Common Weakness Enumeration

CWE-497

Allowed

Exposure of Sensitive System Information to an Unauthorized Control Sphere

Abstraction: Base · Status: Incomplete

The product does not properly prevent sensitive system-level information from being accessed by unauthorized actors who do not have the same level of access to the underlying system as the product does.

735 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.

GHSA-439W-VQFW-R935

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-09-26 09:31 – Updated: 2026-04-01 18:36
VLAI
Details

Exposure of Sensitive System Information to an Unauthorized Control Sphere vulnerability in CoSchedule CoSchedule allows Retrieve Embedded Sensitive Data. This issue affects CoSchedule: from n/a through 3.3.10.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2025-60119"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-497"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2025-09-26T09:15:38Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "Exposure of Sensitive System Information to an Unauthorized Control Sphere vulnerability in CoSchedule CoSchedule allows Retrieve Embedded Sensitive Data. This issue affects CoSchedule: from n/a through 3.3.10.",
  "id": "GHSA-439w-vqfw-r935",
  "modified": "2026-04-01T18:36:21Z",
  "published": "2025-09-26T09:31:13Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-60119"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://patchstack.com/database/wordpress/plugin/coschedule-by-todaymade/vulnerability/wordpress-coschedule-plugin-3-3-10-sensitive-data-exposure-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-4425-VVCM-JQXW

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-05-07 09:31 – Updated: 2026-05-07 09:31
VLAI
Details

Exposure of Sensitive System Information to an Unauthorized Control Sphere vulnerability in weDevs Happy Addons for Elementor allows Retrieve Embedded Sensitive Data.

This issue affects Happy Addons for Elementor: from n/a through 3.20.8.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-25468"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-497"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-05-07T09:16:27Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "Exposure of Sensitive System Information to an Unauthorized Control Sphere vulnerability in weDevs Happy Addons for Elementor allows Retrieve Embedded Sensitive Data.\n\nThis issue affects Happy Addons for Elementor: from n/a through 3.20.8.",
  "id": "GHSA-4425-vvcm-jqxw",
  "modified": "2026-05-07T09:31:27Z",
  "published": "2026-05-07T09:31:27Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-25468"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://patchstack.com/database/wordpress/plugin/happy-elementor-addons/vulnerability/wordpress-happy-addons-for-elementor-plugin-3-20-8-sensitive-data-exposure-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-44F7-5FJ5-H4PX

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-03-11 15:27 – Updated: 2025-03-14 20:00
VLAI
Summary
Ratify Azure authentication providers can leak authentication tokens to non-Azure container registries
Details

Impact

In a Kubernetes environment, Ratify can be configured to authenticate to a private Azure Container Registry (ACR). The Azure workload identity and Azure managed identity authentication providers are configured in this setup. Users that configure a private ACR to be used with the Azure authentication providers may be impacted. Both Azure authentication providers attempt to exchange an Entra ID (EID) token for an ACR refresh token. However, Ratify’s Azure authentication providers did not verify that the target registry is an ACR. This could have led to the EID token being presented to a non-ACR registry during token exchange. EID tokens with ACR access can potentially be extracted and abused if a user workload contains an image reference to a malicious registry.

Patches

The Azure workload identity and Azure managed identity authentication providers are updated to add new validation prior to EID token exchange. Validation relies upon registry domain validation against a pre-configured list of well-known ACR endpoints. EID token exchange will be executed only if at least one of the configured well-known domain suffixes (wildcard support included) matches the registry domain of the image reference.

Credits

The ratify project would like to thank Shiwei Zhang (@shizhMSFT) and Binbin Li (@binbin-li) for responsibly disclosing the issue and thank Binbin Li (@binbin-li) and Akash Singhal (@akashsinghal) for actively mitigating the issue.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "Go",
        "name": "github.com/ratify-project/ratify"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "1.2.3"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "Go",
        "name": "github.com/ratify-project/ratify"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "1.3.0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "1.3.2"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "Go",
        "name": "github.com/deislabs/ratify"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "1.2.3"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2025-27403"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-287",
      "CWE-497"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2025-03-11T15:27:16Z",
    "nvd_published_at": "2025-03-11T15:15:45Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "### Impact\n\nIn a Kubernetes environment, Ratify can be configured to authenticate to a private Azure Container Registry (ACR). The Azure workload identity and Azure managed identity authentication providers are configured in this setup. Users that configure a private ACR to be used with the Azure authentication providers may be impacted.\nBoth Azure authentication providers attempt to exchange an Entra ID (EID) token for an ACR refresh token. However, Ratify\u2019s Azure authentication providers did not verify that the target registry is an ACR. This could have led to the EID token being presented to a non-ACR registry during token exchange. EID tokens with ACR access can potentially be extracted and abused if a user workload contains an image reference to a malicious registry.\n\n### Patches\n\nThe Azure workload identity and Azure managed identity authentication providers are updated to add new validation prior to EID token exchange. Validation relies upon registry domain validation against a pre-configured list of well-known ACR endpoints. EID token exchange will be executed only if at least one of the configured well-known domain suffixes (wildcard support included) matches the registry domain of the image reference.\n\n### Credits\n\nThe `ratify` project would like to thank Shiwei Zhang (@shizhMSFT) and Binbin Li (@binbin-li) for responsibly disclosing the issue and thank Binbin Li (@binbin-li) and Akash Singhal (@akashsinghal) for actively mitigating the issue.",
  "id": "GHSA-44f7-5fj5-h4px",
  "modified": "2025-03-14T20:00:47Z",
  "published": "2025-03-11T15:27:16Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/ratify-project/ratify/security/advisories/GHSA-44f7-5fj5-h4px"
    },
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-27403"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/ratify-project/ratify/commit/0ec0c08490e3d672ae64b1a220c90d5484f1c93f"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/ratify-project/ratify/commit/84c7c48fa76bb9a1c9583635d1e90bc25b1a546c"
    },
    {
      "type": "PACKAGE",
      "url": "https://github.com/ratify-project/ratify"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://pkg.go.dev/vuln/GO-2025-3511"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:P/PR:N/UI:P/VC:H/VI:N/VA:N/SC:H/SI:H/SA:L",
      "type": "CVSS_V4"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "Ratify Azure authentication providers can leak authentication tokens to non-Azure container registries"
}

GHSA-44R9-XQHR-R952

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-12-30 12:30 – Updated: 2026-01-20 15:32
VLAI
Details

Exposure of Sensitive System Information to an Unauthorized Control Sphere vulnerability in o2oe E-Invoice App Malaysia einvoiceapp-malaysia allows Retrieve Embedded Sensitive Data.This issue affects E-Invoice App Malaysia: from n/a through <= 1.1.0.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2025-68988"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-497"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2025-12-30T11:15:57Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "Exposure of Sensitive System Information to an Unauthorized Control Sphere vulnerability in o2oe E-Invoice App Malaysia einvoiceapp-malaysia allows Retrieve Embedded Sensitive Data.This issue affects E-Invoice App Malaysia: from n/a through \u003c= 1.1.0.",
  "id": "GHSA-44r9-xqhr-r952",
  "modified": "2026-01-20T15:32:43Z",
  "published": "2025-12-30T12:30:27Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-68988"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://patchstack.com/database/Wordpress/Plugin/einvoiceapp-malaysia/vulnerability/wordpress-e-invoice-app-malaysia-plugin-1-1-0-sensitive-data-exposure-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://vdp.patchstack.com/database/Wordpress/Plugin/einvoiceapp-malaysia/vulnerability/wordpress-e-invoice-app-malaysia-plugin-1-1-0-sensitive-data-exposure-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-45JV-8HVX-M25C

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-04-08 09:31 – Updated: 2026-04-13 18:30
VLAI
Details

Exposure of Sensitive System Information to an Unauthorized Control Sphere vulnerability in Themefic Instantio instantio allows Retrieve Embedded Sensitive Data.This issue affects Instantio: from n/a through <= 3.3.30.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-39571"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-497"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-04-08T09:16:28Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "Exposure of Sensitive System Information to an Unauthorized Control Sphere vulnerability in Themefic Instantio instantio allows Retrieve Embedded Sensitive Data.This issue affects Instantio: from n/a through \u003c= 3.3.30.",
  "id": "GHSA-45jv-8hvx-m25c",
  "modified": "2026-04-13T18:30:38Z",
  "published": "2026-04-08T09:31:32Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-39571"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://patchstack.com/database/Wordpress/Plugin/instantio/vulnerability/wordpress-instantio-plugin-3-3-30-sensitive-data-exposure-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-45Q7-XHFM-XQJP

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-01-15 15:31 – Updated: 2025-01-15 15:31
VLAI
Details

A flaw was found in the FreeIPA API audit, where it sends the whole FreeIPA command line to journalctl. As a consequence, during the FreeIPA installation process, it inadvertently leaks the administrative user credentials, including the administrator password, to the journal database. In the worst-case scenario, where the journal log is centralized, users with access to it can have improper access to the FreeIPA administrator credentials.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2024-11029"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-497"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2025-01-15T13:15:08Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "A flaw was found in the FreeIPA API audit, where it sends the whole FreeIPA command line to journalctl. As a consequence, during the FreeIPA installation process, it inadvertently leaks the administrative user credentials, including the administrator password, to the journal database. In the worst-case scenario, where the journal log is centralized, users with access to it can have improper access to the FreeIPA administrator credentials.",
  "id": "GHSA-45q7-xhfm-xqjp",
  "modified": "2025-01-15T15:31:24Z",
  "published": "2025-01-15T15:31:24Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-11029"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2025:0334"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://access.redhat.com/security/cve/CVE-2024-11029"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=2325557"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-488P-3V92-P34C

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-08-18 15:31 – Updated: 2026-08-18 15:31
VLAI
Details

Unauthenticated Sensitive Data Exposure in 3D FlipBook – PDF Flipbook Viewer, Flipbook Image Gallery <= 1.16.20 versions.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-74007"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-497"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-08-18T15:17:09Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "Unauthenticated Sensitive Data Exposure in 3D FlipBook \u2013 PDF Flipbook Viewer, Flipbook Image Gallery \u003c= 1.16.20 versions.",
  "id": "GHSA-488p-3v92-p34c",
  "modified": "2026-08-18T15:31:49Z",
  "published": "2026-08-18T15:31:49Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-74007"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://patchstack.com/database/wordpress/plugin/interactive-3d-flipbook-powered-physics-engine/vulnerability/wordpress-3d-flipbook-pdf-flipbook-viewer-flipbook-image-gallery-plugin-1-16-20-sensitive-data-exposure-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-48Q3-PRGV-GM4W

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-07-10 16:50 – Updated: 2025-07-10 19:22
VLAI
Summary
Parse Server exposes the data schema via GraphQL API
Details

Impact

The Parse Server GraphQL API previously allowed public access to the GraphQL schema without requiring a session token or the master key. While schema introspection reveals only metadata and not actual data, this metadata can still expand the potential attack surface.

Patches

The issue has been addressed by requiring the master key for schema introspection. Additionally, a new Parse Server configuration option, graphQLPublicIntrospection, has been introduced. This option allows developers to re-enable public schema introspection if their application relies on it. However, it is strongly recommended to use this option only temporarily and to update the application to function without depending on public introspection.

Workarounds

None available.

References

  • GitHub security advisory: https://github.com/parse-community/parse-server/security/advisories/GHSA-48q3-prgv-gm4w
  • Fix for Parse Server 7: https://github.com/parse-community/parse-server/pull/9820
  • Fix for Parse Server 8: https://github.com/parse-community/parse-server/pull/9819
Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "npm",
        "name": "parse-server"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "8.0.0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "8.2.2"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "npm",
        "name": "parse-server"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "5.3.0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "7.5.3"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2025-53364"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-497"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2025-07-10T16:50:36Z",
    "nvd_published_at": "2025-07-10T16:15:24Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "### Impact\n\nThe Parse Server GraphQL API previously allowed public access to the GraphQL schema without requiring a session token or the master key. While schema introspection reveals only metadata and not actual data, this metadata can still expand the potential attack surface.\n\n### Patches\n\nThe issue has been addressed by requiring the master key for schema introspection. Additionally, a new Parse Server configuration option, `graphQLPublicIntrospection`, has been introduced. This option allows developers to re-enable public schema introspection if their application relies on it. However, it is strongly recommended to use this option only temporarily and to update the application to function without depending on public introspection.\n\n### Workarounds\n\nNone available.\n\n### References\n\n- GitHub security advisory: https://github.com/parse-community/parse-server/security/advisories/GHSA-48q3-prgv-gm4w\n- Fix for Parse Server 7: https://github.com/parse-community/parse-server/pull/9820\n- Fix for Parse Server 8: https://github.com/parse-community/parse-server/pull/9819",
  "id": "GHSA-48q3-prgv-gm4w",
  "modified": "2025-07-10T19:22:40Z",
  "published": "2025-07-10T16:50:36Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/parse-community/parse-server/security/advisories/GHSA-48q3-prgv-gm4w"
    },
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-53364"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/parse-community/parse-server/pull/9819"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/parse-community/parse-server/pull/9820"
    },
    {
      "type": "PACKAGE",
      "url": "https://github.com/parse-community/parse-server"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "Parse Server exposes the data schema via GraphQL API"
}

GHSA-48WM-29G7-W3QW

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-08-19 21:30 – Updated: 2025-08-19 21:30
VLAI
Details

IBM Sterling B2B Integrator and IBM Sterling File Gateway 6.0.0.0 through 6.1.2.7, 6.2.0.0 through 6.2.0.4, and 6.2.1.0 could disclose sensitive server information to an unauthorized user that could aid in further attacks against the system.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2025-2988"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-497"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2025-08-19T20:15:30Z",
    "severity": "LOW"
  },
  "details": "IBM Sterling B2B Integrator and IBM Sterling File Gateway 6.0.0.0 through 6.1.2.7, 6.2.0.0 through 6.2.0.4, and 6.2.1.0 could disclose sensitive server information to an unauthorized user that could aid in further attacks against the system.",
  "id": "GHSA-48wm-29g7-w3qw",
  "modified": "2025-08-19T21:30:37Z",
  "published": "2025-08-19T21:30:37Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-2988"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.ibm.com/support/pages/node/7242391"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-4CQQ-M3QG-HQ7M

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-04-08 09:31 – Updated: 2026-04-13 18:30
VLAI
Details

Exposure of Sensitive System Information to an Unauthorized Control Sphere vulnerability in WP Chill RSVP and Event Management rsvp allows Retrieve Embedded Sensitive Data.This issue affects RSVP and Event Management: from n/a through <= 2.7.16.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-39536"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-497"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-04-08T09:16:26Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "Exposure of Sensitive System Information to an Unauthorized Control Sphere vulnerability in WP Chill RSVP and Event Management rsvp allows Retrieve Embedded Sensitive Data.This issue affects RSVP and Event Management: from n/a through \u003c= 2.7.16.",
  "id": "GHSA-4cqq-m3qg-hq7m",
  "modified": "2026-04-13T18:30:38Z",
  "published": "2026-04-08T09:31:32Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-39536"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://patchstack.com/database/Wordpress/Plugin/rsvp/vulnerability/wordpress-rsvp-and-event-management-plugin-2-7-16-sensitive-data-exposure-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

Mitigation
Architecture and Design Implementation

Production applications should never use methods that generate internal details such as stack traces and error messages unless that information is directly committed to a log that is not viewable by the end user. All error message text should be HTML entity encoded before being written to the log file to protect against potential cross-site scripting attacks against the viewer of the logs

CAPEC-170: Web Application Fingerprinting

An attacker sends a series of probes to a web application in order to elicit version-dependent and type-dependent behavior that assists in identifying the target. An attacker could learn information such as software versions, error pages, and response headers, variations in implementations of the HTTP protocol, directory structures, and other similar information about the targeted service. This information can then be used by an attacker to formulate a targeted attack plan. While web application fingerprinting is not intended to be damaging (although certain activities, such as network scans, can sometimes cause disruptions to vulnerable applications inadvertently) it may often pave the way for more damaging attacks.

CAPEC-694: System Location Discovery

An adversary collects information about the target system in an attempt to identify the system's geographical location.

Information gathered could include keyboard layout, system language, and timezone. This information may benefit an adversary in confirming the desired target and/or tailoring further attacks.