CWE-502
AllowedDeserialization of Untrusted Data
Abstraction: Base · Status: Draft
The product deserializes untrusted data without sufficiently ensuring that the resulting data will be valid.
4797 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
GHSA-3FPV-54FF-WQFJ
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-07 00:00 – Updated: 2022-05-24 20:56The package topthink/framework before version 6.0.12 is vulnerable to Deserialization of Untrusted Data due to insecure unserialize method in the Driver class.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Packagist",
"name": "topthink/framework"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "6.0.12"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2021-23592"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-502"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2022-05-24T20:56:43Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2022-05-06T20:15:00Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "The package topthink/framework before version 6.0.12 is vulnerable to Deserialization of Untrusted Data due to insecure `unserialize` method in the `Driver` class.",
"id": "GHSA-3fpv-54ff-wqfj",
"modified": "2022-05-24T20:56:43Z",
"published": "2022-05-07T00:00:31Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-23592"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/top-think/framework/commit/d3b5aeae94bc71bae97977d05cd12c3e0550905c"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/top-think/framework"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/top-think/framework/releases/tag/v6.0.12"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://snyk.io/vuln/SNYK-PHP-TOPTHINKFRAMEWORK-2385695"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "Deserialization of Untrusted Data in topthink/framework"
}
GHSA-3G2J-HCPV-VRJ2
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-08-28 03:31 – Updated: 2024-08-28 03:31The Ultimate Store Kit Elementor Addons, Woocommerce Builder, EDD Builder, Elementor Store Builder, Product Grid, Product Table, Woocommerce Slider plugin is vulnerable to PHP Object Injection via deserialization of untrusted input via the _ultimate_store_kit_wishlist cookie in versions up to , and including, 2.0.3. This makes it possible for an unauthenticated attacker to inject a PHP Object. No POP chain is present in the vulnerable plugin. If a POP chain is present via an additional plugin or theme installed on the target system, it could allow the attacker or above to delete arbitrary files, retrieve sensitive data, or execute code.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-8030"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-502"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-08-28T03:15:04Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "The Ultimate Store Kit Elementor Addons, Woocommerce Builder, EDD Builder, Elementor Store Builder, Product Grid, Product Table, Woocommerce Slider plugin is vulnerable to PHP Object Injection via deserialization of untrusted input via the _ultimate_store_kit_wishlist cookie in versions up to , and including, 2.0.3. This makes it possible for an unauthenticated attacker to inject a PHP Object. No POP chain is present in the vulnerable plugin. If a POP chain is present via an additional plugin or theme installed on the target system, it could allow the attacker or above to delete arbitrary files, retrieve sensitive data, or execute code.",
"id": "GHSA-3g2j-hcpv-vrj2",
"modified": "2024-08-28T03:31:15Z",
"published": "2024-08-28T03:31:15Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-8030"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/changeset/3141022/ultimate-store-kit/trunk/includes/helper.php"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.wordfence.com/threat-intel/vulnerabilities/id/ef566dca-91ed-4929-b36b-4e424e07e1d4?source=cve"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-3GCF-28PG-3VM2
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-08-29 15:30 – Updated: 2024-08-29 15:30Deserialization of Untrusted Data vulnerability in eyecix JobSearch allows Object Injection.This issue affects JobSearch: from n/a through 2.5.3.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-43931"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-502"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-08-29T15:15:29Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "Deserialization of Untrusted Data vulnerability in eyecix JobSearch allows Object Injection.This issue affects JobSearch: from n/a through 2.5.3.",
"id": "GHSA-3gcf-28pg-3vm2",
"modified": "2024-08-29T15:30:34Z",
"published": "2024-08-29T15:30:34Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-43931"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://patchstack.com/database/vulnerability/wp-jobsearch/wordpress-jobsearch-wp-job-board-wordpress-plugin-plugin-2-5-3-php-object-injection-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-3GPQ-5Q6X-Q7PF
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-12-16 18:31 – Updated: 2024-12-16 18:31In Progress Telerik UI for WPF versions prior to 2024 Q4 (2024.4.1213), a code execution attack is possible through an insecure deserialization vulnerability.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-10095"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-502"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-12-16T17:15:06Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "In Progress Telerik UI for WPF versions prior to 2024 Q4 (2024.4.1213), a code execution attack is possible through an insecure deserialization vulnerability.",
"id": "GHSA-3gpq-5q6x-q7pf",
"modified": "2024-12-16T18:31:09Z",
"published": "2024-12-16T18:31:09Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-10095"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://docs.telerik.com/devtools/wpf/knowledge-base/kb-security-unsafe-deserialization-vulnerability-cve-2024-10095"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-3GQM-8W6H-2V84
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 17:42 – Updated: 2022-05-24 17:42This vulnerability allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code on affected installations of Qognify Ocularis 5.9.0.395. Authentication is not required to exploit this vulnerability. The specific flaw exists within the handling of serialized objects provided to the EventCoordinator endpoint. The issue results from the lack of proper validation of user-supplied data, which can result in deserialization of untrusted data. An attacker can leverage this vulnerability to execute code in the context of SYSTEM. Was ZDI-CAN-11257.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2020-27868"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-502"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2021-02-12T00:15:00Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "This vulnerability allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code on affected installations of Qognify Ocularis 5.9.0.395. Authentication is not required to exploit this vulnerability. The specific flaw exists within the handling of serialized objects provided to the EventCoordinator endpoint. The issue results from the lack of proper validation of user-supplied data, which can result in deserialization of untrusted data. An attacker can leverage this vulnerability to execute code in the context of SYSTEM. Was ZDI-CAN-11257.",
"id": "GHSA-3gqm-8w6h-2v84",
"modified": "2022-05-24T17:42:02Z",
"published": "2022-05-24T17:42:02Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2020-27868"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://onssi.ftpstream.com/download/pbkwqEBlNQLBpfywrxvR/onssi/Software/Ocularis%206.0/Special%20Build/Ocularis%20Base.exe"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.qognify.com/support-training/software-downloads"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.zerodayinitiative.com/advisories/ZDI-20-1453"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": []
}
GHSA-3GRC-CJ2M-FPC6
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-05-23 15:31 – Updated: 2026-04-28 21:35Deserialization of Untrusted Data vulnerability in themeton Acerola allows Object Injection. This issue affects Acerola: from n/a through 1.6.5.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-31927"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-502"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-05-23T13:15:28Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "Deserialization of Untrusted Data vulnerability in themeton Acerola allows Object Injection. This issue affects Acerola: from n/a through 1.6.5.",
"id": "GHSA-3grc-cj2m-fpc6",
"modified": "2026-04-28T21:35:38Z",
"published": "2025-05-23T15:31:10Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-31927"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://patchstack.com/database/wordpress/theme/acerola/vulnerability/wordpress-acerola-1-6-5-php-object-injection-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-3GX6-H57H-RM27
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-13 01:22 – Updated: 2025-10-22 17:40Some field types do not properly sanitize data from non-form sources in Drupal 8.5.x before 8.5.11 and Drupal 8.6.x before 8.6.10. This can lead to arbitrary PHP code execution in some cases. A site is only affected by this if one of the following conditions is met: The site has the Drupal 8 core RESTful Web Services (rest) module enabled and allows PATCH or POST requests, or the site has another web services module enabled, like JSON:API in Drupal 8, or Services or RESTful Web Services in Drupal 7. (Note: The Drupal 7 Services module itself does not require an update at this time, but you should apply other contributed updates associated with this advisory if Services is in use.)
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Packagist",
"name": "drupal/core"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "8.6.0"
},
{
"fixed": "8.6.10"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Packagist",
"name": "drupal/core"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "7.0.0"
},
{
"fixed": "7.62.0"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Packagist",
"name": "drupal/core"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "8.0.0"
},
{
"fixed": "8.5.11"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Packagist",
"name": "drupal/drupal"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "7.0.0"
},
{
"fixed": "7.62.0"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Packagist",
"name": "drupal/drupal"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "8.0.0"
},
{
"fixed": "8.5.11"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Packagist",
"name": "drupal/drupal"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "8.6.0"
},
{
"fixed": "8.6.10"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2019-6340"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-502"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2024-04-23T17:19:43Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2019-02-21T21:29:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Some field types do not properly sanitize data from non-form sources in Drupal 8.5.x before 8.5.11 and Drupal 8.6.x before 8.6.10. This can lead to arbitrary PHP code execution in some cases. A site is only affected by this if one of the following conditions is met: The site has the Drupal 8 core RESTful Web Services (rest) module enabled and allows PATCH or POST requests, or the site has another web services module enabled, like JSON:API in Drupal 8, or Services or RESTful Web Services in Drupal 7. (Note: The Drupal 7 Services module itself does not require an update at this time, but you should apply other contributed updates associated with this advisory if Services is in use.)",
"id": "GHSA-3gx6-h57h-rm27",
"modified": "2025-10-22T17:40:41Z",
"published": "2022-05-13T01:22:41Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2019-6340"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/FriendsOfPHP/security-advisories/blob/master/drupal/core/CVE-2019-6340.yaml"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/FriendsOfPHP/security-advisories/blob/master/drupal/drupal/CVE-2019-6340.yaml"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/drupal/drupal"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.cisa.gov/known-exploited-vulnerabilities-catalog?field_cve=CVE-2019-6340"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.drupal.org/sa-core-2019-003"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.exploit-db.com/exploits/46452"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.exploit-db.com/exploits/46459"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.exploit-db.com/exploits/46510"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.synology.com/security/advisory/Synology_SA_19_09"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H/E:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "Drupal Core Remote Code Execution Vulnerability"
}
GHSA-3H27-65JM-6X5P
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-05-26 13:30 – Updated: 2026-05-26 13:30Deserialization of untrusted data in Microsoft Planetary Computer Pro allows an unauthorized attacker to disclose information over a network.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-41104"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-502"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-05-22T23:16:53Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "Deserialization of untrusted data in Microsoft Planetary Computer Pro allows an unauthorized attacker to disclose information over a network.",
"id": "GHSA-3h27-65jm-6x5p",
"modified": "2026-05-26T13:30:22Z",
"published": "2026-05-26T13:30:22Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-41104"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://msrc.microsoft.com/update-guide/vulnerability/CVE-2026-41104"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-3HHC-QP5V-9P2J
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-07-12 19:39 – Updated: 2026-05-11 18:31When serialized columns that use YAML (the default) are deserialized, Rails uses YAML.unsafe_load to convert the YAML data in to Ruby objects. If an attacker can manipulate data in the database (via means like SQL injection), then it may be possible for the attacker to escalate to an RCE.
There are no feasible workarounds for this issue, but other coders (such as JSON) are not impacted.
{
"affected": [
{
"database_specific": {
"last_known_affected_version_range": "\u003c= 7.0.3"
},
"package": {
"ecosystem": "RubyGems",
"name": "activerecord"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "7.0.0"
},
{
"fixed": "7.0.3.1"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"database_specific": {
"last_known_affected_version_range": "\u003c= 6.1.6"
},
"package": {
"ecosystem": "RubyGems",
"name": "activerecord"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "6.1.0"
},
{
"fixed": "6.1.6.1"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"database_specific": {
"last_known_affected_version_range": "\u003c= 6.0.5"
},
"package": {
"ecosystem": "RubyGems",
"name": "activerecord"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "6.0.0"
},
{
"fixed": "6.0.5.1"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"database_specific": {
"last_known_affected_version_range": "\u003c= 5.2.8"
},
"package": {
"ecosystem": "RubyGems",
"name": "activerecord"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "5.2.8.1"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2022-32224"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-502"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2022-07-12T19:39:47Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2022-12-05T22:15:00Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "When serialized columns that use YAML (the default) are deserialized, Rails uses YAML.unsafe_load to convert the YAML data in to Ruby objects. If an attacker can manipulate data in the database (via means like SQL injection), then it may be possible for the attacker to escalate to an RCE.\n\nThere are no feasible workarounds for this issue, but other coders (such as JSON) are not impacted.",
"id": "GHSA-3hhc-qp5v-9p2j",
"modified": "2026-05-11T18:31:33Z",
"published": "2022-07-12T19:39:47Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-32224"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/611990f1a6c137c2d56b1ba06b27e5d2434dcd6a"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://discuss.rubyonrails.org/t/cve-2022-32224-possible-rce-escalation-bug-with-serialized-columns-in-active-record/81017"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://github.com/advisories/GHSA-3hhc-qp5v-9p2j"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/rails/rails/commits/main/activerecord"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/rubysec/ruby-advisory-db/blob/master/gems/activerecord/CVE-2022-32224.yml"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://groups.google.com/g/rubyonrails-security/c/MmFO3LYQE8U"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://lists.debian.org/debian-lts-announce/2026/05/msg00022.html"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "Active Record RCE bug with Serialized Columns"
}
GHSA-3HMP-HQ97-XVFH
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-05-23 15:31 – Updated: 2026-04-01 18:35Deserialization of Untrusted Data vulnerability in designthemes Crafts & Arts allows Object Injection. This issue affects Crafts & Arts: from n/a through 2.5.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-31924"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-502"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-05-23T13:15:28Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Deserialization of Untrusted Data vulnerability in designthemes Crafts \u0026 Arts allows Object Injection. This issue affects Crafts \u0026 Arts: from n/a through 2.5.",
"id": "GHSA-3hmp-hq97-xvfh",
"modified": "2026-04-01T18:35:14Z",
"published": "2025-05-23T15:31:10Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-31924"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://patchstack.com/database/wordpress/theme/crafts-and-arts/vulnerability/wordpress-crafts-arts-2-5-php-object-injection-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
Mitigation
If available, use the signing/sealing features of the programming language to assure that deserialized data has not been tainted. For example, a hash-based message authentication code (HMAC) could be used to ensure that data has not been modified.
Mitigation
When deserializing data, populate a new object rather than just deserializing. The result is that the data flows through safe input validation and that the functions are safe.
Mitigation
Explicitly define a final object() to prevent deserialization.
Mitigation
- Make fields transient to protect them from deserialization.
- An attempt to serialize and then deserialize a class containing transient fields will result in NULLs where the transient data should be. This is an excellent way to prevent time, environment-based, or sensitive variables from being carried over and used improperly.
Mitigation
Avoid having unnecessary types or gadgets (a sequence of instances and method invocations that can self-execute during the deserialization process, often found in libraries) available that can be leveraged for malicious ends. This limits the potential for unintended or unauthorized types and gadgets to be leveraged by the attacker. Add only acceptable classes to an allowlist. Note: new gadgets are constantly being discovered, so this alone is not a sufficient mitigation.
Mitigation
Employ cryptography of the data or code for protection. However, it's important to note that it would still be client-side security. This is risky because if the client is compromised then the security implemented on the client (the cryptography) can be bypassed.
Mitigation MIT-29
Strategy: Firewall
Use an application firewall that can detect attacks against this weakness. It can be beneficial in cases in which the code cannot be fixed (because it is controlled by a third party), as an emergency prevention measure while more comprehensive software assurance measures are applied, or to provide defense in depth [REF-1481].
CAPEC-586: Object Injection
An adversary attempts to exploit an application by injecting additional, malicious content during its processing of serialized objects. Developers leverage serialization in order to convert data or state into a static, binary format for saving to disk or transferring over a network. These objects are then deserialized when needed to recover the data/state. By injecting a malformed object into a vulnerable application, an adversary can potentially compromise the application by manipulating the deserialization process. This can result in a number of unwanted outcomes, including remote code execution.