-11-04 22:32Open redirect vulnerability in Athenz v1.8.24 and earlier allows remote attackers to redirect users to arbitrary web sites and conduct phishing attacks via a specially crafted page.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Maven",
"name": "com.yahoo.athenz:athenz"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "1.8.25"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2019-6035"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2022-11-04T22:32:10Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2019-12-26T16:15:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Open redirect vulnerability in Athenz v1.8.24 and earlier allows remote attackers to redirect users to arbitrary web sites and conduct phishing attacks via a specially crafted page.",
"id": "GHSA-9hg5-7hwc-v434",
"modified": "2022-11-04T22:32:10Z",
"published": "2022-05-24T17:05:08Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2019-6035"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/yahoo/athenz/pull/700"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/AthenZ/athenz/commit/c4dc89b31fda501af45c20b33db620a077079744"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/AthenZ/athenz"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://jvn.jp/en/jp/JVN57070811/index.html"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "Athenz vulnerable to Open Redirect"
}
GHSA-9HJ8-4RC7-P6VH
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-17 02:42 – Updated: 2025-04-20 03:38Open Redirect vulnerability in Hitachi Device Manager before 8.5.2-01 allows remote attackers to redirect users to arbitrary web sites.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2017-9297"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2017-05-29T18:29:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Open Redirect vulnerability in Hitachi Device Manager before 8.5.2-01 allows remote attackers to redirect users to arbitrary web sites.",
"id": "GHSA-9hj8-4rc7-p6vh",
"modified": "2025-04-20T03:38:23Z",
"published": "2022-05-17T02:42:38Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2017-9297"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.hitachi.co.jp/Prod/comp/soft1/global/security/info/vuls/hitachi-sec-2017-114"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/98775"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-9J63-QCFC-89VG
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-14 03:29 – Updated: 2022-05-14 03:29An issue was discovered in Open-AudIT Professional 2.1. It is possible to inject a malicious payload in the redirect_url parameter to the /login URI to trigger an open redirect. A "data:text/html;base64," payload can be used with JavaScript code.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2018-8937"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2018-03-26T17:29:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "An issue was discovered in Open-AudIT Professional 2.1. It is possible to inject a malicious payload in the redirect_url parameter to the /login URI to trigger an open redirect. A \"data:text/html;base64,\" payload can be used with JavaScript code.",
"id": "GHSA-9j63-qcfc-89vg",
"modified": "2022-05-14T03:29:59Z",
"published": "2022-05-14T03:29:59Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2018-8937"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://nileshsapariya.blogspot.ae/2018/03/open-redirect-to-reflected-xss-open.html"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-9JCX-V3WJ-WH4M
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-01-08 20:48 – Updated: 2026-01-11 14:54An attacker-supplied path can be crafted so that when a React Router application navigates to it via navigate(), <Link>, or redirect(), the app performs a navigation/redirect to an external URL. This is only an issue if developers pass untrusted content into navigation paths in their application code.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "npm",
"name": "react-router"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "6.0.0"
},
{
"fixed": "6.30.2"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "npm",
"name": "react-router"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "7.0.0"
},
{
"fixed": "7.9.6"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-68470"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2026-01-08T20:48:21Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2026-01-10T03:15:48Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "An attacker-supplied path can be crafted so that when a React Router application navigates to it via `navigate()`, `\u003cLink\u003e`, or `redirect()`, the app performs a navigation/redirect to an external URL. This is only an issue if developers pass untrusted content into navigation paths in their application code.",
"id": "GHSA-9jcx-v3wj-wh4m",
"modified": "2026-01-11T14:54:02Z",
"published": "2026-01-08T20:48:21Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/remix-run/react-router/security/advisories/GHSA-9jcx-v3wj-wh4m"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-68470"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/remix-run/react-router"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "React Router has unexpected external redirect via untrusted paths"
}
GHSA-9M3C-QCXR-9X87
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-04-09 21:31 – Updated: 2026-04-10 21:36Occasional URL redirection to untrusted Site ('Open Redirect') vulnerability in Apache Tomcat via the LoadBalancerDrainingValve.
This issue affects Apache Tomcat: from 11.0.0-M1 through 11.0.18, from 10.1.0-M1 through 10.1.52, from 9.0.0.M23 through 9.0.115, from 8.5.30 through 8.5.100. Other, unsupported versions may also be affected
Users are recommended to upgrade to version 11.0.20, 10.1.53 or 9.0.116, which fix the issue.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Maven",
"name": "org.apache.tomcat:tomcat-catalina"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "8.5.30"
},
{
"fixed": "9.0.116"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Maven",
"name": "org.apache.tomcat:tomcat-catalina"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "10.1.0-M1"
},
{
"fixed": "10.1.53"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Maven",
"name": "org.apache.tomcat:tomcat-catalina"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "11.0.0-M1"
},
{
"fixed": "11.0.20"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Maven",
"name": "org.apache.tomcat:tomcat"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "8.5.30"
},
{
"fixed": "9.0.116"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Maven",
"name": "org.apache.tomcat:tomcat"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "10.1.0-M1"
},
{
"fixed": "10.1.53"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Maven",
"name": "org.apache.tomcat:tomcat"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "11.0.0-M1"
},
{
"fixed": "11.0.20"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Maven",
"name": "org.apache.tomcat.embed:tomcat-embed-core"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "8.5.30"
},
{
"fixed": "9.0.116"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Maven",
"name": "org.apache.tomcat.embed:tomcat-embed-core"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "10.1.0-M1"
},
{
"fixed": "10.1.53"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Maven",
"name": "org.apache.tomcat.embed:tomcat-embed-core"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "11.0.0-M1"
},
{
"fixed": "11.0.20"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-25854"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2026-04-10T21:25:28Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2026-04-09T20:16:24Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Occasional URL redirection to untrusted Site (\u0027Open Redirect\u0027) vulnerability in Apache Tomcat via the LoadBalancerDrainingValve.\n\nThis issue affects Apache Tomcat: from 11.0.0-M1 through 11.0.18, from 10.1.0-M1 through 10.1.52, from 9.0.0.M23 through 9.0.115, from 8.5.30 through 8.5.100.\nOther, unsupported versions may also be affected\n\nUsers are recommended to upgrade to version 11.0.20, 10.1.53 or 9.0.116, which fix the issue.",
"id": "GHSA-9m3c-qcxr-9x87",
"modified": "2026-04-10T21:36:30Z",
"published": "2026-04-09T21:31:29Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-25854"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/apache/tomcat"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://lists.apache.org/thread/ghct3b6o74bp2vm7q875s1zh0dqrz3h0"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2026/04/09/21"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:N/SC:L/SI:N/SA:N",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
],
"summary": "Apache Tomcat has an Open Redirect vulnerability"
}
GHSA-9M66-G6X7-M6CW
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-05-21 21:31 – Updated: 2026-04-08 21:33The Affiliate Sales in Google Analytics and other tools plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to Open Redirect in all versions up to, and including, 1.4.9. This is due to insufficient validation on the redirect url supplied via the 'afflink' parameter. This makes it possible for unauthenticated attackers to redirect users to potentially malicious sites if they can successfully trick them into performing an action.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-12561"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-05-21T12:16:13Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "The Affiliate Sales in Google Analytics and other tools plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to Open Redirect in all versions up to, and including, 1.4.9. This is due to insufficient validation on the redirect url supplied via the \u0027afflink\u0027 parameter. This makes it possible for unauthenticated attackers to redirect users to potentially malicious sites if they can successfully trick them into performing an action.",
"id": "GHSA-9m66-g6x7-m6cw",
"modified": "2026-04-08T21:33:04Z",
"published": "2025-05-21T21:31:37Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-12561"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/wecantrack/trunk/WecantrackApp.php#L66"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/changeset?sfp_email=\u0026sfph_mail=\u0026reponame=\u0026old=3320552%40wecantrack\u0026new=3320552%40wecantrack\u0026sfp_email=\u0026sfph_mail="
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.wordfence.com/threat-intel/vulnerabilities/id/a4b205ab-f042-46d9-a331-f18809477384?source=cve"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-9M99-8359-WR5F
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-02-25 00:00 – Updated: 2022-03-05 00:00A remote URL redirection vulnerability was discovered in HPE OneView Global Dashboard version(s): Prior to 2.5. HPE has provided a software update to resolve this vulnerability in HPE OneView Global Dashboard.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2021-29217"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2022-02-24T22:15:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "A remote URL redirection vulnerability was discovered in HPE OneView Global Dashboard version(s): Prior to 2.5. HPE has provided a software update to resolve this vulnerability in HPE OneView Global Dashboard.",
"id": "GHSA-9m99-8359-wr5f",
"modified": "2022-03-05T00:00:56Z",
"published": "2022-02-25T00:00:56Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-29217"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://support.hpe.com/hpsc/doc/public/display?docLocale=en_US\u0026docId=emr_na-hpesbgn04228en_us"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": []
}
GHSA-9MM5-JXQX-9FJX
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 16:44 – Updated: 2022-10-14 12:00The workspace client, openspace client, and app development client of TIBCO Software Inc.'s TIBCO ActiveMatrix BPM, TIBCO ActiveMatrix BPM Distribution for TIBCO Silver Fabric, and TIBCO Silver Fabric Enabler for ActiveMatrix BPM contain a vulnerability wherein a malicious URL could trick a user into visiting a website of the attacker's choice. Affected releases are TIBCO Software Inc.'s TIBCO ActiveMatrix BPM: versions up to and including 4.2.0, TIBCO ActiveMatrix BPM Distribution for TIBCO Silver Fabric: versions up to and including 4.2.0, and TIBCO Silver Fabric Enabler for ActiveMatrix BPM: versions up to and including 1.4.1.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2019-8995"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2019-04-24T21:29:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "The workspace client, openspace client, and app development client of TIBCO Software Inc.\u0027s TIBCO ActiveMatrix BPM, TIBCO ActiveMatrix BPM Distribution for TIBCO Silver Fabric, and TIBCO Silver Fabric Enabler for ActiveMatrix BPM contain a vulnerability wherein a malicious URL could trick a user into visiting a website of the attacker\u0027s choice. Affected releases are TIBCO Software Inc.\u0027s TIBCO ActiveMatrix BPM: versions up to and including 4.2.0, TIBCO ActiveMatrix BPM Distribution for TIBCO Silver Fabric: versions up to and including 4.2.0, and TIBCO Silver Fabric Enabler for ActiveMatrix BPM: versions up to and including 1.4.1.",
"id": "GHSA-9mm5-jxqx-9fjx",
"modified": "2022-10-14T12:00:17Z",
"published": "2022-05-24T16:44:35Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2019-8995"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.tibco.com/support/advisories/2019/04/tibco-security-advisory-april-24-2019-tibco-activematrix-bpm-2019-8995"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/108062"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.tibco.com/services/support/advisories"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
Mitigation MIT-5
Strategy: Input Validation
- Assume all input is malicious. Use an "accept known good" input validation strategy, i.e., use a list of acceptable inputs that strictly conform to specifications. Reject any input that does not strictly conform to specifications, or transform it into something that does.
- When performing input validation, consider all potentially relevant properties, including length, type of input, the full range of acceptable values, missing or extra inputs, syntax, consistency across related fields, and conformance to business rules. As an example of business rule logic, "boat" may be syntactically valid because it only contains alphanumeric characters, but it is not valid if the input is only expected to contain colors such as "red" or "blue."
- Do not rely exclusively on looking for malicious or malformed inputs. This is likely to miss at least one undesirable input, especially if the code's environment changes. This can give attackers enough room to bypass the intended validation. However, denylists can be useful for detecting potential attacks or determining which inputs are so malformed that they should be rejected outright.
- Use a list of approved URLs or domains to be used for redirection.
Mitigation
Use an intermediate disclaimer page that provides the user with a clear warning that they are leaving the current site. Implement a long timeout before the redirect occurs, or force the user to click on the link. Be careful to avoid XSS problems (CWE-79) when generating the disclaimer page.
Mitigation MIT-21.2
Strategy: Enforcement by Conversion
- When the set of acceptable objects, such as filenames or URLs, is limited or known, create a mapping from a set of fixed input values (such as numeric IDs) to the actual filenames or URLs, and reject all other inputs.
- For example, ID 1 could map to "/login.asp" and ID 2 could map to "http://www.example.com/". Features such as the ESAPI AccessReferenceMap [REF-45] provide this capability.
Mitigation
Ensure that no externally-supplied requests are honored by requiring that all redirect requests include a unique nonce generated by the application [REF-483]. Be sure that the nonce is not predictable (CWE-330).
Mitigation MIT-6
Strategy: Attack Surface Reduction
- Understand all the potential areas where untrusted inputs can enter your software: parameters or arguments, cookies, anything read from the network, environment variables, reverse DNS lookups, query results, request headers, URL components, e-mail, files, filenames, databases, and any external systems that provide data to the application. Remember that such inputs may be obtained indirectly through API calls.
- Many open redirect problems occur because the programmer assumed that certain inputs could not be modified, such as cookies and hidden form fields.
Mitigation MIT-29
Strategy: Firewall
Use an application firewall that can detect attacks against this weakness. It can be beneficial in cases in which the code cannot be fixed (because it is controlled by a third party), as an emergency prevention measure while more comprehensive software assurance measures are applied, or to provide defense in depth [REF-1481].
CAPEC-178: Cross-Site Flashing
An attacker is able to trick the victim into executing a Flash document that passes commands or calls to a Flash player browser plugin, allowing the attacker to exploit native Flash functionality in the client browser. This attack pattern occurs where an attacker can provide a crafted link to a Flash document (SWF file) which, when followed, will cause additional malicious instructions to be executed. The attacker does not need to serve or control the Flash document. The attack takes advantage of the fact that Flash files can reference external URLs. If variables that serve as URLs that the Flash application references can be controlled through parameters, then by creating a link that includes values for those parameters, an attacker can cause arbitrary content to be referenced and possibly executed by the targeted Flash application.