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Common Weakness Enumeration

CWE-522

Allowed-with-Review

Insufficiently Protected Credentials

Abstraction: Class · Status: Incomplete

The product transmits or stores authentication credentials, but it uses an insecure method that is susceptible to unauthorized interception and/or retrieval.

1965 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.

GHSA-5XH6-WWGJ-XQH4

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-08-19 00:00 – Updated: 2022-08-23 00:00
VLAI
Details

Insufficiently protected credentials in the Intel(R) Team Blue mobile application in all versions may allow an authenticated user to potentially enable information disclosure via local access.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2022-29507"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-522"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2022-08-18T20:15:00Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "Insufficiently protected credentials in the Intel(R) Team Blue mobile application in all versions may allow an authenticated user to potentially enable information disclosure via local access.",
  "id": "GHSA-5xh6-wwgj-xqh4",
  "modified": "2022-08-23T00:00:18Z",
  "published": "2022-08-19T00:00:18Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-29507"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/security-center/advisory/intel-sa-00705.html"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-6245-P6W7-HF5M

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-11-22 04:25 – Updated: 2024-11-22 04:25
VLAI
Details

AIPHONE IXG SYSTEM IXG-2C7 firmware Ver.2.03 and earlier and IXG-2C7-L firmware Ver.2.03 and earlier contain an issue with insufficiently protected credentials, which may allow a network-adjacent authenticated attacker to perform unintended operations.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2024-47142"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-522"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2024-11-22T02:15:21Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "AIPHONE IXG SYSTEM IXG-2C7 firmware Ver.2.03 and earlier and IXG-2C7-L firmware Ver.2.03 and earlier contain an issue with insufficiently protected credentials, which may allow a network-adjacent authenticated attacker to perform unintended operations.",
  "id": "GHSA-6245-p6w7-hf5m",
  "modified": "2024-11-22T04:25:03Z",
  "published": "2024-11-22T04:25:03Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-47142"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://jvn.jp/en/jp/JVN41397971"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.aiphone.net/important/20241016_2"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.aiphone.net/support/software-documents/ixg"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:A/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:L",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-6267-JHGQ-8F4C

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-08-15 18:31 – Updated: 2024-08-15 18:31
VLAI
Details

IBM InfoSphere Information Server 11.7 could allow a privileged user to obtain sensitive information from authentication request headers. IBM X-Force ID: 298277.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2024-40704"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-522"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2024-08-15T17:15:17Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "IBM InfoSphere Information Server 11.7 could allow a privileged user to obtain sensitive information from authentication request headers.   IBM X-Force ID:  298277.",
  "id": "GHSA-6267-jhgq-8f4c",
  "modified": "2024-08-15T18:31:51Z",
  "published": "2024-08-15T18:31:51Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-40704"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://exchange.xforce.ibmcloud.com/vulnerabilities/298277"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.ibm.com/support/pages/node/7160853"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-6277-7M4G-VQM9

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-05-02 06:30 – Updated: 2026-05-02 06:30
VLAI
Details

The My Social Feeds – Social Feeds Embedder plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to Sensitive Information Exposure in all versions up to and including 1.0.4 via the 'ttp_get_accounts' AJAX action. This is due to the complete absence of authorization checks (no capability verification) and nonce verification in the get_accounts() function, which returns the full contents of the 'ttp_tiktok_accounts' WordPress option. This makes it possible for authenticated attackers, with Subscriber-level access and above, to retrieve sensitive TikTok OAuth credentials, including access_token and refresh_token values, that belong to administrator-connected TikTok accounts, enabling them to impersonate the site owner when interacting with the TikTok API.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-6446"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-522"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-05-02T05:16:01Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "The My Social Feeds \u2013 Social Feeds Embedder plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to Sensitive Information Exposure in all versions up to and including 1.0.4 via the \u0027ttp_get_accounts\u0027 AJAX action. This is due to the complete absence of authorization checks (no capability verification) and nonce verification in the get_accounts() function, which returns the full contents of the \u0027ttp_tiktok_accounts\u0027 WordPress option. This makes it possible for authenticated attackers, with Subscriber-level access and above, to retrieve sensitive TikTok OAuth credentials, including access_token and refresh_token values, that belong to administrator-connected TikTok accounts, enabling them to impersonate the site owner when interacting with the TikTok API.",
  "id": "GHSA-6277-7m4g-vqm9",
  "modified": "2026-05-02T06:30:24Z",
  "published": "2026-05-02T06:30:24Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-6446"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/my-social-feeds/tags/1.0.2/includes/TiktokAPI.php#L190"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/my-social-feeds/tags/1.0.2/includes/TiktokAPI.php#L24"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/my-social-feeds/trunk/includes/TiktokAPI.php#L190"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/my-social-feeds/trunk/includes/TiktokAPI.php#L24"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/changeset?sfp_email=\u0026sfph_mail=\u0026reponame=\u0026old=3514796%40my-social-feeds\u0026new=3514796%40my-social-feeds\u0026sfp_email=\u0026sfph_mail="
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.wordfence.com/threat-intel/vulnerabilities/id/d46d6493-8b89-4258-9d83-79e5946cd76f?source=cve"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-62JV-J4W7-5HH8

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-10-02 18:31 – Updated: 2024-10-08 15:13
VLAI
Summary
Jenkins Credentials plugin reveals encrypted values of credentials to users with Extended Read permission
Details

Jenkins Credentials Plugin 1380.va_435002fa_924 and earlier, except 1371.1373.v4eb_fa_b_7161e9, does not redact encrypted values of credentials using the SecretBytes type (e.g., Certificate credentials, or Secret file credentials from Plain Credentials Plugin) when accessing item config.xml via REST API or CLI.

This allows attackers with Item/Extended Read permission to view encrypted SecretBytes values in credentials.

This issue is similar to SECURITY-266 in the 2016-05-11 security advisory, which applied to the Secret type used for inline secrets and some credentials types.

Credentials Plugin 1381.v2c3a_12074da_b_ redacts the encrypted values of credentials using the SecretBytes type in item config.xml files.

This fix is only effective on Jenkins 2.479 and newer, LTS 2.462.3 and newer. While Credentials Plugin 1381.v2c3a_12074da_b_ can be installed on Jenkins 2.463 through 2.478 (both inclusive), encrypted values of credentials using the SecretBytes type will not be redacted when accessing item config.xml via REST API or CLI.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "Maven",
        "name": "org.jenkins-ci.plugins:credentials"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "1372"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "1381.v2c3a"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "Maven",
        "name": "org.jenkins-ci.plugins:credentials"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "1371.1373.v4eb"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2024-47805"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-200",
      "CWE-522"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2024-10-02T21:50:48Z",
    "nvd_published_at": "2024-10-02T16:15:10Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "Jenkins Credentials Plugin 1380.va_435002fa_924 and earlier, except 1371.1373.v4eb_fa_b_7161e9, does not redact encrypted values of credentials using the `SecretBytes` type (e.g., Certificate credentials, or Secret file credentials from Plain Credentials Plugin) when accessing item `config.xml` via REST API or CLI.\n\nThis allows attackers with Item/Extended Read permission to view encrypted `SecretBytes` values in credentials.\n\nThis issue is similar to SECURITY-266 in the 2016-05-11 security advisory, which applied to the `Secret` type used for inline secrets and some credentials types.\n\nCredentials Plugin 1381.v2c3a_12074da_b_ redacts the encrypted values of credentials using the `SecretBytes` type in item `config.xml` files.\n\nThis fix is only effective on Jenkins 2.479 and newer, LTS 2.462.3 and newer. While Credentials Plugin 1381.v2c3a_12074da_b_ can be installed on Jenkins 2.463 through 2.478 (both inclusive), encrypted values of credentials using the `SecretBytes` type will not be redacted when accessing item `config.xml` via REST API or CLI. ",
  "id": "GHSA-62jv-j4w7-5hh8",
  "modified": "2024-10-08T15:13:46Z",
  "published": "2024-10-02T18:31:32Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-47805"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.jenkins.io/security/advisory/2024-10-02/#SECURITY-3373"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    },
    {
      "score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:N/VI:L/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V4"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "Jenkins Credentials plugin reveals encrypted values of credentials to users with Extended Read permission"
}

GHSA-62M2-JVFW-MJGV

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-07-20 00:30 – Updated: 2025-03-06 15:34
VLAI
Details

Weintek Weincloud v0.13.6

could allow an attacker to abuse the registration functionality to login with testing credentials to the official website.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2023-37362"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-287",
      "CWE-522"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2023-07-19T22:15:11Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "Weintek Weincloud v0.13.6\n\n \n\ncould allow an attacker to abuse the registration functionality to login with testing credentials to the official website.",
  "id": "GHSA-62m2-jvfw-mjgv",
  "modified": "2025-03-06T15:34:35Z",
  "published": "2023-07-20T00:30:24Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-37362"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.cisa.gov/news-events/ics-advisories/icsa-23-199-04"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-62M4-8MV5-X4GC

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-13 01:36 – Updated: 2022-05-13 01:36
VLAI
Details

tpm2-tools versions before 1.1.1 are vulnerable to a password leak due to transmitting password in plaintext from client to server when generating HMAC.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2017-7524"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-522"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2017-06-27T14:29:00Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "tpm2-tools versions before 1.1.1 are vulnerable to a password leak due to transmitting password in plaintext from client to server when generating HMAC.",
  "id": "GHSA-62m4-8mv5-x4gc",
  "modified": "2022-05-13T01:36:18Z",
  "published": "2022-05-13T01:36:18Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2017-7524"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/01org/tpm2.0-tools/commit/c5d72beaab1cbbbe68271f4bc4b6670d69985157"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-62WF-8699-486X

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-02-16 15:30 – Updated: 2023-02-24 18:30
VLAI
Details

Ricoh mp_c4504ex devices with firmware 1.06 mishandle credentials.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2022-43969"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-522"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2023-02-16T14:15:00Z",
    "severity": "CRITICAL"
  },
  "details": "Ricoh mp_c4504ex devices with firmware 1.06 mishandle credentials.",
  "id": "GHSA-62wf-8699-486x",
  "modified": "2023-02-24T18:30:26Z",
  "published": "2023-02-16T15:30:30Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-43969"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.ricoh.com/products/security/vulnerabilities/vul?id=ricoh-2022-000002"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.ricoh.com/software/dev_soft_manager"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-6326-6JQQ-GXGP

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-05-14 18:32 – Updated: 2026-05-14 18:32
VLAI
Details

HCL AION is affected by a vulnerability where basic authorization tokens are used for authentication. Use of basic authorization mechanisms may expose credentials to potential interception or misuse, especially if not combined with secure transmission practices.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2025-62312"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-522"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-05-14T17:16:18Z",
    "severity": "LOW"
  },
  "details": "HCL AION is affected by a vulnerability where basic authorization tokens are used for authentication. Use of basic authorization mechanisms may expose credentials to potential interception or misuse, especially if not combined with secure transmission practices.",
  "id": "GHSA-6326-6jqq-gxgp",
  "modified": "2026-05-14T18:32:56Z",
  "published": "2026-05-14T18:32:56Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-62312"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://support.hcl-software.com/csm?id=kb_article\u0026sysparm_article=KB0130636"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:A/AC:L/PR:L/UI:R/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-6328-Q24X-5XMF

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-01-25 00:00 – Updated: 2022-01-29 00:00
VLAI
Details

Dell EMC System Update, version 1.9.2 and prior, contain an Unprotected Storage of Credentials vulnerability. A local attacker with user privleges could potentially exploit this vulnerability leading to the disclosure of user passwords.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2022-22554"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-522"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2022-01-24T20:15:00Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "Dell EMC System Update, version 1.9.2 and prior, contain an Unprotected Storage of Credentials vulnerability. A local attacker with user privleges could potentially exploit this vulnerability leading to the disclosure of user passwords.",
  "id": "GHSA-6328-q24x-5xmf",
  "modified": "2022-01-29T00:00:56Z",
  "published": "2022-01-25T00:00:43Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-22554"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.dell.com/support/kbdoc/000195007"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": []
}

Mitigation
Architecture and Design

Use an appropriate security mechanism to protect the credentials.

Mitigation
Architecture and Design

Make appropriate use of cryptography to protect the credentials.

Mitigation
Implementation

Use industry standards to protect the credentials (e.g. LDAP, keystore, etc.).

CAPEC-102: Session Sidejacking

Session sidejacking takes advantage of an unencrypted communication channel between a victim and target system. The attacker sniffs traffic on a network looking for session tokens in unencrypted traffic. Once a session token is captured, the attacker performs malicious actions by using the stolen token with the targeted application to impersonate the victim. This attack is a specific method of session hijacking, which is exploiting a valid session token to gain unauthorized access to a target system or information. Other methods to perform a session hijacking are session fixation, cross-site scripting, or compromising a user or server machine and stealing the session token.

CAPEC-474: Signature Spoofing by Key Theft

An attacker obtains an authoritative or reputable signer's private signature key by theft and then uses this key to forge signatures from the original signer to mislead a victim into performing actions that benefit the attacker.

CAPEC-50: Password Recovery Exploitation

An attacker may take advantage of the application feature to help users recover their forgotten passwords in order to gain access into the system with the same privileges as the original user. Generally password recovery schemes tend to be weak and insecure.

CAPEC-509: Kerberoasting

Through the exploitation of how service accounts leverage Kerberos authentication with Service Principal Names (SPNs), the adversary obtains and subsequently cracks the hashed credentials of a service account target to exploit its privileges. The Kerberos authentication protocol centers around a ticketing system which is used to request/grant access to services and to then access the requested services. As an authenticated user, the adversary may request Active Directory and obtain a service ticket with portions encrypted via RC4 with the private key of the authenticated account. By extracting the local ticket and saving it disk, the adversary can brute force the hashed value to reveal the target account credentials.

CAPEC-551: Modify Existing Service

When an operating system starts, it also starts programs called services or daemons. Modifying existing services may break existing services or may enable services that are disabled/not commonly used.

CAPEC-555: Remote Services with Stolen Credentials

This pattern of attack involves an adversary that uses stolen credentials to leverage remote services such as RDP, telnet, SSH, and VNC to log into a system. Once access is gained, any number of malicious activities could be performed.

CAPEC-560: Use of Known Domain Credentials

An adversary guesses or obtains (i.e. steals or purchases) legitimate credentials (e.g. userID/password) to achieve authentication and to perform authorized actions under the guise of an authenticated user or service.

CAPEC-561: Windows Admin Shares with Stolen Credentials

An adversary guesses or obtains (i.e. steals or purchases) legitimate Windows administrator credentials (e.g. userID/password) to access Windows Admin Shares on a local machine or within a Windows domain.

CAPEC-600: Credential Stuffing

An adversary tries known username/password combinations against different systems, applications, or services to gain additional authenticated access. Credential Stuffing attacks rely upon the fact that many users leverage the same username/password combination for multiple systems, applications, and services.

CAPEC-644: Use of Captured Hashes (Pass The Hash)

An adversary obtains (i.e. steals or purchases) legitimate Windows domain credential hash values to access systems within the domain that leverage the Lan Man (LM) and/or NT Lan Man (NTLM) authentication protocols.

CAPEC-645: Use of Captured Tickets (Pass The Ticket)

An adversary uses stolen Kerberos tickets to access systems/resources that leverage the Kerberos authentication protocol. The Kerberos authentication protocol centers around a ticketing system which is used to request/grant access to services and to then access the requested services. An adversary can obtain any one of these tickets (e.g. Service Ticket, Ticket Granting Ticket, Silver Ticket, or Golden Ticket) to authenticate to a system/resource without needing the account's credentials. Depending on the ticket obtained, the adversary may be able to access a particular resource or generate TGTs for any account within an Active Directory Domain.

CAPEC-652: Use of Known Kerberos Credentials

An adversary obtains (i.e. steals or purchases) legitimate Kerberos credentials (e.g. Kerberos service account userID/password or Kerberos Tickets) with the goal of achieving authenticated access to additional systems, applications, or services within the domain.

CAPEC-653: Use of Known Operating System Credentials

An adversary guesses or obtains (i.e. steals or purchases) legitimate operating system credentials (e.g. userID/password) to achieve authentication and to perform authorized actions on the system, under the guise of an authenticated user or service. This applies to any Operating System.