Common Weakness Enumeration

CWE-290

Allowed

Authentication Bypass by Spoofing

Abstraction: Base · Status: Incomplete

This attack-focused weakness is caused by incorrectly implemented authentication schemes that are subject to spoofing attacks.

1030 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.

GHSA-3X3G-JJ7X-GR2F

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-13 01:47 – Updated: 2025-04-20 03:37
VLAI
Details

KDE kdelibs before 4.14.32 and KAuth before 5.34 allow local users to gain root privileges by spoofing a callerID and leveraging a privileged helper app.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2017-8422"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-290"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2017-05-17T14:29:00Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "KDE kdelibs before 4.14.32 and KAuth before 5.34 allow local users to gain root privileges by spoofing a callerID and leveraging a privileged helper app.",
  "id": "GHSA-3x3g-jj7x-gr2f",
  "modified": "2025-04-20T03:37:46Z",
  "published": "2022-05-13T01:47:32Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2017-8422"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2017:1264"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=1449647"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://cgit.kde.org/kauth.git/commit/?id=df875f725293af53399f5146362eb158b4f9216a"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://cgit.kde.org/kdelibs.git/commit/?id=264e97625abe2e0334f97de17f6ffb52582888ab"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://security.gentoo.org/glsa/201706-29"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.exploit-db.com/exploits/42053"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.kde.org/info/security/advisory-20170510-1.txt"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www.debian.org/security/2017/dsa-3849"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www.openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2017/05/10/3"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/98412"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www.securitytracker.com/id/1038480"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-3XCH-8F67-FQCG

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-07-21 21:32 – Updated: 2026-07-22 18:32
VLAI
Details

An issue in DayuanJiang next-ai-draw-io 0.4.13 allows a remote attacker to obtain sensitive information via the X-Forwarded-For header value

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-50755"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-290"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-07-21T20:17:01Z",
    "severity": "CRITICAL"
  },
  "details": "An issue in DayuanJiang next-ai-draw-io 0.4.13 allows a remote attacker to obtain sensitive information via the X-Forwarded-For header value",
  "id": "GHSA-3xch-8f67-fqcg",
  "modified": "2026-07-22T18:32:28Z",
  "published": "2026-07-21T21:32:39Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-50755"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/DayuanJiang/next-ai-draw-io/issues/750"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/August829/Yu/blob/main/CVE-2026-50755.md"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-427C-XC35-8535

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-06-04 09:30 – Updated: 2024-06-04 09:30
VLAI
Details

Authentication Bypass by Spoofing vulnerability in IP2Location Download IP2Location Country Blocker allows Accessing Functionality Not Properly Constrained by ACLs.This issue affects Download IP2Location Country Blocker: from n/a through 2.29.1.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2023-37865"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-290"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2024-06-04T07:15:43Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "Authentication Bypass by Spoofing vulnerability in IP2Location Download IP2Location Country Blocker allows Accessing Functionality Not Properly Constrained by ACLs.This issue affects Download IP2Location Country Blocker: from n/a through 2.29.1.",
  "id": "GHSA-427c-xc35-8535",
  "modified": "2024-06-04T09:30:56Z",
  "published": "2024-06-04T09:30:56Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-37865"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://patchstack.com/database/vulnerability/ip2location-country-blocker/wordpress-ip2location-country-blocker-plugin-2-29-1-ip-bypass-vulnerability-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-433G-Q37H-7CRR

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-09-28 00:00 – Updated: 2025-11-04 21:30
VLAI
Details

Layer 2 network filtering capabilities such as IPv6 RA guard can be bypassed using combinations of VLAN 0 headers, LLC/SNAP headers, and converting frames from Ethernet to Wifi and its reverse.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2021-27854"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-290"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2022-09-27T19:15:00Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "Layer 2 network filtering capabilities such as IPv6 RA guard can be bypassed using combinations of VLAN 0 headers, LLC/SNAP headers, and converting frames from Ethernet to Wifi and its reverse.",
  "id": "GHSA-433g-q37h-7crr",
  "modified": "2025-11-04T21:30:27Z",
  "published": "2022-09-28T00:00:18Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-27854"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://blog.champtar.fr/VLAN0_LLC_SNAP"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/draft-ietf-v6ops-ra-guard/08"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://kb.cert.org/vuls/id/855201"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://standards.ieee.org/ieee/802.1Q/10323"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://standards.ieee.org/ieee/802.2/1048"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.kb.cert.org/vuls/id/855201"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:A/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:C/C:N/I:L/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-4399-C2V8-9JHJ

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-06-05 00:31 – Updated: 2026-06-06 03:31
VLAI
Details

Inappropriate implementation in Payments in Google Chrome prior to 149.0.7827.53 allowed a remote attacker who convinced a user to engage in specific UI gestures to perform UI spoofing via a crafted HTML page. (Chromium security severity: Medium)

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-11001"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-290",
      "CWE-451"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-06-04T23:17:03Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "Inappropriate implementation in Payments in Google Chrome prior to 149.0.7827.53 allowed a remote attacker who convinced a user to engage in specific UI gestures to perform UI spoofing via a crafted HTML page. (Chromium security severity: Medium)",
  "id": "GHSA-4399-c2v8-9jhj",
  "modified": "2026-06-06T03:31:20Z",
  "published": "2026-06-05T00:31:42Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-11001"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://chromereleases.googleblog.com/2026/06/stable-channel-update-for-desktop.html"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://issues.chromium.org/issues/493691489"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-43F2-JMWH-R66H

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-11-06 18:32 – Updated: 2026-01-20 15:31
VLAI
Details

Authentication Bypass by Spoofing vulnerability in Saad Iqbal All In One Login change-wp-admin-login allows Identity Spoofing.This issue affects All In One Login: from n/a through <= 2.0.8.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2025-58595"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-290"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2025-11-06T16:15:59Z",
    "severity": "CRITICAL"
  },
  "details": "Authentication Bypass by Spoofing vulnerability in Saad Iqbal All In One Login change-wp-admin-login allows Identity Spoofing.This issue affects All In One Login: from n/a through \u003c= 2.0.8.",
  "id": "GHSA-43f2-jmwh-r66h",
  "modified": "2026-01-20T15:31:48Z",
  "published": "2025-11-06T18:32:54Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-58595"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://patchstack.com/database/Wordpress/Plugin/change-wp-admin-login/vulnerability/wordpress-all-in-one-login-plugin-2-0-8-bypass-vulnerability-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://vdp.patchstack.com/database/Wordpress/Plugin/change-wp-admin-login/vulnerability/wordpress-all-in-one-login-plugin-2-0-8-bypass-vulnerability-vulnerability"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://vdp.patchstack.com/database/Wordpress/Plugin/change-wp-admin-login/vulnerability/wordpress-all-in-one-login-plugin-2-0-8-bypass-vulnerability-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-4428-9RH9-R27G

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-01-19 18:30 – Updated: 2026-06-30 03:35
VLAI
Details

An issue was discovered in OpenStack keystonemiddleware 10.5 through 10.7 before 10.7.2, 10.8 and 10.9 before 10.9.1, and 10.10 through 10.12 before 10.12.1. The external_oauth2_token middleware fails to sanitize incoming authentication headers before processing OAuth 2.0 tokens. By sending forged identity headers such as X-Is-Admin-Project, X-Roles, or X-User-Id, an authenticated attacker may escalate privileges or impersonate other users. All deployments using the external_oauth2_token middleware are affected.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-22797"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-290"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-01-19T18:16:04Z",
    "severity": "CRITICAL"
  },
  "details": "An issue was discovered in OpenStack keystonemiddleware 10.5 through 10.7 before 10.7.2, 10.8 and 10.9 before 10.9.1, and 10.10 through 10.12 before 10.12.1. The external_oauth2_token middleware fails to sanitize incoming authentication headers before processing OAuth 2.0 tokens. By sending forged identity headers such as X-Is-Admin-Project, X-Roles, or X-User-Id, an authenticated attacker may escalate privileges or impersonate other users. All deployments using the external_oauth2_token middleware are affected.",
  "id": "GHSA-4428-9rh9-r27g",
  "modified": "2026-06-30T03:35:26Z",
  "published": "2026-01-19T18:30:28Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-22797"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:3402"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:3855"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:4434"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:5133"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:5907"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://access.redhat.com/security/cve/CVE-2026-22797"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=2430879"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://launchpad.net/bugs/2129018"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://security.access.redhat.com/data/csaf/v2/vex/2026/cve-2026-22797.json"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2026/01/16/9"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www.openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2026/01/15/1"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www.openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2026/01/16/2"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www.openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2026/01/16/3"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www.openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2026/01/16/9"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:L",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-44P7-QPR4-RGVF

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 19:01 – Updated: 2022-05-24 19:01
VLAI
Details

An exploitable denial-of-service vulnerability exists in Systemd 245. A specially crafted DHCP FORCERENEW packet can cause a server running the DHCP client to be vulnerable to a DHCP ACK spoofing attack. An attacker can forge a pair of FORCERENEW and DCHP ACK packets to reconfigure the server.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2020-13529"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-290"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2021-05-10T16:15:00Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "An exploitable denial-of-service vulnerability exists in Systemd 245. A specially crafted DHCP FORCERENEW packet can cause a server running the DHCP client to be vulnerable to a DHCP ACK spoofing attack. An attacker can forge a pair of FORCERENEW and DCHP ACK packets to reconfigure the server.",
  "id": "GHSA-44p7-qpr4-rgvf",
  "modified": "2022-05-24T19:01:53Z",
  "published": "2022-05-24T19:01:53Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2020-13529"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/package-announce@lists.fedoraproject.org/message/42TMJVNYRY65B4QCJICBYOEIVZV3KUYI"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://security.gentoo.org/glsa/202107-48"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://security.netapp.com/advisory/ntap-20210625-0005"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://talosintelligence.com/vulnerability_reports/TALOS-2020-1142"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www.openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2021/08/04/2"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www.openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2021/08/17/3"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www.openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2021/09/07/3"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:A/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:C/C:N/I:N/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-4522-54PV-7J84

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-09-01 15:31 – Updated: 2026-09-01 15:31
VLAI
Details

Dell PowerStore contains an Authentication Bypass by Spoofing vulnerability. An authenticated attacker could potentially exploit this vulnerability to escalate privileges to Administrator.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-58575"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-290"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-09-01T13:19:52Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "Dell PowerStore contains an Authentication Bypass by Spoofing vulnerability. An authenticated attacker could potentially exploit this vulnerability to escalate privileges to Administrator.",
  "id": "GHSA-4522-54pv-7j84",
  "modified": "2026-09-01T15:31:07Z",
  "published": "2026-09-01T15:31:07Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-58575"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.dell.com/support/kbdoc/en-us/000497829/dsa-2026-330-dell-powerstore-t-security-update-for-multiple-vulnerabilities"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-45JQ-7379-9R42

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-11-08 03:30 – Updated: 2023-11-15 18:30
VLAI
Details

Vulnerability of identity verification being bypassed in the face unlock module. Successful exploitation of this vulnerability will affect integrity and confidentiality.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2023-5801"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-290"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2023-11-08T03:15:08Z",
    "severity": "CRITICAL"
  },
  "details": "Vulnerability of identity verification being bypassed in the face unlock module. Successful exploitation of this vulnerability will affect integrity and confidentiality.",
  "id": "GHSA-45jq-7379-9r42",
  "modified": "2023-11-15T18:30:21Z",
  "published": "2023-11-08T03:30:32Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-5801"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://consumer.huawei.com/en/support/bulletin/2023/11"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://device.harmonyos.com/en/docs/security/update/security-bulletins-202311-0000001729189597"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

No mitigation information available for this CWE.

CAPEC-21: Exploitation of Trusted Identifiers

An adversary guesses, obtains, or "rides" a trusted identifier (e.g. session ID, resource ID, cookie, etc.) to perform authorized actions under the guise of an authenticated user or service.

CAPEC-22: Exploiting Trust in Client

An attack of this type exploits vulnerabilities in client/server communication channel authentication and data integrity. It leverages the implicit trust a server places in the client, or more importantly, that which the server believes is the client. An attacker executes this type of attack by communicating directly with the server where the server believes it is communicating only with a valid client. There are numerous variations of this type of attack.

CAPEC-459: Creating a Rogue Certification Authority Certificate

An adversary exploits a weakness resulting from using a hashing algorithm with weak collision resistance to generate certificate signing requests (CSR) that contain collision blocks in their "to be signed" parts. The adversary submits one CSR to be signed by a trusted certificate authority then uses the signed blob to make a second certificate appear signed by said certificate authority. Due to the hash collision, both certificates, though different, hash to the same value and so the signed blob works just as well in the second certificate. The net effect is that the adversary's second X.509 certificate, which the Certification Authority has never seen, is now signed and validated by that Certification Authority.

CAPEC-461: Web Services API Signature Forgery Leveraging Hash Function Extension Weakness

An adversary utilizes a hash function extension/padding weakness, to modify the parameters passed to the web service requesting authentication by generating their own call in order to generate a legitimate signature hash (as described in the notes), without knowledge of the secret token sometimes provided by the web service.

CAPEC-473: Signature Spoof

An attacker generates a message or datablock that causes the recipient to believe that the message or datablock was generated and cryptographically signed by an authoritative or reputable source, misleading a victim or victim operating system into performing malicious actions.

CAPEC-476: Signature Spoofing by Misrepresentation

An attacker exploits a weakness in the parsing or display code of the recipient software to generate a data blob containing a supposedly valid signature, but the signer's identity is falsely represented, which can lead to the attacker manipulating the recipient software or its victim user to perform compromising actions.

CAPEC-59: Session Credential Falsification through Prediction

This attack targets predictable session ID in order to gain privileges. The attacker can predict the session ID used during a transaction to perform spoofing and session hijacking.

CAPEC-60: Reusing Session IDs (aka Session Replay)

This attack targets the reuse of valid session ID to spoof the target system in order to gain privileges. The attacker tries to reuse a stolen session ID used previously during a transaction to perform spoofing and session hijacking. Another name for this type of attack is Session Replay.

CAPEC-667: Bluetooth Impersonation AttackS (BIAS)

An adversary disguises the MAC address of their Bluetooth enabled device to one for which there exists an active and trusted connection and authenticates successfully. The adversary can then perform malicious actions on the target Bluetooth device depending on the target’s capabilities.

CAPEC-94: Adversary in the Middle (AiTM)

An adversary targets the communication between two components (typically client and server), in order to alter or obtain data from transactions. A general approach entails the adversary placing themself within the communication channel between the two components.