Common Weakness Enumeration
CWE-367
AllowedTime-of-check Time-of-use (TOCTOU) Race Condition
Abstraction: Base · Status: Incomplete
The product checks the state of a resource before using that resource, but the resource's state can change between the check and the use in a way that invalidates the results of the check.
1204 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
CVE-2026-56708 (GCVE-0-2026-56708)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-08-25 01:30 – Updated: 2026-08-25 18:07
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Grav API Plugin before 1.0.16 SSRF via DNS Rebinding
Summary
Grav API plugin before 1.0.16 contains a server-side request forgery vulnerability in webhook delivery that allows attackers to bypass hostname validation by DNS rebinding. Attackers controlling authoritative DNS for a configured webhook hostname can answer validation lookups with public addresses and delivery lookups with private addresses to reach internal network resources.
Severity
5.3 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-08-25 18:02 UTC
CWE
- CWE-367 - Time-of-check Time-of-use (TOCTOU) Race Condition
Assigner
References
2 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/getgrav/grav/security/advisori… | vendor-advisory |
| https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/grav-api-plu… | third-party-advisory |
Impacted products
Date Public
2026-08-10 00:00
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CVE-2026-56676 (GCVE-0-2026-56676)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-07-10 15:30 – Updated: 2026-07-13 18:11
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
9router: Image prefetch DNS rebinding allows SSRF to internal services
Summary
9Router is an AI router & token saver. Prior to 0.5.2, 9router validates image URLs by resolving the host before fetching, but open-sse/translator/concerns/image.js performs the later server-side image fetch with a separate DNS resolution. An authenticated attacker with access to the LLM proxy can use a vision-capable model and an attacker-controlled DNS name that first resolves to a public IP and then rebinds to an internal address, allowing server-side requests to internal-only HTTP services. This issue is fixed in version 0.5.2.
Severity
7.4 (High)
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-07-13 18:11 UTC
CWE
Assigner
References
3 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/decolua/9router/security/advis… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/decolua/9router/commit/c7d0744… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/decolua/9router/releases/tag/v0.5.2 | x_refsource_MISC |
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CVE-2026-56648 (GCVE-0-2026-56648)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-07-14 17:09 – Updated: 2026-08-28 17:55
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Windows NFS Server Elevation of Privilege Vulnerability
Summary
Time-of-check time-of-use (toctou) race condition in Windows Network File System allows an authorized attacker to elevate privileges over a network.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-07-14 00:00 UTC
Assigner
References
1 reference
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://msrc.microsoft.com/update-guide/vulnerabi… | vendor-advisorypatch |
Impacted products
18 products
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Microsoft | Windows 10 Version 1607 |
Affected:
10.0.14393.0 , < 10.0.14393.9339
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows 10 Version 1809 |
Affected:
10.0.17763.0 , < 10.0.17763.9020
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows 10 Version 21H2 |
Affected:
10.0.19044.0 , < 10.0.19044.7548
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows 10 Version 22H2 |
Affected:
10.0.19045.0 , < 10.0.19045.7548
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows 11 Version 24H2 |
Affected:
10.0.26100.0 , < 10.0.26100.8875
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows 11 Version 25H2 |
Affected:
10.0.26200.0 , < 10.0.26200.8875
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows 11 version 26H1 |
Affected:
10.0.28000.0 , < 10.0.28000.2525
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2012 |
Affected:
6.2.9200.0 , < 6.2.9200.26226
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2012 (Server Core installation) |
Affected:
6.2.9200.0 , < 6.2.9200.26226
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2012 R2 |
Affected:
6.3.9600.0 , < 6.3.9600.23291
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2012 R2 (Server Core installation) |
Affected:
6.3.9600.0 , < 6.3.9600.23291
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2016 |
Affected:
10.0.14393.0 , < 10.0.14393.9339
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2016 (Server Core installation) |
Affected:
10.0.14393.0 , < 10.0.14393.9339
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2019 |
Affected:
10.0.17763.0 , < 10.0.17763.9020
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2019 (Server Core installation) |
Affected:
10.0.17763.0 , < 10.0.17763.9020
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2022 |
Affected:
10.0.20348.0 , < 10.0.20348.5386
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2025 |
Affected:
10.0.26100.0 , < 10.0.26100.33158
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2025 (Server Core installation) |
Affected:
10.0.26100.0 , < 10.0.26100.33158
(custom)
|
Date Public
2026-07-14 14:00
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CVE-2026-56178 (GCVE-0-2026-56178)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-07-14 17:09 – Updated: 2026-08-28 17:55
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Microsoft Defender for Endpoint for Mac Elevation of Privilege Vulnerability
Summary
Time-of-check time-of-use (toctou) race condition in Microsoft Defender for Endpoint allows an authorized attacker to elevate privileges locally.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-07-13 00:00 UTC
CWE
- CWE-367 - Time-of-check Time-of-use (TOCTOU) Race Condition
Assigner
References
1 reference
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://msrc.microsoft.com/update-guide/vulnerabi… | vendor-advisorypatch |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Microsoft | Microsoft Defender for Endpoint for Mac |
Affected:
101.0.0 , < 101.26042.0020
(custom)
cpe:2.3:a:microsoft:defender_for_endpoint:*:*:*:*:*:macos:*:* |
Date Public
2026-07-14 14:00
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CVE-2026-55950 (GCVE-0-2026-55950)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-07-02 16:06 – Updated: 2026-07-24 14:14
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
DTLS listener crash via race condition in dtls_packet_demux causes denial of service for all sessions
Summary
Time-of-check Time-of-use (TOCTOU) race condition vulnerability in Erlang/OTP ssl (dtls_packet_demux module) allows an unauthenticated remote attacker to crash all active DTLS sessions on a listener.
A DTLS server listener uses a single shared dtls_packet_demux gen_server process to route incoming UDP datagrams to the correct connection handler. When a DTLS client reconnects rapidly from the same source address and port (sending multiple ClientHello messages in quick succession), a race condition in the demux's internal gb_trees key-value store causes a {key_exists, {old, Client}} crash, terminating the demux process. Because the demux is shared across all DTLS associations on that listener, its crash immediately kills every active DTLS session, not just the attacker's.
The attack is pre-authentication: the attacker only needs to send UDP datagrams containing valid ClientHello messages from the same source IP and port before the intermediate DOWN monitor message is processed by the gen_server. No credentials, no completed handshake, and no special configuration are required, and the crash can be repeated indefinitely to create a persistent denial of service for all clients of that listener.
This vulnerability is associated with program file lib/ssl/src/dtls_packet_demux.erl.
This issue affects OTP from OTP 25.3 before OTP 29.0.3, OTP 28.5.0.3 and OTP 27.3.4.14, corresponding to ssl from 10.9 before 11.7.3, 11.6.0.3 and 11.2.12.10.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-07-02 17:25 UTC
CWE
- CWE-367 - Time-of-check Time-of-use (TOCTOU) Race Condition
Assigner
References
5 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/erlang/otp/security/advisories… | vendor-advisoryrelated |
| https://cna.erlef.org/cves/CVE-2026-55950.html | related |
| https://osv.dev/vulnerability/EEF-CVE-2026-55950 | related |
| https://www.erlang.org/doc/system/versions.html#o… | x_version-scheme |
| https://github.com/erlang/otp/commit/e44d2bf01c44… | patch |
Impacted products
2 products
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CVE-2026-55537 (GCVE-0-2026-55537)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-08-25 14:58 – Updated: 2026-08-25 16:18
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
PraisonAI: Webhook SSRF via DNS fail-open in `JobSubmitRequest.validate_webhook_url()` — bypass of CVE-2026-40114
Summary
PraisonAI is a multi-agent teams system. Prior to praisonai 4.6.58, JobSubmitRequest.validate_webhook_url() accepts webhook_url when resolution raises socket.gaierror because the exception path uses except socket.gaierror: pass. JobExecutor._send_webhook() later performs a fresh lookup, allowing DNS changes to direct the request to an internal service. This issue is fixed in version 4.6.58.
Severity
7.1 (High)
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-08-25 16:17 UTC
CWE
Assigner
References
3 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/MervinPraison/PraisonAI/securi… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/MervinPraison/PraisonAI/commit… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/MervinPraison/PraisonAI/releas… | x_refsource_MISC |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| MervinPraison | PraisonAI |
Affected:
< 4.6.58
|
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CVE-2026-55535 (GCVE-0-2026-55535)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-08-25 15:01 – Updated: 2026-08-25 18:16
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
PraisonAI: Server-Side Request Forgery via DNS rebinding bypass in webhook_url validation
Summary
PraisonAI is a multi-agent teams system. Prior to praisonai 4.6.58, the Jobs API validate_webhook_url() path fails open on socket.gaierror and does not bind the validated address to the later request. An attacker webhook_url can later resolve to 127.0.0.1, 169.254.169.254, or another internal address. This issue is fixed in version 4.6.58.
Severity
6.8 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-08-25 18:16 UTC
CWE
Assigner
References
3 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/MervinPraison/PraisonAI/securi… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/MervinPraison/PraisonAI/commit… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/MervinPraison/PraisonAI/releas… | x_refsource_MISC |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| MervinPraison | PraisonAI |
Affected:
< 4.6.58
|
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CVE-2026-55524 (GCVE-0-2026-55524)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-08-05 19:58 – Updated: 2026-08-06 14:43
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
PraisonAI: SSRF in web_crawl tool via redirect-following and DNS rebinding (validate-then-fetch gap)
Summary
PraisonAI is a multi-agent teams system. In versions prior to 1.6.58, the web_crawl tool performs its SSRF check only on the initially supplied URL, allowing the protection to be bypassed so the tool connects to attacker-chosen internal destinations. The check resolves the hostname once with socket.gethostbyname and rejects private/loopback/link-local results, but then passes the URL to a fetcher using httpx.Client(follow_redirects=True) (or urllib.request.urlopen when httpx is absent, which also follows redirects) that re-resolves the hostname at connect time with no further validation. This validate-here/fetch-there gap is exploitable through both HTTP redirects and DNS rebinding. If an attacker can influence URLs passed to web_crawl(), directly or through an agent/tool workflow, they can cause the PraisonAI host to fetch loopback, private-network, or cloud metadata endpoints reachable from that host, with the response body returned in the web_crawl() result. This issue has been fixed in version 1.6.58.
Severity
7.5 (High)
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-08-06 14:41 UTC
CWE
Assigner
References
1 reference
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/MervinPraison/PraisonAI/securi… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| MervinPraison | PraisonAI |
Affected:
< 1.6.58
|
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CVE-2026-55391 (GCVE-0-2026-55391)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-07-28 21:45 – Updated: 2026-07-29 13:30
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
datamodel-code-generator vulnerable to SSRF protection bypass via DNS rebinding
Summary
datamodel-code-generator generates Pydantic v2 models, dataclasses, TypedDict, and msgspec.Struct from OpenAPI, JSON Schema, GraphQL, Avro, Protobuf, and raw JSON, YAML, or CSV. Prior to 0.63.0, datamodel-code-generator validates a URL host once in src/datamodel_code_generator/http.py through get_body, _validate_url_for_fetch, and _get_ips_from_host, but then lets httpx resolve the host again for the connection, allowing DNS rebinding to bypass allow_private_network=False and reach internal services. This issue is fixed in version 0.63.0.
Severity
7.5 (High)
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-07-29 13:29 UTC
CWE
Assigner
References
4 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/koxudaxi/datamodel-code-genera… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/koxudaxi/datamodel-code-genera… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/koxudaxi/datamodel-code-genera… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://gist.github.com/thegr1ffyn/c1d54dd6ff2a4c… | exploit |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| koxudaxi | datamodel-code-generator |
Affected:
< 0.63.0
|
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"shortName": "GitHub_M"
},
"references": [
{
"name": "https://github.com/koxudaxi/datamodel-code-generator/security/advisories/GHSA-vx7x-vcc2-c44g",
"tags": [
"x_refsource_CONFIRM"
],
"url": "https://github.com/koxudaxi/datamodel-code-generator/security/advisories/GHSA-vx7x-vcc2-c44g"
},
{
"name": "https://github.com/koxudaxi/datamodel-code-generator/commit/25c8b7e497419eb20b230fa3318c04f9bebc5a6f",
"tags": [
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"url": "https://github.com/koxudaxi/datamodel-code-generator/commit/25c8b7e497419eb20b230fa3318c04f9bebc5a6f"
},
{
"name": "https://github.com/koxudaxi/datamodel-code-generator/releases/tag/0.63.0",
"tags": [
"x_refsource_MISC"
],
"url": "https://github.com/koxudaxi/datamodel-code-generator/releases/tag/0.63.0"
}
],
"source": {
"advisory": "GHSA-vx7x-vcc2-c44g",
"discovery": "UNKNOWN"
},
"title": "datamodel-code-generator vulnerable to SSRF protection bypass via DNS rebinding"
}
},
"cveMetadata": {
"assignerOrgId": "a0819718-46f1-4df5-94e2-005712e83aaa",
"assignerShortName": "GitHub_M",
"cveId": "CVE-2026-55391",
"datePublished": "2026-07-28T21:45:39.058Z",
"dateReserved": "2026-06-16T18:57:40.183Z",
"dateUpdated": "2026-07-29T13:30:14.117Z",
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CVE-2026-54777 (GCVE-0-2026-54777)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-07-08 22:01 – Updated: 2026-07-10 03:55
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
CoreWCF NetNamedPipe transport accepts attach to a pre-existing named pipe instance
Summary
CoreWCF is a port of the service side of Windows Communication Foundation (WCF) to .NET Core. Prior to 1.8.1 and 1.9.1, CoreWCF NetNamedPipe transport accepts attachment to a pre-existing named pipe instance, allowing local interception of NetNamedPipe traffic when an attacker races NamedPipeListener startup between shared memory GUID publication and service named pipe creation. This issue is fixed in versions 1.8.1 and 1.9.1.
Severity
6.5 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-07-09 00:00 UTC
Assigner
References
5 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/CoreWCF/CoreWCF/security/advis… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/CoreWCF/CoreWCF/commit/8ed9c78… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/CoreWCF/CoreWCF/commit/e7d2253… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/CoreWCF/CoreWCF/releases/tag/v1.8.1 | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/CoreWCF/CoreWCF/releases/tag/v1.9.1 | x_refsource_MISC |
Impacted products
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"timestamp": "2026-07-09T00:00:00+00:00",
"version": "2.0.3"
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"cna": {
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"vendor": "CoreWCF",
"versions": [
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"status": "affected",
"version": "\u003e= 1.9.0, \u003c 1.9.1"
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{
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"version": "\u003c 1.8.1"
}
]
}
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}
],
"metrics": [
{
"cvssV3_1": {
"attackComplexity": "HIGH",
"attackVector": "LOCAL",
"availabilityImpact": "LOW",
"baseScore": 6.5,
"baseSeverity": "MEDIUM",
"confidentialityImpact": "HIGH",
"integrityImpact": "HIGH",
"privilegesRequired": "LOW",
"scope": "UNCHANGED",
"userInteraction": "NONE",
"vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:H/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:L",
"version": "3.1"
}
}
],
"problemTypes": [
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"descriptions": [
{
"cweId": "CWE-367",
"description": "CWE-367: Time-of-check Time-of-use (TOCTOU) Race Condition",
"lang": "en",
"type": "CWE"
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]
},
{
"descriptions": [
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"description": "CWE-665: Improper Initialization",
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"references": [
{
"name": "https://github.com/CoreWCF/CoreWCF/security/advisories/GHSA-6jj2-4q5c-x8g6",
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"url": "https://github.com/CoreWCF/CoreWCF/security/advisories/GHSA-6jj2-4q5c-x8g6"
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{
"name": "https://github.com/CoreWCF/CoreWCF/commit/8ed9c780c7c6fb22fa215c5771dee0c1e49596b7",
"tags": [
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"url": "https://github.com/CoreWCF/CoreWCF/commit/8ed9c780c7c6fb22fa215c5771dee0c1e49596b7"
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{
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"url": "https://github.com/CoreWCF/CoreWCF/commit/e7d225394fd429900dcbc445dcdd53b94e964077"
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{
"name": "https://github.com/CoreWCF/CoreWCF/releases/tag/v1.8.1",
"tags": [
"x_refsource_MISC"
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"url": "https://github.com/CoreWCF/CoreWCF/releases/tag/v1.8.1"
},
{
"name": "https://github.com/CoreWCF/CoreWCF/releases/tag/v1.9.1",
"tags": [
"x_refsource_MISC"
],
"url": "https://github.com/CoreWCF/CoreWCF/releases/tag/v1.9.1"
}
],
"source": {
"advisory": "GHSA-6jj2-4q5c-x8g6",
"discovery": "UNKNOWN"
},
"title": "CoreWCF NetNamedPipe transport accepts attach to a pre-existing named pipe instance"
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Mitigation
Implementation
The most basic advice for TOCTOU vulnerabilities is to not perform a check before the use. This does not resolve the underlying issue of the execution of a function on a resource whose state and identity cannot be assured, but it does help to limit the false sense of security given by the check.
Mitigation
Implementation
When the file being altered is owned by the current user and group, set the effective gid and uid to that of the current user and group when executing this statement.
Mitigation
Architecture and Design
Limit the interleaving of operations on files from multiple processes.
Mitigation
Implementation
Architecture and Design
If you cannot perform operations atomically and you must share access to the resource between multiple processes or threads, then try to limit the amount of time (CPU cycles) between the check and use of the resource. This will not fix the problem, but it could make it more difficult for an attack to succeed.
Mitigation
Implementation
Recheck the resource after the use call to verify that the action was taken appropriately.
Mitigation
Architecture and Design
Ensure that some environmental locking mechanism can be used to protect resources effectively.
Mitigation
Implementation
Ensure that locking occurs before the check, as opposed to afterwards, such that the resource, as checked, is the same as it is when in use.
CAPEC-27: Leveraging Race Conditions via Symbolic Links
This attack leverages the use of symbolic links (Symlinks) in order to write to sensitive files. An attacker can create a Symlink link to a target file not otherwise accessible to them. When the privileged program tries to create a temporary file with the same name as the Symlink link, it will actually write to the target file pointed to by the attackers' Symlink link. If the attacker can insert malicious content in the temporary file they will be writing to the sensitive file by using the Symlink. The race occurs because the system checks if the temporary file exists, then creates the file. The attacker would typically create the Symlink during the interval between the check and the creation of the temporary file.
CAPEC-29: Leveraging Time-of-Check and Time-of-Use (TOCTOU) Race Conditions
This attack targets a race condition occurring between the time of check (state) for a resource and the time of use of a resource. A typical example is file access. The adversary can leverage a file access race condition by "running the race", meaning that they would modify the resource between the first time the target program accesses the file and the time the target program uses the file. During that period of time, the adversary could replace or modify the file, causing the application to behave unexpectedly.