CWE-601
AllowedURL Redirection to Untrusted Site ('Open Redirect')
Abstraction: Base · Status: Draft
The web application accepts a user-controlled input that specifies a link to an external site, and uses that link in a redirect.
2305 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
GHSA-56MV-MQ74-FQQV
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-02-10 06:30 – Updated: 2026-02-10 06:30Due to missing authorization check in SAP NetWeaver Application Server ABAP and SAP S/4HANA, an authenticated attacker could access a specific transaction code and modify the text data in the system. This vulnerability has a high impact on integrity of the application with no effect on the confidentiality and availability.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-0484"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601",
"CWE-862"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-02-10T04:16:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Due to missing authorization check in SAP NetWeaver Application Server ABAP and SAP S/4HANA, an authenticated attacker could access a specific transaction code and modify the text data in the system. This vulnerability has a high impact on integrity of the application with no effect on the confidentiality and availability.",
"id": "GHSA-56mv-mq74-fqqv",
"modified": "2026-02-10T06:30:37Z",
"published": "2026-02-10T06:30:37Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-0484"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://me.sap.com/notes/3672622"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://url.sap/sapsecuritypatchday"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-56MX-V8HF-V789
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-17 03:43 – Updated: 2022-05-17 03:43Multiple open redirect vulnerabilities in Pivotal Cloud Foundry (PCF) Elastic Runtime before 1.6.30 and 1.7.x before 1.7.8 allow remote attackers to redirect users to arbitrary web sites and conduct phishing attacks via unspecified vectors.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2016-0928"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2016-09-18T02:59:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Multiple open redirect vulnerabilities in Pivotal Cloud Foundry (PCF) Elastic Runtime before 1.6.30 and 1.7.x before 1.7.8 allow remote attackers to redirect users to arbitrary web sites and conduct phishing attacks via unspecified vectors.",
"id": "GHSA-56mx-v8hf-v789",
"modified": "2022-05-17T03:43:10Z",
"published": "2022-05-17T03:43:10Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2016-0928"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://pivotal.io/security/cve-2016-0928"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/91550"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:N/I:H/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-56P3-RRP4-2J82
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-14 02:54 – Updated: 2024-10-15 17:15The isURLInPortal method in the URLTool class in in_portal.py in Plone 2.1 through 4.1, 4.2.x through 4.2.5, and 4.3.x through 4.3.1 treats URLs starting with a space as a relative URL, which allows remote attackers to bypass the allow_external_login_sites filtering property, redirect users to arbitrary web sites, and conduct phishing attacks via a space before a URL in the "next" parameter to acl_users/credentials_cookie_auth/require_login.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "PyPI",
"name": "Plone"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "2.1"
},
{
"fixed": "4.1.1"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "PyPI",
"name": "Plone"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "4.2"
},
{
"fixed": "4.2.6"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "PyPI",
"name": "Plone"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "4.3"
},
{
"fixed": "4.3.2"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2013-4200"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2023-02-14T00:44:30Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2014-01-21T16:06:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "The isURLInPortal method in the URLTool class in in_portal.py in Plone 2.1 through 4.1, 4.2.x through 4.2.5, and 4.3.x through 4.3.1 treats URLs starting with a space as a relative URL, which allows remote attackers to bypass the allow_external_login_sites filtering property, redirect users to arbitrary web sites, and conduct phishing attacks via a space before a URL in the \"next\" parameter to acl_users/credentials_cookie_auth/require_login.",
"id": "GHSA-56p3-rrp4-2j82",
"modified": "2024-10-15T17:15:33Z",
"published": "2022-05-14T02:54:25Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2013-4200"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=CVE-2013-4200"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/plone/Plone"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/pypa/advisory-database/tree/main/vulns/plone/PYSEC-2014-64.yaml"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://plone.org/products/plone-hotfix/releases/20130618"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://plone.org/products/plone/security/advisories/20130618-announcement"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2013/08/01/2"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:H/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
],
"summary": "Plone Open Redirection vulnerability via next parameter"
}
GHSA-56QV-9P9C-2Q4V
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-14 01:44 – Updated: 2022-05-14 01:44Dell EMC Avamar Client Manager in Dell EMC Avamar Server versions 7.2.0, 7.2.1, 7.3.0, 7.3.1, 7.4.0, 7.4.1, 7.5.0, 7.5.1, 18.1 and Dell EMC Integrated Data Protection Appliance (IDPA) versions 2.0, 2.1 and 2.2 contain an open redirection vulnerability. A remote unauthenticated attacker could potentially exploit this vulnerability to redirect application users to arbitrary web URLs by tricking the victim users to click on maliciously crafted links. The vulnerability could be used to conduct phishing attacks that cause users to unknowingly visit malicious sites.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2018-11067"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2018-11-26T20:29:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Dell EMC Avamar Client Manager in Dell EMC Avamar Server versions 7.2.0, 7.2.1, 7.3.0, 7.3.1, 7.4.0, 7.4.1, 7.5.0, 7.5.1, 18.1 and Dell EMC Integrated Data Protection Appliance (IDPA) versions 2.0, 2.1 and 2.2 contain an open redirection vulnerability. A remote unauthenticated attacker could potentially exploit this vulnerability to redirect application users to arbitrary web URLs by tricking the victim users to click on maliciously crafted links. The vulnerability could be used to conduct phishing attacks that cause users to unknowingly visit malicious sites.",
"id": "GHSA-56qv-9p9c-2q4v",
"modified": "2022-05-14T01:44:07Z",
"published": "2022-05-14T01:44:07Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2018-11067"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://seclists.org/fulldisclosure/2018/Nov/49"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.vmware.com/security/advisories/VMSA-2018-0029.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/105969"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.securitytracker.com/id/1042153"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-56XG-W34F-M5R4
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-17 03:42 – Updated: 2022-05-17 03:42IBM WebSphere Application Server (WAS) Liberty, as used in IBM Security Privileged Identity Manager (ISPIM) Virtual Appliance 2.x before 2.0.2 FP8, allows remote authenticated users to redirect users to arbitrary web sites and conduct phishing attacks via unspecified vectors.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2016-3040"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2016-09-26T04:59:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "IBM WebSphere Application Server (WAS) Liberty, as used in IBM Security Privileged Identity Manager (ISPIM) Virtual Appliance 2.x before 2.0.2 FP8, allows remote authenticated users to redirect users to arbitrary web sites and conduct phishing attacks via unspecified vectors.",
"id": "GHSA-56xg-w34f-m5r4",
"modified": "2022-05-17T03:42:18Z",
"published": "2022-05-17T03:42:18Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2016-3040"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www-01.ibm.com/support/docview.wss?uid=swg21989205"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/92986"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:R/S:C/C:N/I:H/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-5746-CVMJ-7X62
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-17 00:25 – Updated: 2022-05-17 00:25Open redirect vulnerability in the Overlay module in Drupal 7.x before 7.41, the jQuery Update module 7.x-2.x before 7.x-2.7 for Drupal, and the LABjs module 7.x-1.x before 7.x-1.8 allows remote attackers to redirect users to arbitrary web sites and conduct phishing attacks via unspecified vectors. NOTE: this vulnerability exists because of an incomplete fix for CVE-2015-3233.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2015-7943"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2017-10-18T18:29:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Open redirect vulnerability in the Overlay module in Drupal 7.x before 7.41, the jQuery Update module 7.x-2.x before 7.x-2.7 for Drupal, and the LABjs module 7.x-1.x before 7.x-1.8 allows remote attackers to redirect users to arbitrary web sites and conduct phishing attacks via unspecified vectors. NOTE: this vulnerability exists because of an incomplete fix for CVE-2015-3233.",
"id": "GHSA-5746-cvmj-7x62",
"modified": "2022-05-17T00:25:39Z",
"published": "2022-05-17T00:25:39Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2015-7943"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.drupal.org/forum/newsletters/security-advisories-for-drupal-core/2015-10-21/drupal-core-overlay-less-critical"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.drupal.org/node/2598426"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.drupal.org/node/2598434"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.debian.org/security/2017/dsa-3897"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/77293"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-5757-V49G-F6R7
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-06-02 22:32 – Updated: 2025-02-26 22:18Description
Under OIDC authentication mode, there is a redirect_url parameter exposed in the URL which is used to redirect the current user to the defined location after the successful OIDC login, This redirect_url can be an ambiguous URL and can be used to embed a phishing URL. For example: if a user clicks the URL with a malicious redirect_url:
https://<harbor_hostnmae>/c/oidc/login?redirect_url=https://<redirect_domain>
It might redirect the current user without their knowledge to a malicious site, posing a potential risk. To avoid this issue, the redirect_url should be checked if it is a local path when reading it from the original request URL.
//src/core/controllers/oidc.go
...
redirectURL := oc.Ctx.Request.URL.Query().Get("redirect_url")
if !utils.IsLocalPath(redirectURL) {
log.Errorf("invalid redirect url: %v", redirectURL)
oc.SendBadRequestError(fmt.Errorf("cannot redirect to other site"))
return
}
if err := oc.SetSession(redirectURLKey, redirectURL); err != nil {
...
Impact
When Harbor is configured with OIDC authentication and users log in via a link outside the Harbor server, it might be vulnerable to an open redirect attack. This attack only involves the OIDC Harbor user, if the current Harbor instance is not configured with OIDC auth, the redirect_url doesn't exist and the Harbor instance is not vulnerable to the open redirect attack.
The following versions of Harbor are involved: <=Harbor 2.8.4, <=Harbor 2.9.2, <= Harbor 2.10.0
Patches
Harbor 2.8.5, Harbor 2.9.3, Harbor 2.10.1
Workarounds
When the Harbor is configured with OIDC authentication, warn the user not to log into the Harbor through external links.
References
N/A
Credit
Thanks Arnaud Cordier (arnaud@cordier.work)
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Go",
"name": "github.com/goharbor/harbor"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "2.8.5"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Go",
"name": "github.com/goharbor/harbor"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "2.9.0"
},
{
"fixed": "2.9.3"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Go",
"name": "github.com/goharbor/harbor"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "2.10.0"
},
{
"fixed": "2.10.1"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-22244"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2024-06-02T22:32:32Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2024-06-10T23:15:49Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "### Description\nUnder OIDC authentication mode, there is a redirect_url parameter exposed in the URL which is used to redirect the current user to the defined location after the successful OIDC login, This redirect_url can be an ambiguous URL and can be used to embed a phishing URL.\nFor example: if a user clicks the URL with a malicious redirect_url:\n```\nhttps://\u003charbor_hostnmae\u003e/c/oidc/login?redirect_url=https://\u003credirect_domain\u003e\n```\nIt might redirect the current user without their knowledge to a malicious site, posing a potential risk.\nTo avoid this issue, the redirect_url should be checked if it is a local path when reading it from the original request URL. \n```\n//src/core/controllers/oidc.go\n...\nredirectURL := oc.Ctx.Request.URL.Query().Get(\"redirect_url\")\nif !utils.IsLocalPath(redirectURL) {\n log.Errorf(\"invalid redirect url: %v\", redirectURL)\n oc.SendBadRequestError(fmt.Errorf(\"cannot redirect to other site\"))\n return\n}\nif err := oc.SetSession(redirectURLKey, redirectURL); err != nil {\n...\n```\n### Impact\nWhen Harbor is configured with OIDC authentication and users log in via a link outside the Harbor server, it might be vulnerable to an open redirect attack. This attack only involves the OIDC Harbor user, if the current Harbor instance is not configured with OIDC auth, the redirect_url doesn\u0027t exist and the Harbor instance is not vulnerable to the open redirect attack.\n\nThe following versions of Harbor are involved:\n\u003c=Harbor 2.8.4, \u003c=Harbor 2.9.2, \u003c= Harbor 2.10.0\n\n### Patches\nHarbor 2.8.5, Harbor 2.9.3, Harbor 2.10.1\n\n### Workarounds\nWhen the Harbor is configured with OIDC authentication, warn the user not to log into the Harbor through external links.\n\n### References\nN/A\n\n### Credit\nThanks Arnaud Cordier (arnaud@cordier.work)",
"id": "GHSA-5757-v49g-f6r7",
"modified": "2025-02-26T22:18:08Z",
"published": "2024-06-02T22:32:32Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/goharbor/harbor/security/advisories/GHSA-5757-v49g-f6r7"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-22244"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/goharbor/harbor"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://pkg.go.dev/vuln/GO-2024-2915"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "Open Redirect URL in Harbor"
}
GHSA-57GW-HCMR-F4G2
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-03-04 15:31 – Updated: 2025-03-04 18:33Malicious websites utilizing a server-side redirect to an internal error page could result in a spoofed website URL This vulnerability affects Firefox for iOS < 136.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-27426"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-03-04T14:15:39Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Malicious websites utilizing a server-side redirect to an internal error page could result in a spoofed website URL This vulnerability affects Firefox for iOS \u003c 136.",
"id": "GHSA-57gw-hcmr-f4g2",
"modified": "2025-03-04T18:33:42Z",
"published": "2025-03-04T15:31:50Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-27426"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://bugzilla.mozilla.org/show_bug.cgi?id=1933079"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.mozilla.org/security/advisories/mfsa2025-13"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-57W4-JF74-FC8M
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-11-09 12:00 – Updated: 2022-11-09 19:02Due to insufficient input validation, SAP Financial Consolidation - version 1010, allows an authenticated attacker to inject malicious script when running a common query in the Web Administration Console. On successful exploitation, an attacker can view or modify information causing a limited impact on confidentiality, integrity and availability of the application.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2022-41258"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601",
"CWE-79"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2022-11-08T22:15:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Due to insufficient input validation, SAP Financial Consolidation - version 1010, allows an authenticated attacker to inject malicious script when running a common query in the Web Administration Console. On successful exploitation, an attacker can view or modify information causing a limited impact on confidentiality, integrity and availability of the application.",
"id": "GHSA-57w4-jf74-fc8m",
"modified": "2022-11-09T19:02:24Z",
"published": "2022-11-09T12:00:23Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-41258"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://launchpad.support.sap.com/#/notes/3260708"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.sap.com/documents/2022/02/fa865ea4-167e-0010-bca6-c68f7e60039b.html"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:L",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-57XR-MPCR-4M48
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-03-09 18:31 – Updated: 2026-03-11 15:31An issue pertaining to CWE-601: URL Redirection to Untrusted Site was discovered in linagora Twake v2023.Q1.1223. This allows attackers to obtain sensitive information and execute arbitrary code.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-70037"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-03-09T17:16:11Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "An issue pertaining to CWE-601: URL Redirection to Untrusted Site was discovered in linagora Twake v2023.Q1.1223. This allows attackers to obtain sensitive information and execute arbitrary code.",
"id": "GHSA-57xr-mpcr-4m48",
"modified": "2026-03-11T15:31:37Z",
"published": "2026-03-09T18:31:43Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-70037"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://gist.github.com/zcxlighthouse/0ca0e8750ad14964fa0ce24137ed346d"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/linagora"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/linagora/Twake"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
Mitigation MIT-5
Strategy: Input Validation
- Assume all input is malicious. Use an "accept known good" input validation strategy, i.e., use a list of acceptable inputs that strictly conform to specifications. Reject any input that does not strictly conform to specifications, or transform it into something that does.
- When performing input validation, consider all potentially relevant properties, including length, type of input, the full range of acceptable values, missing or extra inputs, syntax, consistency across related fields, and conformance to business rules. As an example of business rule logic, "boat" may be syntactically valid because it only contains alphanumeric characters, but it is not valid if the input is only expected to contain colors such as "red" or "blue."
- Do not rely exclusively on looking for malicious or malformed inputs. This is likely to miss at least one undesirable input, especially if the code's environment changes. This can give attackers enough room to bypass the intended validation. However, denylists can be useful for detecting potential attacks or determining which inputs are so malformed that they should be rejected outright.
- Use a list of approved URLs or domains to be used for redirection.
Mitigation
Use an intermediate disclaimer page that provides the user with a clear warning that they are leaving the current site. Implement a long timeout before the redirect occurs, or force the user to click on the link. Be careful to avoid XSS problems (CWE-79) when generating the disclaimer page.
Mitigation MIT-21.2
Strategy: Enforcement by Conversion
- When the set of acceptable objects, such as filenames or URLs, is limited or known, create a mapping from a set of fixed input values (such as numeric IDs) to the actual filenames or URLs, and reject all other inputs.
- For example, ID 1 could map to "/login.asp" and ID 2 could map to "http://www.example.com/". Features such as the ESAPI AccessReferenceMap [REF-45] provide this capability.
Mitigation
Ensure that no externally-supplied requests are honored by requiring that all redirect requests include a unique nonce generated by the application [REF-483]. Be sure that the nonce is not predictable (CWE-330).
Mitigation MIT-6
Strategy: Attack Surface Reduction
- Understand all the potential areas where untrusted inputs can enter your software: parameters or arguments, cookies, anything read from the network, environment variables, reverse DNS lookups, query results, request headers, URL components, e-mail, files, filenames, databases, and any external systems that provide data to the application. Remember that such inputs may be obtained indirectly through API calls.
- Many open redirect problems occur because the programmer assumed that certain inputs could not be modified, such as cookies and hidden form fields.
Mitigation MIT-29
Strategy: Firewall
Use an application firewall that can detect attacks against this weakness. It can be beneficial in cases in which the code cannot be fixed (because it is controlled by a third party), as an emergency prevention measure while more comprehensive software assurance measures are applied, or to provide defense in depth [REF-1481].
CAPEC-178: Cross-Site Flashing
An attacker is able to trick the victim into executing a Flash document that passes commands or calls to a Flash player browser plugin, allowing the attacker to exploit native Flash functionality in the client browser. This attack pattern occurs where an attacker can provide a crafted link to a Flash document (SWF file) which, when followed, will cause additional malicious instructions to be executed. The attacker does not need to serve or control the Flash document. The attack takes advantage of the fact that Flash files can reference external URLs. If variables that serve as URLs that the Flash application references can be controlled through parameters, then by creating a link that includes values for those parameters, an attacker can cause arbitrary content to be referenced and possibly executed by the targeted Flash application.