Common Weakness Enumeration

CWE-444

Allowed

Inconsistent Interpretation of HTTP Requests ('HTTP Request/Response Smuggling')

Abstraction: Base · Status: Incomplete

API response cwe.mitre.org

The product acts as an intermediary HTTP agent (such as a proxy or firewall) in the data flow between two entities such as a client and server, but it does not interpret malformed HTTP requests or responses in ways that are consistent with how the messages will be processed by those entities that are at the ultimate destination.

623 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.

CVE-2026-11541 (GCVE-0-2026-11541)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-06-30 20:56 – Updated: 2026-07-29 18:12
VLAI
Title
Inconsistent Interpretation of HTTP Requests in CICS Transaction Gateway for Multiplatforms.
Summary
IBM CICS Transaction Gateway for Multiplatforms 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, and 10.1 IBM WebSphere Application Server 9.0, and 8.5 and IBM WebSphere Application Server - Liberty 17.0.0.3 through 26.0.0.6 are affected by an HTTP request smuggling vulnerability.
Severity
7.4 (High)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:N
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-07-01 14:52 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-444 - Inconsistent Interpretation of HTTP Requests ('HTTP Request/Response Smuggling')
Assigner
References
URL Tags
https://www.ibm.com/support/pages/node/7281750 vendor-advisorypatch
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
IBM CICS Transaction Gateway for Multiplatforms Affected: 9.1
Affected: 9.2
Affected: 9.3
Affected: 10.1
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2026-9190 (GCVE-0-2026-9190)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-08-05 15:34 – Updated: 2026-08-07 03:55
VLAI
Title
HTTP request smuggling in Progress MarkLogic Server
Summary
An HTTP request smuggling vulnerability in the HTTP App Server of Progress MarkLogic Server before 11.3.6 and 12.0.3 allows a remote attacker to bypass authentication and authorization checks, hijack a legitimate user's session, or capture credentials. The vulnerability occurs when a crafted HTTP request containing both Content-Length and Transfer-Encoding headers causes a reverse proxy and MarkLogic Server to interpret request boundaries differently.
Severity
9.1 (Critical)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:N
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: yes Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-08-06 00:00 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-444 - Inconsistent Interpretation of HTTP Requests ('HTTP Request/Response Smuggling')
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
Progress Software Corporation MarkLogic Server Affected: 11.0.0 , < 11.3.6 (custom)
Affected: 12.0.0 , < 12.0.3 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2026-8646 (GCVE-0-2026-8646)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-06-22 14:44 – Updated: 2026-06-24 03:56
VLAI
Title
IBM WebSphere Application Server and WebSphere Application Server Liberty are affected by multiple vulnerabilities
Summary
IBM WebSphere Application Server 9.0 and 8.5 and IBM WebSphere Application Server - Liberty 17.0.0.3 through 26.0.0.6 are vulnerable to HTTP request smuggling. A remote attacker could smuggle a specially crafted request to the application server thereby allowing the attacker to bypass security controls, spoof identity, escalate privilege, and expose sensitive information.
Severity
7.4 (High)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:N
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-06-23 00:00 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-444 - Inconsistent Interpretation of HTTP Requests ('HTTP Request/Response Smuggling')
Assigner
References
URL Tags
https://www.ibm.com/support/pages/node/7276579 vendor-advisorypatch
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
IBM WebSphere Application Server Affected: 9.0.0 , ≤ 7.0.2 Interim Fix 035 (semver)
Affected: 8.5.0 , ≤ 7.0.3 Interim Fix 017 (semver)
    cpe:2.3:a:ibm:websphere_application_server:9.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:a:ibm:websphere_application_server:9.0.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:a:ibm:websphere_application_server:8.5:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:a:ibm:websphere_application_server:8.5.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
Create a notification for this product.
IBM WebSphere Application Server - Liberty Affected: 17.0.0.3 , ≤ 26.0.0.6 (semver)
    cpe:2.3:a:ibm:websphere_application_server___liberty:17.0.0.3:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:a:ibm:websphere_application_server___liberty:26.0.0.6:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2026-8620 (GCVE-0-2026-8620)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-05-26 17:15 – Updated: 2026-05-27 13:12
VLAI
Title
IBM WebSphere Application Server and WebSphere Application Server Liberty are affected by multiple vulnerabilities when using when using Web Server Plug-ins
Summary
IBM Web Server Plug-ins for WebSphere Application Server and WebSphere Liberty 8.5, 9.0 IBM WebSphere Application Server and WebSphere Application Server Liberty are vulnerable to HTTP request smuggling in the Web Server Plug-ins through a specially crafted request.
Severity
7.5 (High)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:L/A:N
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-05-27 13:12 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-444 - Inconsistent Interpretation of HTTP Requests ('HTTP Request/Response Smuggling')
Assigner
References
URL Tags
https://www.ibm.com/support/pages/node/7274072 vendor-advisorypatch
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
IBM Web Server Plug-ins for WebSphere Application Server and WebSphere Liberty Affected: 8.5, 9.0 , ≤ Interim Fix 002 (semver)
    cpe:2.3:a:ibm:web_server_plug_ins_for_websphere_application_server_and_websphere_liberty:8.5:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:a:ibm:web_server_plug_ins_for_websphere_application_server_and_websphere_liberty:8.5.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2026-6338 (GCVE-0-2026-6338)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-06-11 13:47 – Updated: 2026-06-11 14:23
VLAI
Title
HTTP request smuggling in Kong Enteprise Gateway
Summary
A HTTP request smuggling and desynchronization vulnerability affects Kong Gateway Enterprise 3.4, 3.10, 3.11, 3.12, 3.13, and 3.14 series. The vulnerability is caused by a parsing flaw in Kong’s HTTP request processing pipeline when handling untrusted HTTP/1.1 traffic.
Severity
4.9 (Medium)
CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:P/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:N/SC:H/SI:H/SA:N/E:P/R:A/RE:M
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-06-11 14:22 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-444 - Inconsistent interpretation of HTTP requests ('HTTP Request/Response smuggling')
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
Kong Kong Enterprise Gateway Affected: 3.4.0.0 , < 3.4.3.27 (kong enteprise gateway 3.4)
Affected: 3.10.0.0 , < 3.10.0.12 (kong enteprise gateway 3.10)
Affected: 3.11.0.0 , < 3.11.0.12 (kong enteprise gateway 3.11)
Affected: 3.12.0.0 , < 3.12.0.7 (kong enteprise gateway 3.12)
Affected: 3.13.0.0 , < 3.13.0.5 (kong enteprise gateway 3.13)
Affected: 3.14.0.0 , < 3.14.0.4 (kong enteprise gateway 3.14)
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CVE-2026-6324 (GCVE-0-2026-6324)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-05-29 05:24 – Updated: 2026-05-29 14:01
VLAI
Title
Libsoup: libsoup: http request smuggling via unsigned to signed conversion error
Summary
A flaw was found in libsoup. A remote attacker could exploit an unsigned to signed conversion error in the `soup_body_input_stream_read_chunked()` function by sending a malicious HTTP request. This vulnerability occurs when libsoup operates behind a non-libsoup proxy server or as a proxy in front of a non-libsoup backend server. Successful exploitation can allow an attacker to bypass security controls, poison web caches, or gain unauthorized access.
Severity
4.8 (Medium)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:N
SSVC
Exploitation: poc Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-05-29 14:00 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-444 - Inconsistent Interpretation of HTTP Requests ('HTTP Request/Response Smuggling')
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Date Public
2026-01-27 00:00
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2026-4742 (GCVE-0-2026-4742)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-03-24 03:24 – Updated: 2026-03-24 14:33
VLAI
Title
HTTP Request Smuggling in visualfc/liteide
Summary
Inconsistent Interpretation of HTTP Requests ('HTTP Request/Response Smuggling') vulnerability in visualfc liteide (liteidex/src/3rdparty/qjsonrpc/src/http-parser modules). This vulnerability is associated with program files http_parser.C. This issue affects liteide: before x38.4.
Severity
2.9 (Low)
CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:H/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:L/VI:L/VA:L/SC:L/SI:L/SA:N/E:P/S:N/AU:N/R:U/V:D/RE:L/U:Green
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-03-24 14:33 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-444 - Inconsistent Interpretation of HTTP Requests ('HTTP Request/Response Smuggling')
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
visualfc liteide Affected: 0 , < x38.4 (git)
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Credits
TITAN Team (titancaproject@gmail.com)
Show details on NVD website
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CVE-2026-2862 (GCVE-0-2026-2862)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-04-01 20:41 – Updated: 2026-04-02 14:00
VLAI
Title
Security Vulnerabilities have been found in IBM Verify Identity Access and IBM Security Verify Access
Summary
IBM Verify Identity Access Container 11.0 through 11.0.2 and IBM Security Verify Access Container 10.0 through 10.0.9.1 and IBM Verify Identity Access 11.0 through 11.0.2 and IBM Security Verify Access 10.0 through 10.0.9.1 IBM Security Verify could allow a remote attacker to access sensitive information due to an inconsistent interpretation of an HTTP request by a reverse proxy.
Severity
5.3 (Medium)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: yes Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-04-02 14:00 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-444 - Inconsistent Interpretation of HTTP Requests ('HTTP Request/Response Smuggling')
Assigner
References
URL Tags
https://www.ibm.com/support/pages/node/7268253 vendor-advisorypatch
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
IBM Verify Identity Access Container Affected: 11.0 , ≤ 11.0.2 (semver)
    cpe:2.3:a:ibm:verify_identity_access_container:11.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:a:ibm:verify_identity_access_container:11.0.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:a:ibm:verify_identity_access_container:11.0.2:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
Create a notification for this product.
IBM Security Verify Access Container Affected: 10.0 , ≤ 10.0.9.1 (semver)
    cpe:2.3:a:ibm:security_verify_access_container:10.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:a:ibm:security_verify_access_container:10.0.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:a:ibm:security_verify_access_container:10.0.9.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
Create a notification for this product.
IBM Verify Identity Access Affected: 11.0 , ≤ 11.0.2 (semver)
    cpe:2.3:a:ibm:verify_identity_access:11.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:a:ibm:verify_identity_access:11.0.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:a:ibm:verify_identity_access:11.0.2:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
Create a notification for this product.
IBM Security Verify Access Affected: 10.0 , ≤ 10.0.9.1 (semver)
    cpe:2.3:a:ibm:security_verify_access:10.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:a:ibm:security_verify_access:10.0.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:a:ibm:security_verify_access:10.0.9.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2026-2835 (GCVE-0-2026-2835)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-03-04 23:32 – Updated: 2026-03-06 18:24
VLAI
Title
HTTP Request Smuggling via HTTP/1.0 and Transfer-Encoding Misparsing
Summary
An HTTP Request Smuggling vulnerability (CWE-444) has been found in Pingora's parsing of HTTP/1.0 and Transfer-Encoding requests. The issue occurs due to improperly allowing HTTP/1.0 request bodies to be close-delimited and incorrect handling of multiple Transfer-Encoding values, allowing attackers to send HTTP/1.0 requests in a way that would desync Pingora’s request framing from backend servers’. Impact This vulnerability primarily affects standalone Pingora deployments in front of certain backends that accept HTTP/1.0 requests. An attacker could craft a malicious payload following this request that Pingora forwards to the backend in order to: * Bypass proxy-level ACL controls and WAF logic * Poison caches and upstream connections, causing subsequent requests from legitimate users to receive responses intended for smuggled requests * Perform cross-user attacks by hijacking sessions or smuggling requests that appear to originate from the trusted proxy IP Cloudflare's CDN infrastructure was not affected by this vulnerability, as its ingress proxy layers forwarded HTTP/1.1 requests only, rejected ambiguous framing such as invalid Content-Length values, and forwarded a single Transfer-Encoding: chunked header for chunked requests. Mitigation: Pingora users should upgrade to Pingora v0.8.0 or higher that fixes this issue by correctly parsing message length headers per RFC 9112 and strictly adhering to more RFC guidelines, including that HTTP request bodies are never close-delimited. As a workaround, users can reject certain requests with an error in the request filter logic in order to stop processing bytes on the connection and disable downstream connection reuse. The user should reject any non-HTTP/1.1 request, or a request that has invalid Content-Length, multiple Transfer-Encoding headers, or Transfer-Encoding header that is not an exact “chunked” string match.
Severity
9.3 (Critical)
CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:H/VA:N/SC:H/SI:H/SA:N
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: yes Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-03-06 18:24 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-444 - Inconsistent Interpretation of HTTP Requests ('HTTP Request/Response Smuggling')
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Credits
Rajat Raghav (xclow3n)
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2026-2833 (GCVE-0-2026-2833)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-03-04 23:20 – Updated: 2026-03-06 18:26
VLAI
Title
HTTP Request Smuggling via Premature Upgrade
Summary
An HTTP request smuggling vulnerability (CWE-444) was found in Pingora's handling of HTTP/1.1 connection upgrades. The issue occurs when a Pingora proxy reads a request containing an Upgrade header, causing the proxy to pass through the rest of the bytes on the connection to a backend before the backend has accepted the upgrade. An attacker can thus directly forward a malicious payload after a request with an Upgrade header to that backend in a way that may be interpreted as a subsequent request header, bypassing proxy-level security controls and enabling cross-user session hijacking. Impact This vulnerability primarily affects standalone Pingora deployments where a Pingora proxy is exposed to external traffic. An attacker could exploit this to: * Bypass proxy-level ACL controls and WAF logic * Poison caches and upstream connections, causing subsequent requests from legitimate users to receive responses intended for smuggled requests * Perform cross-user attacks by hijacking sessions or smuggling requests that appear to originate from the trusted proxy IP Cloudflare's CDN infrastructure was not affected by this vulnerability, as ingress proxies in the CDN stack maintain proper HTTP parsing boundaries and do not prematurely switch to upgraded connection forwarding mode. Mitigation: Pingora users should upgrade to Pingora v0.8.0 or higher As a workaround, users may return an error on requests with the Upgrade header present in their request filter logic in order to stop processing bytes beyond the request header and disable downstream connection reuse.
Severity
9.3 (Critical)
CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:H/VA:N/SC:H/SI:H/SA:N
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: yes Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-03-06 18:25 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-444 - Inconsistent Interpretation of HTTP Requests ('HTTP Request/Response Smuggling')
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Credits
Rajat Raghav (xclow3n)
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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              "value": "\u003cspan style=\"background-color: transparent;\"\u003eAn HTTP request smuggling vulnerability (CWE-444) was found in Pingora\u0027s handling of HTTP/1.1 connection upgrades. The issue occurs when a Pingora proxy reads a request containing an Upgrade header, causing the proxy to pass through the rest of the bytes on the connection to a backend before the backend has accepted the upgrade. An attacker can thus directly forward a malicious payload after a request with an Upgrade header to that backend in a way that may be interpreted as a subsequent request header, bypassing proxy-level security controls and enabling cross-user session hijacking.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"background-color: transparent;\"\u003eImpact\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"background-color: transparent;\"\u003eThis vulnerability primarily affects standalone Pingora deployments where a Pingora proxy is exposed to external traffic. An attacker could exploit this to:\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cul\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"background-color: transparent;\"\u003eBypass proxy-level ACL controls and WAF logic\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ul\u003e\u003cul\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"background-color: transparent;\"\u003ePoison caches and upstream connections, causing subsequent requests from legitimate users to receive responses intended for smuggled requests\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ul\u003e\u003cul\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"background-color: transparent;\"\u003ePerform cross-user attacks by hijacking sessions or smuggling requests that appear to originate from the trusted proxy IP\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ul\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"background-color: transparent;\"\u003eCloudflare\u0027s CDN infrastructure was not affected by this vulnerability, as ingress proxies in the CDN stack maintain proper HTTP parsing boundaries and do not prematurely switch to upgraded connection forwarding mode.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"background-color: transparent;\"\u003eMitigation:\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"background-color: transparent;\"\u003ePingora users should upgrade to Pingora v0.8.0 or higher\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"background-color: transparent;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"background-color: transparent;\"\u003eAs a workaround, users may return an error on requests with the Upgrade header present in their request filter logic in order to stop processing bytes beyond the request header and disable downstream connection reuse.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"
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Mitigation
Implementation

Use a web server that employs a strict HTTP parsing procedure, such as Apache [REF-433].

Mitigation
Implementation

Use only SSL communication.

Mitigation
Implementation

Terminate the client session after each request.

Mitigation
System Configuration

Turn all pages to non-cacheable.

CAPEC-273: HTTP Response Smuggling

An adversary manipulates and injects malicious content in the form of secret unauthorized HTTP responses, into a single HTTP response from a vulnerable or compromised back-end HTTP agent (e.g., server).

See CanPrecede relationships for possible consequences.

CAPEC-33: HTTP Request Smuggling

An adversary abuses the flexibility and discrepancies in the parsing and interpretation of HTTP Request messages using various HTTP headers, request-line and body parameters as well as message sizes (denoted by the end of message signaled by a given HTTP header) by different intermediary HTTP agents (e.g., load balancer, reverse proxy, web caching proxies, application firewalls, etc.) to secretly send unauthorized and malicious HTTP requests to a back-end HTTP agent (e.g., web server).

See CanPrecede relationships for possible consequences.

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