CWE-601
AllowedURL Redirection to Untrusted Site ('Open Redirect')
Abstraction: Base · Status: Draft
The web application accepts a user-controlled input that specifies a link to an external site, and uses that link in a redirect.
2305 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
GHSA-53V8-F936-C2XP
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-01-27 21:30 – Updated: 2025-01-28 21:31An issue in Beijing Baidu Netcom Science & Technology Co Ltd Haokan Video iOS 7.70.0 allows attackers to access sensitive user information via supplying a crafted link.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-56954"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-01-27T19:15:16Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "An issue in Beijing Baidu Netcom Science \u0026 Technology Co Ltd Haokan Video iOS 7.70.0 allows attackers to access sensitive user information via supplying a crafted link.",
"id": "GHSA-53v8-f936-c2xp",
"modified": "2025-01-28T21:31:02Z",
"published": "2025-01-27T21:30:54Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-56954"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/ZhouZiyi1/Vuls/blob/main/241219-HaokanVideo/241219-HaokanVideo.pdf"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-548X-J6X6-HCV4
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-02-20 12:31 – Updated: 2025-07-29 12:41HtmlUtil.escapeRedirect in Liferay Portal 7.2.0 through 7.4.3.18, and older unsupported versions, and Liferay DXP 7.4 before update 19, 7.3 before update 4, 7.2 before fix pack 19, and older unsupported versions can be circumvented by using the 'REPLACEMENT CHARACTER' (U+FFFD), which allows remote attackers to redirect users to arbitrary external URLs via the (1) 'redirectparameter (2)FORWARD_URLparameter, (3)noSuchEntryRedirect` parameter, and (4) others parameters that rely on HtmlUtil.escapeRedirect.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Maven",
"name": "com.liferay.portal:release.portal.bom"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "7.2.0"
},
{
"fixed": "7.4.3.19-ga19"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Maven",
"name": "com.liferay.portal:release.dxp.bom"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "7.2.10.fp19"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Maven",
"name": "com.liferay.portal:release.dxp.bom"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "7.3.0"
},
{
"fixed": "7.3.10.u4"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Maven",
"name": "com.liferay.portal:release.dxp.bom"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "7.4.0"
},
{
"fixed": "7.4.13.u19"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-25608"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2025-07-29T12:41:22Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2024-02-20T10:15:08Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "HtmlUtil.escapeRedirect in Liferay Portal 7.2.0 through 7.4.3.18, and older unsupported versions, and Liferay DXP 7.4 before update 19, 7.3 before update 4, 7.2 before fix pack 19, and older unsupported versions can be circumvented by using the \u0027REPLACEMENT CHARACTER\u0027 (U+FFFD), which allows remote attackers to redirect users to arbitrary external URLs via the (1) \u0027redirect` parameter (2) `FORWARD_URL` parameter, (3) `noSuchEntryRedirect` parameter, and (4) others parameters that rely on HtmlUtil.escapeRedirect.",
"id": "GHSA-548x-j6x6-hcv4",
"modified": "2025-07-29T12:41:23Z",
"published": "2024-02-20T12:31:00Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-25608"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/liferay/liferay-portal/commit/36adf82ef7a09c7035d4f19a1982dcde1ae3f6ae"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/liferay/liferay-portal/commit/aea651fa5110934b6a00d93391fac87985e27786"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/liferay/liferay-portal"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://liferay.dev/portal/security/known-vulnerabilities/-/asset_publisher/jekt/content/cve-2024-25608"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "Liferay Portal and Liferay DXP\u0027s HtmlUtil.escapeRedirect Can Be Circumvented via Replacement Character"
}
GHSA-54RG-483R-GP7W
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-14 03:19 – Updated: 2022-05-14 03:19An issue was discovered on the Impinj Speedway Connect R420 RFID Reader before 2.2.2. The affected web interface is vulnerable to ClickJacking or UI Redressing: it is possible to access the web application in an iframe, and clicking on the iframe will redirect to a third-party application or perform other malicious actions.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2018-5304"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2018-05-11T21:29:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "An issue was discovered on the Impinj Speedway Connect R420 RFID Reader before 2.2.2. The affected web interface is vulnerable to ClickJacking or UI Redressing: it is possible to access the web application in an iframe, and clicking on the iframe will redirect to a third-party application or perform other malicious actions.",
"id": "GHSA-54rg-483r-gp7w",
"modified": "2022-05-14T03:19:03Z",
"published": "2022-05-14T03:19:03Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2018-5304"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://blog.isecurion.com/2018/05/09/impinj-speedway-r420-rfid-reader"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-54VJ-MHFR-M645
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 17:34 – Updated: 2022-05-24 17:34SuiteCRM through 7.11.13 has an Open Redirect in the Documents module via a crafted SVG document.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2020-15300"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2020-11-18T22:15:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "SuiteCRM through 7.11.13 has an Open Redirect in the Documents module via a crafted SVG document.",
"id": "GHSA-54vj-mhfr-m645",
"modified": "2022-05-24T17:34:25Z",
"published": "2022-05-24T17:34:25Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2020-15300"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.wizlynxgroup.com/security-research-advisories/vuln/WLX-2020-009"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": []
}
GHSA-55M9-C43H-QP6X
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-12-29 12:30 – Updated: 2026-04-28 21:33URL Redirection to Untrusted Site ('Open Redirect') vulnerability in Dylan James Zephyr Project Manager.This issue affects Zephyr Project Manager: from n/a through 3.3.9.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-31237"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2023-12-29T10:15:09Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "URL Redirection to Untrusted Site (\u0027Open Redirect\u0027) vulnerability in Dylan James Zephyr Project Manager.This issue affects Zephyr Project Manager: from n/a through 3.3.9.",
"id": "GHSA-55m9-c43h-qp6x",
"modified": "2026-04-28T21:33:38Z",
"published": "2023-12-29T12:30:41Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-31237"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://patchstack.com/database/vulnerability/zephyr-project-manager/wordpress-zephyr-project-manager-plugin-3-3-9-open-redirection-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-55P7-V223-X366
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-07-31 19:57 – Updated: 2024-07-31 19:57Impact
It is possible for an attacker to craft malicious Urls that certain functions in IdentityServer will incorrectly treat as local and trusted. If such a Url is returned as a redirect, some browsers will follow it to a third-party, untrusted site.
Affected Methods
- In the
DefaultIdentityServerInteractionService, theGetAuthorizationContextAsyncmethod may return non-null and theIsValidReturnUrlmethod may return true for malicious Urls, indicating incorrectly that they can be safely redirected to.
UI code calling these two methods is the most commonly used code path that will expose the vulnerability. The default UI templates rely on this behavior in the Login, Challenge, and Consent pages. Customized user interface code might also rely on this behavior. The following uncommonly used APIs are also vulnerable:
- The
ServerUrlExtensions.GetIdentityServerRelativeUrl,ReturnUrlParser.ParseAsyncandOidcReturnUrlParser.ParseAsyncmethods may incorrectly return non-null, and theReturnUrlParser.IsValidReturnUrlandOidcReturnUrlParser.IsValidReturnUrlmethods may incorrectly return true for malicious Urls.
Patches
IdentityServer4 is no longer supported and will not be receiving updates. Please consider updating to Duende.IdentityServer.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "NuGet",
"name": "IdentityServer4"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"last_affected": "4.1.2"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2024-07-31T19:57:33Z",
"nvd_published_at": null,
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "### Impact\nIt is possible for an attacker to craft malicious Urls that certain functions in IdentityServer will incorrectly treat as local and trusted. If such a Url is returned as a redirect, some browsers will follow it to a third-party, untrusted site.\n\n### Affected Methods\n- In the `DefaultIdentityServerInteractionService`, the `GetAuthorizationContextAsync` method may return non-null and the `IsValidReturnUrl` method may return true for malicious Urls, indicating incorrectly that they can be safely redirected to.\n\n _UI code calling these two methods is the most commonly used code path that will expose the vulnerability. The default UI templates rely on this behavior in the Login, Challenge, and Consent pages. Customized user interface code might also rely on this behavior. The following uncommonly used APIs are also vulnerable:_\n\n- The `ServerUrlExtensions.GetIdentityServerRelativeUrl`, `ReturnUrlParser.ParseAsync` and `OidcReturnUrlParser.ParseAsync` methods may incorrectly return non-null, and the `ReturnUrlParser.IsValidReturnUrl` and `OidcReturnUrlParser.IsValidReturnUrl` methods may incorrectly return true for malicious Urls.\n\n### Patches\nIdentityServer4 is no longer supported and will not be receiving updates. Please consider updating to [Duende.IdentityServer](https://duendesoftware.com).\n",
"id": "GHSA-55p7-v223-x366",
"modified": "2024-07-31T19:57:33Z",
"published": "2024-07-31T19:57:33Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/DuendeSoftware/IdentityServer/security/advisories/GHSA-ff4q-64jc-gx98"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/IdentityServer/IdentityServer4/security/advisories/GHSA-55p7-v223-x366"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-39694"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/IdentityServer/IdentityServer4"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:A/VC:L/VI:N/VA:N/SC:L/SI:N/SA:N",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
],
"summary": "IdentityServer Open Redirect vulnerability"
}
GHSA-564J-V29W-RQR6
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-07-08 14:57 – Updated: 2024-07-08 14:57Summary
An attacker can use the next parameter on the login page to redirect a victim to a malicious page, while masking this using a legit-looking app.khoj.dev url.
For example, https://app.khoj.dev/login?next=//example.com will redirect to the https://example.com page.
Details
The problem seems to be in this method: https://github.com/khoj-ai/khoj/blob/2667ef45449eb408ce1d7c393be04845be31e15f/src/khoj/routers/auth.py#L95
PoC
Open the https://app.khoj.dev/login?next=//example.com url in a Gecko-based browser (Firefox).
Impact
The impact is low, and this could only be used in phishing attempts, but it's still a problem nonetheless.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "PyPI",
"name": "khoj-assistant"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "1.14.0"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2024-07-08T14:57:43Z",
"nvd_published_at": null,
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "### Summary\nAn attacker can use the `next` parameter on the login page to redirect a victim to a malicious page, while masking this using a legit-looking `app.khoj.dev` url.\nFor example, `https://app.khoj.dev/login?next=//example.com` will redirect to the https://example.com page.\n\n### Details\nThe problem seems to be in this method: https://github.com/khoj-ai/khoj/blob/2667ef45449eb408ce1d7c393be04845be31e15f/src/khoj/routers/auth.py#L95\n\n### PoC\nOpen the `https://app.khoj.dev/login?next=//example.com` url in a Gecko-based browser (Firefox).\n\n### Impact\nThe impact is low, and this could only be used in phishing attempts, but it\u0027s still a problem nonetheless.",
"id": "GHSA-564j-v29w-rqr6",
"modified": "2024-07-08T14:57:43Z",
"published": "2024-07-08T14:57:43Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/khoj-ai/khoj/security/advisories/GHSA-564j-v29w-rqr6"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/khoj-ai/khoj/commit/4daf16e5f916641304e11d56a6071ad365c21a18"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/khoj-ai/khoj"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/khoj-ai/khoj/blob/2667ef45449eb408ce1d7c393be04845be31e15f/src/khoj/routers/auth.py#L95"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:P/VC:N/VI:N/VA:N/SC:N/SI:H/SA:N",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
],
"summary": "Khoj Open Redirect Vulnerability in Login Page"
}
GHSA-564P-RX2Q-4C8V
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-03-20 12:32 – Updated: 2025-04-15 19:33An open redirect vulnerability in bentoml/bentoml v1.3.9 allows a remote unauthenticated attacker to redirect users to arbitrary websites via a specially crafted URL. This can be exploited for phishing attacks, malware distribution, and credential theft.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "PyPI",
"name": "bentoml"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"last_affected": "1.3.9"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2025-03-21T17:37:11Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2025-03-20T10:15:29Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "An open redirect vulnerability in bentoml/bentoml v1.3.9 allows a remote unauthenticated attacker to redirect users to arbitrary websites via a specially crafted URL. This can be exploited for phishing attacks, malware distribution, and credential theft.",
"id": "GHSA-564p-rx2q-4c8v",
"modified": "2025-04-15T19:33:55Z",
"published": "2025-03-20T12:32:43Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-4940"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/bentoml/BentoML"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://huntr.com/bounties/2a284ff6-cc6c-4a10-b72e-1bb31c842bca"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://huntr.com/bounties/35aaea93-6895-4f03-9c1b-cd992665aa60"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "BentoML Open Redirect vulnerability"
}
GHSA-56H9-PGHV-8MP7
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-02-20 09:31 – Updated: 2025-02-20 09:31The WPMobile.App plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to Open Redirect in all versions up to, and including, 11.56. This is due to insufficient validation on the redirect URL supplied via the 'redirect' parameter. This makes it possible for unauthenticated attackers to redirect users to potentially malicious sites if they can successfully trick them into performing an action.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-13888"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-02-20T09:15:09Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "The WPMobile.App plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to Open Redirect in all versions up to, and including, 11.56. This is due to insufficient validation on the redirect URL supplied via the \u0027redirect\u0027 parameter. This makes it possible for unauthenticated attackers to redirect users to potentially malicious sites if they can successfully trick them into performing an action.",
"id": "GHSA-56h9-pghv-8mp7",
"modified": "2025-02-20T09:31:36Z",
"published": "2025-02-20T09:31:36Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-13888"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/changeset/3243366"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://wordpress.org/plugins/wpappninja/#developers"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.wordfence.com/threat-intel/vulnerabilities/id/a139f0fc-f3e0-4759-aa8d-ba138e5ccc87?source=cve"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-56M9-2H59-X23M
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2021-12-09 00:00 – Updated: 2021-12-10 00:00A url redirection to untrusted site ('open redirect') in Fortinet FortiWeb version 6.4.1 and 6.4.0, version 6.3.15 and below, version 6.2.6 and below allows attacker to use the device as a proxy and reach external or protected hosts via redirection handlers.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2021-43064"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2021-12-08T13:15:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "A url redirection to untrusted site (\u0027open redirect\u0027) in Fortinet FortiWeb version 6.4.1 and 6.4.0, version 6.3.15 and below, version 6.2.6 and below allows attacker to use the device as a proxy and reach external or protected hosts via redirection handlers.",
"id": "GHSA-56m9-2h59-x23m",
"modified": "2021-12-10T00:00:59Z",
"published": "2021-12-09T00:00:58Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-43064"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://fortiguard.com/advisory/FG-IR-21-168"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": []
}
Mitigation MIT-5
Strategy: Input Validation
- Assume all input is malicious. Use an "accept known good" input validation strategy, i.e., use a list of acceptable inputs that strictly conform to specifications. Reject any input that does not strictly conform to specifications, or transform it into something that does.
- When performing input validation, consider all potentially relevant properties, including length, type of input, the full range of acceptable values, missing or extra inputs, syntax, consistency across related fields, and conformance to business rules. As an example of business rule logic, "boat" may be syntactically valid because it only contains alphanumeric characters, but it is not valid if the input is only expected to contain colors such as "red" or "blue."
- Do not rely exclusively on looking for malicious or malformed inputs. This is likely to miss at least one undesirable input, especially if the code's environment changes. This can give attackers enough room to bypass the intended validation. However, denylists can be useful for detecting potential attacks or determining which inputs are so malformed that they should be rejected outright.
- Use a list of approved URLs or domains to be used for redirection.
Mitigation
Use an intermediate disclaimer page that provides the user with a clear warning that they are leaving the current site. Implement a long timeout before the redirect occurs, or force the user to click on the link. Be careful to avoid XSS problems (CWE-79) when generating the disclaimer page.
Mitigation MIT-21.2
Strategy: Enforcement by Conversion
- When the set of acceptable objects, such as filenames or URLs, is limited or known, create a mapping from a set of fixed input values (such as numeric IDs) to the actual filenames or URLs, and reject all other inputs.
- For example, ID 1 could map to "/login.asp" and ID 2 could map to "http://www.example.com/". Features such as the ESAPI AccessReferenceMap [REF-45] provide this capability.
Mitigation
Ensure that no externally-supplied requests are honored by requiring that all redirect requests include a unique nonce generated by the application [REF-483]. Be sure that the nonce is not predictable (CWE-330).
Mitigation MIT-6
Strategy: Attack Surface Reduction
- Understand all the potential areas where untrusted inputs can enter your software: parameters or arguments, cookies, anything read from the network, environment variables, reverse DNS lookups, query results, request headers, URL components, e-mail, files, filenames, databases, and any external systems that provide data to the application. Remember that such inputs may be obtained indirectly through API calls.
- Many open redirect problems occur because the programmer assumed that certain inputs could not be modified, such as cookies and hidden form fields.
Mitigation MIT-29
Strategy: Firewall
Use an application firewall that can detect attacks against this weakness. It can be beneficial in cases in which the code cannot be fixed (because it is controlled by a third party), as an emergency prevention measure while more comprehensive software assurance measures are applied, or to provide defense in depth [REF-1481].
CAPEC-178: Cross-Site Flashing
An attacker is able to trick the victim into executing a Flash document that passes commands or calls to a Flash player browser plugin, allowing the attacker to exploit native Flash functionality in the client browser. This attack pattern occurs where an attacker can provide a crafted link to a Flash document (SWF file) which, when followed, will cause additional malicious instructions to be executed. The attacker does not need to serve or control the Flash document. The attack takes advantage of the fact that Flash files can reference external URLs. If variables that serve as URLs that the Flash application references can be controlled through parameters, then by creating a link that includes values for those parameters, an attacker can cause arbitrary content to be referenced and possibly executed by the targeted Flash application.