Common Weakness Enumeration
CWE-434
AllowedUnrestricted Upload of File with Dangerous Type
Abstraction: Base · Status: Draft
The product allows the upload or transfer of dangerous file types that are automatically processed within its environment.
5966 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
CVE-2025-20287 (GCVE-0-2025-20287)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-09-03 17:40 – Updated: 2025-09-05 17:07
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Cisco Evolved Programmable Network Manager Arbitrary File Upload Vulnerability
Summary
A vulnerability in the web-based management interface of Cisco Evolved Programmable Network Manager (EPNM) could allow an authenticated, remote attacker to upload arbitrary files to an affected device.
This vulnerability is due to improper validation of files that are uploaded to the web-based management interface. An attacker could exploit this vulnerability by sending a crafted file upload request to a specific API endpoint. A successful exploit could allow the attacker to upload arbitrary files to an affected system. To exploit this vulnerability, an attacker must have at least valid Config Managers credentials on the affected device.
Severity
4.3 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-434 - Unrestricted Upload of File with Dangerous Type
Assigner
References
1 reference
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cisco | Cisco Evolved Programmable Network Manager (EPNM) |
Affected:
7.0.0
Affected: 7.1.1 Affected: 7.1.2.1 Affected: 7.0.1.3 Affected: 7.1.3 Affected: 7.1.2 Affected: 7.0.1.2 Affected: 7.0.1.1 Affected: 7.0.1 Affected: 7.1.0 Affected: 8.0.0 Affected: 8.0.0.1 Affected: 7.1.3.1 Affected: 7.1.4 |
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CVE-2025-20274 (GCVE-0-2025-20274)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-07-16 16:16 – Updated: 2026-02-26 17:50
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Cisco Unified Intelligence Center Arbitrary File Upload Vulnerability
Summary
A vulnerability in the web-based management interface of Cisco Unified Intelligence Center could allow an authenticated, remote attacker to upload arbitrary files to an affected device.
This vulnerability is due to improper validation of files that are uploaded to the web-based management interface. An attacker could exploit this vulnerability by uploading arbitrary files to an affected device. A successful exploit could allow the attacker to store malicious files on the system and execute arbitrary commands on the operating system. The Security Impact Rating (SIR) of this advisory has been raised to High because an attacker could elevate privileges to root. To exploit this vulnerability, the attacker must have valid credentials for a user account with at least the role of Report Designer.
Severity
6.3 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-434 - Unrestricted Upload of File with Dangerous Type
Assigner
References
1 reference
Impacted products
2 products
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cisco | Cisco Unified Contact Center Express |
Affected:
10.6(1)
Affected: 10.5(1)SU1 Affected: 10.6(1)SU3 Affected: 12.0(1) Affected: 10.6(1)SU1 Affected: 11.0(1)SU1 Affected: 11.5(1)SU1 Affected: 10.5(1) Affected: 11.6(1) Affected: 11.6(2) Affected: 12.5(1) Affected: 12.5(1)SU1 Affected: 12.5(1)SU2 Affected: 12.5(1)SU3 Affected: 12.5(1)_SU03_ES01 Affected: 12.5(1)_SU03_ES02 Affected: 12.5(1)_SU02_ES03 Affected: 12.5(1)_SU02_ES04 Affected: 12.5(1)_SU02_ES02 Affected: 12.5(1)_SU01_ES02 Affected: 12.5(1)_SU01_ES03 Affected: 12.5(1)_SU02_ES01 Affected: 11.6(2)ES07 Affected: 11.6(2)ES08 Affected: 12.5(1)_SU01_ES01 Affected: 12.0(1)ES04 Affected: 12.5(1)ES02 Affected: 12.5(1)ES03 Affected: 11.6(2)ES06 Affected: 12.5(1)ES01 Affected: 12.0(1)ES03 Affected: 12.0(1)ES01 Affected: 11.6(2)ES05 Affected: 12.0(1)ES02 Affected: 11.6(2)ES04 Affected: 11.6(2)ES03 Affected: 11.6(2)ES02 Affected: 11.6(2)ES01 Affected: 10.6(1)SU3ES03 Affected: 11.0(1)SU1ES03 Affected: 10.6(1)SU3ES01 Affected: 10.5(1)SU1ES10 Affected: 11.5(1)SU1ES03 Affected: 11.6(1)ES02 Affected: 11.5(1)ES01 Affected: 10.6(1)SU2 Affected: 10.6(1)SU2ES04 Affected: 11.6(1)ES01 Affected: 10.6(1)SU3ES02 Affected: 11.5(1)SU1ES02 Affected: 11.5(1)SU1ES01 Affected: 11.0(1)SU1ES02 Affected: 12.5(1)_SU03_ES03 Affected: 12.5(1)_SU03_ES04 Affected: 12.5(1)_SU03_ES05 Affected: 12.5(1)_SU03_ES06 |
|
| Cisco | Cisco Unified Intelligence Center |
Affected:
11.6(1)
Affected: 10.5(1) Affected: 11.0(1) Affected: 11.5(1) Affected: 12.0(1) Affected: 12.5(1) Affected: 11.0(2) Affected: 12.6(1) Affected: 12.5(1)SU Affected: 12.6(1)_ET Affected: 12.6(1)_ES05_ET Affected: 11.0(3) Affected: 12.6(2) Affected: 12.6(2)_504_Issue_ET Affected: 12.6.1_ExcelIssue_ET Affected: 12.6(2)_Permalink_ET Affected: 12.6.2_CSCwk19536_ET Affected: 12.6.2_CSCwm96922_ET Affected: 12.6.2_Amq_OOS_ET Affected: 12.5(2)ET_CSCwi79933 Affected: 12.6(2)_ET Affected: 12.6.2_CSCwn48501_ET |
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CVE-2025-15503 (GCVE-0-2025-15503)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-01-10 09:02 – Updated: 2026-02-23 08:27
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Sangfor Operation and Maintenance Management System common.jsp unrestricted upload
Summary
A security flaw has been discovered in Sangfor Operation and Maintenance Management System up to 3.0.8. The impacted element is an unknown function of the file /fort/trust/version/common/common.jsp. Performing a manipulation of the argument File results in unrestricted upload. The attack is possible to be carried out remotely. The exploit has been released to the public and may be used for attacks. The vendor was contacted early about this disclosure but did not respond in any way.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
Assigner
References
5 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://vuldb.com/?id.340348 | vdb-entrytechnical-description |
| https://vuldb.com/?ctiid.340348 | signaturepermissions-required |
| https://vuldb.com/?submit.727253 | third-party-advisory |
| https://github.com/master-abc/cve/issues/13 | issue-tracking |
| https://github.com/master-abc/cve/issues/13#issue… | exploitissue-tracking |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sangfor | Operation and Maintenance Management System |
Affected:
3.0.0
Affected: 3.0.1 Affected: 3.0.2 Affected: 3.0.3 Affected: 3.0.4 Affected: 3.0.5 Affected: 3.0.6 Affected: 3.0.7 Affected: 3.0.8 |
Credits
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CVE-2025-15495 (GCVE-0-2025-15495)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-01-09 17:02 – Updated: 2026-02-23 08:26
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
BiggiDroid Simple PHP CMS editsite.php unrestricted upload
Summary
A vulnerability was found in BiggiDroid Simple PHP CMS 1.0. This impacts an unknown function of the file /admin/editsite.php. The manipulation of the argument image results in unrestricted upload. The attack can be launched remotely. The exploit has been made public and could be used. The vendor was contacted early about this disclosure but did not respond in any way.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
Assigner
References
6 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://vuldb.com/?id.340273 | vdb-entrytechnical-description |
| https://vuldb.com/?ctiid.340273 | signaturepermissions-required |
| https://vuldb.com/?submit.725890 | third-party-advisory |
| https://vuldb.com/?submit.726040 | third-party-advisory |
| https://gitee.com/hdert/ck/issues/IDGO28 | issue-tracking |
| https://github.com/Asim-QAZi/RCE-Simplephpblog-bi… | exploit |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| BiggiDroid | Simple PHP CMS |
Affected:
1.0
cpe:2.3:a:biggidroid:simple_php_cms:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
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CVE-2025-15448 (GCVE-0-2025-15448)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-01-05 00:02 – Updated: 2026-02-23 08:14
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
cld378632668 JavaMall MinioController.java upload unrestricted upload
Summary
A vulnerability was found in cld378632668 JavaMall up to 994f1e2b019378ec9444cdf3fce2d5b5f72d28f0. This impacts the function Upload of the file src/main/java/com/macro/mall/controller/MinioController.java. The manipulation results in unrestricted upload. It is possible to launch the attack remotely. This product takes the approach of rolling releases to provide continious delivery. Therefore, version details for affected and updated releases are not available. The vendor was contacted early about this disclosure but did not respond in any way.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
Assigner
References
4 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://vuldb.com/?id.339481 | vdb-entrytechnical-description |
| https://vuldb.com/?ctiid.339481 | signaturepermissions-required |
| https://vuldb.com/?submit.721997 | third-party-advisory |
| https://github.com/zyhzheng500-maker/cve/blob/mai… | related |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| cld378632668 | JavaMall |
Affected:
994f1e2b019378ec9444cdf3fce2d5b5f72d28f0
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CVE-2025-15426 (GCVE-0-2025-15426)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-01-02 03:32 – Updated: 2026-02-23 08:07
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
jackying H-ui.admin preview.php unrestricted upload
Summary
A vulnerability was identified in jackying H-ui.admin up to 3.1. This affects an unknown function in the library /lib/webuploader/0.1.5/server/preview.php. The manipulation leads to unrestricted upload. The attack is possible to be carried out remotely. The exploit is publicly available and might be used. The vendor was contacted early about this disclosure but did not respond in any way.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
Assigner
References
5 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://vuldb.com/?id.339348 | vdb-entry |
| https://vuldb.com/?ctiid.339348 | signaturepermissions-required |
| https://vuldb.com/?submit.721457 | third-party-advisory |
| https://github.com/TiKi-r/CVE-Report/blob/main/H-… | related |
| https://github.com/TiKi-r/CVE-Report/blob/main/H-… | exploit |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| jackying | H-ui.admin |
Affected:
3.0
Affected: 3.1 |
Credits
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CVE-2025-15423 (GCVE-0-2025-15423)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-01-02 02:02 – Updated: 2026-02-23 08:06
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
EmpireSoft EmpireCMS connect.php CheckSaveTranFiletype unrestricted upload
Summary
A vulnerability has been found in EmpireSoft EmpireCMS up to 8.0. Impacted is the function CheckSaveTranFiletype of the file e/class/connect.php. Such manipulation leads to unrestricted upload. The attack may be launched remotely. The exploit has been disclosed to the public and may be used. The vendor was contacted early about this disclosure but did not respond in any way.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
Assigner
References
5 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://vuldb.com/?id.339345 | vdb-entrytechnical-description |
| https://vuldb.com/?ctiid.339345 | signaturepermissions-required |
| https://vuldb.com/?submit.721346 | third-party-advisory |
| https://note-hxlab.wetolink.com/share/28QXRLje7Uz1 | related |
| https://note-hxlab.wetolink.com/share/28QXRLje7Uz… | exploit |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| EmpireSoft | EmpireCMS |
Affected:
8.0
|
Credits
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CVE-2025-15415 (GCVE-0-2025-15415)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-01-01 22:02 – Updated: 2026-02-23 08:04
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
xnx3 wangmarket XML File uploadImage.do uploadImage unrestricted upload
Summary
A vulnerability has been found in xnx3 wangmarket up to 6.4. The impacted element is the function uploadImage of the file /sits/uploadImage.do of the component XML File Handler. The manipulation of the argument image leads to unrestricted upload. Remote exploitation of the attack is possible. The exploit has been disclosed to the public and may be used. The vendor was contacted early about this disclosure but did not respond in any way.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
Assigner
References
4 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://vuldb.com/?id.339336 | vdb-entrytechnical-description |
| https://vuldb.com/?ctiid.339336 | signaturepermissions-required |
| https://vuldb.com/?submit.721078 | third-party-advisory |
| https://github.com/yuccun/CVE/blob/main/wangmarke… | exploit |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| xnx3 | wangmarket |
Affected:
6.0
Affected: 6.1 Affected: 6.2 Affected: 6.3 Affected: 6.4 |
Credits
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CVE-2025-15404 (GCVE-0-2025-15404)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-01-01 13:32 – Updated: 2026-02-23 08:01 X_Freeware
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
campcodes School File Management System save_file.php unrestricted upload
Summary
A security vulnerability has been detected in campcodes School File Management System 1.0. The affected element is an unknown function of the file /save_file.php. The manipulation of the argument File leads to unrestricted upload. The attack may be initiated remotely. The exploit has been disclosed publicly and may be used.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
Assigner
References
5 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://vuldb.com/?id.339324 | vdb-entrytechnical-description |
| https://vuldb.com/?ctiid.339324 | signaturepermissions-required |
| https://vuldb.com/?submit.728102 | third-party-advisory |
| https://github.com/LaneyYu/cve/issues/7 | exploitissue-tracking |
| https://www.campcodes.com/ | product |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| campcodes | School File Management System |
Affected:
1.0
cpe:2.3:a:campcodes:school_file_management_system:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
Credits
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CVE-2025-15360 (GCVE-0-2025-15360)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-12-30 21:32 – Updated: 2025-12-30 22:36
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
newbee-mall-plus Product Information Edit UploadController.java upload unrestricted upload
Summary
A vulnerability was determined in newbee-mall-plus 2.0.0. This impacts the function Upload of the file src/main/java/ltd/newbee/mall/controller/common/UploadController.java of the component Product Information Edit Page. This manipulation of the argument File causes unrestricted upload. The attack may be initiated remotely. The exploit has been publicly disclosed and may be utilized. The vendor was contacted early about this disclosure but did not respond in any way.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
Assigner
References
4 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://vuldb.com/?id.338744 | vdb-entrytechnical-description |
| https://vuldb.com/?ctiid.338744 | signaturepermissions-required |
| https://vuldb.com/?submit.716785 | third-party-advisory |
| https://github.com/zyhzheng500-maker/cve/blob/mai… | exploit |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| n/a | newbee-mall-plus |
Affected:
2.0.0
|
Credits
{
"containers": {
"adp": [
{
"metrics": [
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"other": {
"content": {
"id": "CVE-2025-15360",
"options": [
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{
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{
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"role": "CISA Coordinator",
"timestamp": "2025-12-30T22:35:36.776463Z",
"version": "2.0.3"
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}
],
"title": "CISA ADP Vulnrichment"
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],
"cna": {
"affected": [
{
"modules": [
"Product Information Edit Page"
],
"product": "newbee-mall-plus",
"vendor": "n/a",
"versions": [
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"status": "affected",
"version": "2.0.0"
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"credits": [
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"type": "reporter",
"value": "zyhsec (VulDB User)"
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"descriptions": [
{
"lang": "en",
"value": "A vulnerability was determined in newbee-mall-plus 2.0.0. This impacts the function Upload of the file src/main/java/ltd/newbee/mall/controller/common/UploadController.java of the component Product Information Edit Page. This manipulation of the argument File causes unrestricted upload. The attack may be initiated remotely. The exploit has been publicly disclosed and may be utilized. The vendor was contacted early about this disclosure but did not respond in any way."
}
],
"metrics": [
{
"cvssV4_0": {
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"vectorString": "AV:N/AC:L/Au:M/C:P/I:P/A:P/E:POC/RL:ND/RC:UR",
"version": "2.0"
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"problemTypes": [
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"descriptions": [
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"cweId": "CWE-434",
"description": "Unrestricted Upload",
"lang": "en",
"type": "CWE"
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"descriptions": [
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"description": "Improper Access Controls",
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"orgId": "1af790b2-7ee1-4545-860a-a788eba489b5",
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"references": [
{
"name": "VDB-338744 | newbee-mall-plus Product Information Edit UploadController.java upload unrestricted upload",
"tags": [
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{
"name": "VDB-338744 | CTI Indicators (IOB, IOC, TTP, IOA)",
"tags": [
"signature",
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"url": "https://vuldb.com/?ctiid.338744"
},
{
"name": "Submit #716785 | https://github.com/newbee-ltd/newbee-mall-plus newbee-mall-plus 2.0.0 Upload any file",
"tags": [
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"url": "https://vuldb.com/?submit.716785"
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"url": "https://github.com/zyhzheng500-maker/cve/blob/main/%E4%BB%BB%E6%84%8F%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6%E4%B8%8A%E4%BC%A0.md"
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"lang": "en",
"time": "2025-12-30T00:00:00.000Z",
"value": "Advisory disclosed"
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"lang": "en",
"time": "2025-12-30T01:00:00.000Z",
"value": "VulDB entry created"
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{
"lang": "en",
"time": "2025-12-30T08:40:24.000Z",
"value": "VulDB entry last update"
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"title": "newbee-mall-plus Product Information Edit UploadController.java upload unrestricted upload"
}
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"assignerOrgId": "1af790b2-7ee1-4545-860a-a788eba489b5",
"assignerShortName": "VulDB",
"cveId": "CVE-2025-15360",
"datePublished": "2025-12-30T21:32:06.648Z",
"dateReserved": "2025-12-30T07:35:19.551Z",
"dateUpdated": "2025-12-30T22:36:37.524Z",
"state": "PUBLISHED"
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"dataType": "CVE_RECORD",
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Mitigation
Architecture and Design
Generate a new, unique filename for an uploaded file instead of using the user-supplied filename, so that no external input is used at all.[REF-422] [REF-423]
Mitigation MIT-21
Architecture and Design
Strategy: Enforcement by Conversion
When the set of acceptable objects, such as filenames or URLs, is limited or known, create a mapping from a set of fixed input values (such as numeric IDs) to the actual filenames or URLs, and reject all other inputs.
Mitigation
Architecture and Design
Consider storing the uploaded files outside of the web document root entirely. Then, use other mechanisms to deliver the files dynamically. [REF-423]
Mitigation MIT-5
Implementation
Strategy: Input Validation
- Assume all input is malicious. Use an "accept known good" input validation strategy, i.e., use a list of acceptable inputs that strictly conform to specifications. Reject any input that does not strictly conform to specifications, or transform it into something that does.
- When performing input validation, consider all potentially relevant properties, including length, type of input, the full range of acceptable values, missing or extra inputs, syntax, consistency across related fields, and conformance to business rules. As an example of business rule logic, "boat" may be syntactically valid because it only contains alphanumeric characters, but it is not valid if the input is only expected to contain colors such as "red" or "blue."
- Do not rely exclusively on looking for malicious or malformed inputs. This is likely to miss at least one undesirable input, especially if the code's environment changes. This can give attackers enough room to bypass the intended validation. However, denylists can be useful for detecting potential attacks or determining which inputs are so malformed that they should be rejected outright.
- For example, limiting filenames to alphanumeric characters can help to restrict the introduction of unintended file extensions.
Mitigation
Architecture and Design
Define a very limited set of allowable extensions and only generate filenames that end in these extensions. Consider the possibility of XSS (CWE-79) before allowing .html or .htm file types.
Mitigation
Implementation
Strategy: Input Validation
Ensure that only one extension is used in the filename. Some web servers, including some versions of Apache, may process files based on inner extensions so that "filename.php.gif" is fed to the PHP interpreter.[REF-422] [REF-423]
Mitigation
Implementation
When running on a web server that supports case-insensitive filenames, perform case-insensitive evaluations of the extensions that are provided.
Mitigation MIT-15
Architecture and Design
For any security checks that are performed on the client side, ensure that these checks are duplicated on the server side, in order to avoid CWE-602. Attackers can bypass the client-side checks by modifying values after the checks have been performed, or by changing the client to remove the client-side checks entirely. Then, these modified values would be submitted to the server.
Mitigation
Implementation
Do not rely exclusively on sanity checks of file contents to ensure that the file is of the expected type and size. It may be possible for an attacker to hide code in some file segments that will still be executed by the server. For example, GIF images may contain a free-form comments field.
Mitigation
Implementation
Do not rely exclusively on the MIME content type or filename attribute when determining how to render a file. Validating the MIME content type and ensuring that it matches the extension is only a partial solution.
Mitigation MIT-17
Architecture and Design
Operation
Strategy: Environment Hardening
Run your code using the lowest privileges that are required to accomplish the necessary tasks [REF-76]. If possible, create isolated accounts with limited privileges that are only used for a single task. That way, a successful attack will not immediately give the attacker access to the rest of the software or its environment. For example, database applications rarely need to run as the database administrator, especially in day-to-day operations.
Mitigation MIT-22
Architecture and Design
Operation
Strategy: Sandbox or Jail
- Run the code in a "jail" or similar sandbox environment that enforces strict boundaries between the process and the operating system. This may effectively restrict which files can be accessed in a particular directory or which commands can be executed by the software.
- OS-level examples include the Unix chroot jail, AppArmor, and SELinux. In general, managed code may provide some protection. For example, java.io.FilePermission in the Java SecurityManager allows the software to specify restrictions on file operations.
- This may not be a feasible solution, and it only limits the impact to the operating system; the rest of the application may still be subject to compromise.
- Be careful to avoid CWE-243 and other weaknesses related to jails.
CAPEC-1: Accessing Functionality Not Properly Constrained by ACLs
In applications, particularly web applications, access to functionality is mitigated by an authorization framework. This framework maps Access Control Lists (ACLs) to elements of the application's functionality; particularly URL's for web apps. In the case that the administrator failed to specify an ACL for a particular element, an attacker may be able to access it with impunity. An attacker with the ability to access functionality not properly constrained by ACLs can obtain sensitive information and possibly compromise the entire application. Such an attacker can access resources that must be available only to users at a higher privilege level, can access management sections of the application, or can run queries for data that they otherwise not supposed to.