Common Weakness Enumeration

CWE-287

Discouraged

Improper Authentication

Abstraction: Class · Status: Draft

When an actor claims to have a given identity, the product does not prove or insufficiently proves that the claim is correct.

5964 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.

GHSA-VG8P-42HP-9G25

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-13 01:28 – Updated: 2022-05-13 01:28
VLAI
Details

An authentication bypass flaw was found in the way krb5's certauth interface before 1.16.1 handled the validation of client certificates. A remote attacker able to communicate with the KDC could potentially use this flaw to impersonate arbitrary principals under rare and erroneous circumstances.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2017-7562"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-287"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2018-07-26T15:29:00Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "An authentication bypass flaw was found in the way krb5\u0027s certauth interface before 1.16.1 handled the validation of client certificates. A remote attacker able to communicate with the KDC could potentially use this flaw to impersonate arbitrary principals under rare and erroneous circumstances.",
  "id": "GHSA-vg8p-42hp-9g25",
  "modified": "2022-05-13T01:28:47Z",
  "published": "2022-05-13T01:28:47Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2017-7562"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/krb5/krb5/pull/694"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/krb5/krb5/pull/694/commits/1de6ca2f2eb1fdbab51f1549a25a6903aefcc196"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/krb5/krb5/pull/694/commits/50fe4074f188c2d4da0c421e96553acea8378db2"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/krb5/krb5/pull/694/commits/b7af544e50a4d8291524f590e20dd44430bf627d"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2018:0666"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://access.redhat.com/security/cve/CVE-2017-7562"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=1485510"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=CVE-2017-7562"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/100511"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-VGM8-MF6Q-65V2

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-03-18 18:31 – Updated: 2026-04-08 18:34
VLAI
Details

The KiviCare – Clinic & Patient Management System (EHR) plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to Authentication Bypass in all versions up to, and including, 4.1.2. This is due to the patientSocialLogin() function not verifying the social provider access token before authenticating a user. This makes it possible for unauthenticated attackers to log in as any patient registered on the system by providing only their email address and an arbitrary value for the access token, bypassing all credential verification. The attacker gains access to sensitive medical records, appointments, prescriptions, and billing information (PII/PHI breach). Additionally, authentication cookies are set before the role check, meaning the auth cookies for non-patient users (including administrators) are also set in the HTTP response headers, even though a 403 response is returned.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-2991"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-287"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-03-18T16:16:27Z",
    "severity": "CRITICAL"
  },
  "details": "The KiviCare \u2013 Clinic \u0026 Patient Management System (EHR) plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to Authentication Bypass in all versions up to, and including, 4.1.2. This is due to the `patientSocialLogin()` function not verifying the social provider access token before authenticating a user. This makes it possible for unauthenticated attackers to log in as any patient registered on the system by providing only their email address and an arbitrary value for the access token, bypassing all credential verification. The attacker gains access to sensitive medical records, appointments, prescriptions, and billing information (PII/PHI breach). Additionally, authentication cookies are set before the role check, meaning the auth cookies for non-patient users (including administrators) are also set in the HTTP response headers, even though a 403 response is returned.",
  "id": "GHSA-vgm8-mf6q-65v2",
  "modified": "2026-04-08T18:34:04Z",
  "published": "2026-03-18T18:31:16Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-2991"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/kivicare-clinic-management-system/trunk/app/controllers/api/AuthController.php#L1852"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/kivicare-clinic-management-system/trunk/app/controllers/api/AuthController.php#L284"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/changeset/3467409"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.wordfence.com/threat-intel/vulnerabilities/id/8d22448b-aa8e-4775-b7c5-e7bae94a3f6d?source=cve"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-VGP3-R337-849C

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-05-03 06:30 – Updated: 2026-05-03 06:30
VLAI
Details

A security flaw has been discovered in YunaiV yudao-cloud up to 2026.01. This impacts the function getAccessToken of the file yudao-module-system-biz/src/main/java/io/github/ruoyi/common/oauth2/service/impl/OAuth2TokenServiceImpl.java. Performing a manipulation results in improper authentication. The attack can be initiated remotely. The exploit has been released to the public and may be used for attacks. The vendor was contacted early about this disclosure but did not respond in any way.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-7679"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-287"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-05-03T05:15:59Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "A security flaw has been discovered in YunaiV yudao-cloud up to 2026.01. This impacts the function getAccessToken of the file yudao-module-system-biz/src/main/java/io/github/ruoyi/common/oauth2/service/impl/OAuth2TokenServiceImpl.java. Performing a manipulation results in improper authentication. The attack can be initiated remotely. The exploit has been released to the public and may be used for attacks. The vendor was contacted early about this disclosure but did not respond in any way.",
  "id": "GHSA-vgp3-r337-849c",
  "modified": "2026-05-03T06:30:23Z",
  "published": "2026-05-03T06:30:23Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-7679"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/9str0IL/CVE/issues/1"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://vuldb.com/submit/800866"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://vuldb.com/vuln/360832"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://vuldb.com/vuln/360832/cti"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:L",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    },
    {
      "score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:L/VI:L/VA:L/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:P/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
      "type": "CVSS_V4"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-VGPH-X7JW-7PPP

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-17 04:20 – Updated: 2022-05-17 04:20
VLAI
Details

ZTE ZXDSL 831CII allows remote attackers to bypass authentication via a direct request to (1) main.cgi, (2) adminpasswd.cgi, (3) userpasswd.cgi, (4) upload.cgi, (5) conprocess.cgi, or (6) connect.cgi.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2014-9184"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-287"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2014-12-02T18:59:00Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "ZTE ZXDSL 831CII allows remote attackers to bypass authentication via a direct request to (1) main.cgi, (2) adminpasswd.cgi, (3) userpasswd.cgi, (4) upload.cgi, (5) conprocess.cgi, or (6) connect.cgi.",
  "id": "GHSA-vgph-x7jw-7ppp",
  "modified": "2022-05-17T04:20:45Z",
  "published": "2022-05-17T04:20:45Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2014-9184"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://packetstormsecurity.com/files/129015/ZTE-ZXDSL-831CII-Insecure-Direct-Object-Reference.html"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": []
}

GHSA-VGQ3-99GC-Q8RM

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-14 03:29 – Updated: 2022-05-14 03:29
VLAI
Details

In Android before 2018-01-05 on Qualcomm Snapdragon IoT, Snapdragon Mobile, Snapdragon Automobile APQ8096AU, MDM9206, MDM9650, MSM8996AU, SD 210/SD 212/SD 205, SD 425, SD 430, SD 625, SD 650/52, SD 820, SD 835, it is possible for the XBL loader to skip the authentication of device config.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2017-14911"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-287"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2018-03-30T15:29:00Z",
    "severity": "CRITICAL"
  },
  "details": "In Android before 2018-01-05 on Qualcomm Snapdragon IoT, Snapdragon Mobile, Snapdragon Automobile APQ8096AU, MDM9206, MDM9650, MSM8996AU, SD 210/SD 212/SD 205, SD 425, SD 430, SD 625, SD 650/52, SD 820, SD 835, it is possible for the XBL loader to skip the authentication of device config.",
  "id": "GHSA-vgq3-99gc-q8rm",
  "modified": "2022-05-14T03:29:07Z",
  "published": "2022-05-14T03:29:07Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2017-14911"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://source.android.com/security/bulletin/2018-01-01"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/102386"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www.securitytracker.com/id/1040106"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-VGW5-5G2P-CV79

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-07-16 18:32 – Updated: 2025-07-16 18:32
VLAI
Details

An authentication bypass and disclosure of information vulnerability exists in HPE AutoPass License Server (APLS) prior to 9.18.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2025-37106"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-287"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2025-07-16T18:15:24Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "An authentication bypass and disclosure of information vulnerability exists in HPE AutoPass License Server (APLS) prior to 9.18.",
  "id": "GHSA-vgw5-5g2p-cv79",
  "modified": "2025-07-16T18:32:38Z",
  "published": "2025-07-16T18:32:38Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-37106"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://support.hpe.com/hpesc/public/docDisplay?docId=hpesbgn04877en_us"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:L",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-VGWJ-FV3C-WW5M

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-14 02:55 – Updated: 2022-05-14 02:55
VLAI
Details

The remote console in the Server Controller in IBM Lotus Domino 7.x and 8.x verifies credentials against a file located at a UNC share pathname specified by the client, which allows remote attackers to bypass authentication, and consequently execute arbitrary code, by placing this pathname in the COOKIEFILE field. NOTE: this might overlap CVE-2011-0920.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2011-1519"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-287"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2011-03-25T19:55:00Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "The remote console in the Server Controller in IBM Lotus Domino 7.x and 8.x verifies credentials against a file located at a UNC share pathname specified by the client, which allows remote attackers to bypass authentication, and consequently execute arbitrary code, by placing this pathname in the COOKIEFILE field.  NOTE: this might overlap CVE-2011-0920.",
  "id": "GHSA-vgwj-fv3c-ww5m",
  "modified": "2022-05-14T02:55:48Z",
  "published": "2022-05-14T02:55:48Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2011-1519"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://secunia.com/advisories/43860"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://securityreason.com/securityalert/8164"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://securitytracker.com/id?1025241"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/archive/1/517119/100/0/threaded"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/46985"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www.vupen.com/english/advisories/2011/0758"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www.zerodayinitiative.com/advisories/ZDI-11-110"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": []
}

GHSA-VGWQ-9G63-J555

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-07-20 09:32 – Updated: 2025-08-27 18:31
VLAI
Details

A vulnerability classified as critical has been found in Metasoft 美特软件 MetaCRM up to 6.4.2. This affects an unknown part of the file /debug.jsp. The manipulation leads to improper authentication. It is possible to initiate the attack remotely. The exploit has been disclosed to the public and may be used. The vendor was contacted early about this disclosure but did not respond in any way.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2025-7875"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-287"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2025-07-20T08:15:23Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "A vulnerability classified as critical has been found in Metasoft \u7f8e\u7279\u8f6f\u4ef6 MetaCRM up to 6.4.2. This affects an unknown part of the file /debug.jsp. The manipulation leads to improper authentication. It is possible to initiate the attack remotely. The exploit has been disclosed to the public and may be used. The vendor was contacted early about this disclosure but did not respond in any way.",
  "id": "GHSA-vgwq-9g63-j555",
  "modified": "2025-08-27T18:31:51Z",
  "published": "2025-07-20T09:32:40Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-7875"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/FightingLzn9/vul/blob/main/MetaCRM6-SIL-2.md"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://vuldb.com/?ctiid.316989"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://vuldb.com/?id.316989"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:L",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    },
    {
      "score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:L/VI:L/VA:L/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:P/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
      "type": "CVSS_V4"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-VGXR-5GFW-XP36

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-07-06 03:30 – Updated: 2024-04-04 05:25
VLAI
Details

Improper authentication in Samsung Pass prior to version 4.2.03.1 allows local attacker to access stored account information when Samsung Wallet is not installed.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2023-30675"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-287"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2023-07-06T03:15:12Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "Improper authentication in Samsung Pass prior to version 4.2.03.1 allows local attacker to access stored account information when Samsung Wallet is not installed.",
  "id": "GHSA-vgxr-5gfw-xp36",
  "modified": "2024-04-04T05:25:51Z",
  "published": "2023-07-06T03:30:45Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-30675"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://security.samsungmobile.com/serviceWeb.smsb?year=2023\u0026month=07"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-VH4H-FVQF-Q9WV

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-05-01 03:31 – Updated: 2025-05-01 17:01
VLAI
Summary
Duplicate Advisory: @cloudflare/workers-oauth-provider PKCE bypass via downgrade attack
Details

Duplicate Advisory

This advisory has been withdrawn because it is a duplicate of GHSA-qgp8-v765-qxx9. This link is maintained to preserve external references.

Original Description

PKCE was implemented in the OAuth implementation in workers-oauth-provider that is part of MCP framework https://github.com/cloudflare/workers-mcp . However, it was found that an attacker could cause the check to be skipped.

Fixed in:

https://github.com/cloudflare/workers-oauth-provider/pull/27 https://github.com/cloudflare/workers-oauth-provider/pull/27

Impact:

PKCE is a defense-in-depth mechanism against certain kinds of attacks and was an optional extension in OAuth 2.0 which became required in the OAuth 2.1 draft. (Note that the MCP specification requires OAuth 2.1.). This bug completely bypasses PKCE protection.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "npm",
        "name": "@cloudflare/workers-oauth-provider"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "0.0.5"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-287"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2025-05-01T17:01:33Z",
    "nvd_published_at": "2025-05-01T01:15:54Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "# Duplicate Advisory\nThis advisory has been withdrawn because it is a duplicate of GHSA-qgp8-v765-qxx9. This link is maintained to preserve external references.\n\n# Original Description\nPKCE was implemented in the OAuth implementation in workers-oauth-provider that is part of  MCP framework https://github.com/cloudflare/workers-mcp . However, it\u00a0was found that an attacker could cause the check to be skipped.\n\n\nFixed in:\n\n \n\n https://github.com/cloudflare/workers-oauth-provider/pull/27 https://github.com/cloudflare/workers-oauth-provider/pull/27 \n\n\nImpact: \n\nPKCE is a defense-in-depth mechanism against certain kinds of attacks and was an optional extension in OAuth 2.0 which became required in the OAuth 2.1 draft. (Note that the MCP specification requires OAuth 2.1.).\u00a0This bug completely bypasses PKCE protection.",
  "id": "GHSA-vh4h-fvqf-q9wv",
  "modified": "2025-05-01T17:01:34Z",
  "published": "2025-05-01T03:31:17Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-4144"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/cloudflare/workers-oauth-provider/pull/27"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:P/VC:N/VI:L/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:Amber",
      "type": "CVSS_V4"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "Duplicate Advisory: @cloudflare/workers-oauth-provider PKCE bypass via downgrade attack",
  "withdrawn": "2025-05-01T17:01:33Z"
}

Mitigation
Architecture and Design

Strategy: Libraries or Frameworks

Use an authentication framework or library such as the OWASP ESAPI Authentication feature.

CAPEC-114: Authentication Abuse

An attacker obtains unauthorized access to an application, service or device either through knowledge of the inherent weaknesses of an authentication mechanism, or by exploiting a flaw in the authentication scheme's implementation. In such an attack an authentication mechanism is functioning but a carefully controlled sequence of events causes the mechanism to grant access to the attacker.

CAPEC-115: Authentication Bypass

An attacker gains access to application, service, or device with the privileges of an authorized or privileged user by evading or circumventing an authentication mechanism. The attacker is therefore able to access protected data without authentication ever having taken place.

CAPEC-151: Identity Spoofing

Identity Spoofing refers to the action of assuming (i.e., taking on) the identity of some other entity (human or non-human) and then using that identity to accomplish a goal. An adversary may craft messages that appear to come from a different principle or use stolen / spoofed authentication credentials.

CAPEC-194: Fake the Source of Data

An adversary takes advantage of improper authentication to provide data or services under a falsified identity. The purpose of using the falsified identity may be to prevent traceability of the provided data or to assume the rights granted to another individual. One of the simplest forms of this attack would be the creation of an email message with a modified "From" field in order to appear that the message was sent from someone other than the actual sender. The root of the attack (in this case the email system) fails to properly authenticate the source and this results in the reader incorrectly performing the instructed action. Results of the attack vary depending on the details of the attack, but common results include privilege escalation, obfuscation of other attacks, and data corruption/manipulation.

CAPEC-22: Exploiting Trust in Client

An attack of this type exploits vulnerabilities in client/server communication channel authentication and data integrity. It leverages the implicit trust a server places in the client, or more importantly, that which the server believes is the client. An attacker executes this type of attack by communicating directly with the server where the server believes it is communicating only with a valid client. There are numerous variations of this type of attack.

CAPEC-57: Utilizing REST's Trust in the System Resource to Obtain Sensitive Data

This attack utilizes a REST(REpresentational State Transfer)-style applications' trust in the system resources and environment to obtain sensitive data once SSL is terminated.

CAPEC-593: Session Hijacking

This type of attack involves an adversary that exploits weaknesses in an application's use of sessions in performing authentication. The adversary is able to steal or manipulate an active session and use it to gain unathorized access to the application.

CAPEC-633: Token Impersonation

An adversary exploits a weakness in authentication to create an access token (or equivalent) that impersonates a different entity, and then associates a process/thread to that that impersonated token. This action causes a downstream user to make a decision or take action that is based on the assumed identity, and not the response that blocks the adversary.

CAPEC-650: Upload a Web Shell to a Web Server

By exploiting insufficient permissions, it is possible to upload a web shell to a web server in such a way that it can be executed remotely. This shell can have various capabilities, thereby acting as a "gateway" to the underlying web server. The shell might execute at the higher permission level of the web server, providing the ability the execute malicious code at elevated levels.

CAPEC-94: Adversary in the Middle (AiTM)

An adversary targets the communication between two components (typically client and server), in order to alter or obtain data from transactions. A general approach entails the adversary placing themself within the communication channel between the two components.