CWE-287
DiscouragedImproper Authentication
Abstraction: Class · Status: Draft
When an actor claims to have a given identity, the product does not prove or insufficiently proves that the claim is correct.
6040 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
GHSA-G533-46G7-G2F9
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-03-26 18:30 – Updated: 2025-04-02 21:30CrushFTP versions 10.0.0 through 10.8.3 and 11.0.0 through 11.3.0 are affected by a vulnerability that may result in unauthenticated access. Remote and unauthenticated HTTP requests to CrushFTP may allow attackers to gain unauthorized access.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-2825"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-287"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-03-26T16:15:23Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "CrushFTP versions 10.0.0 through 10.8.3 and 11.0.0 through 11.3.0 are affected by a vulnerability that may result in unauthenticated access. Remote and unauthenticated HTTP requests to CrushFTP may allow attackers to gain unauthorized access.",
"id": "GHSA-g533-46g7-g2f9",
"modified": "2025-04-02T21:30:49Z",
"published": "2025-03-26T18:30:50Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-2825"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://attackerkb.com/topics/k0EgiL9Psz/cve-2025-2825/rapid7-analysis"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://outpost24.com/blog/crushftp-auth-bypass-vulnerability"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://projectdiscovery.io/blog/crushftp-authentication-bypass"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/projectdiscovery/nuclei-templates/main/http/cves/2025/CVE-2025-2825.yaml"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.crushftp.com/crush11wiki/Wiki.jsp?page=Update"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.rapid7.com/blog/post/2025/03/25/etr-notable-vulnerabilities-in-next-js-cve-2025-29927"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.runzero.com/blog/crushftp"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-G53W-W6MJ-HRPP
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-05-19 19:42 – Updated: 2026-07-21 14:42Summary
The MCP router (ext_proc) exposes an initialize-method code path that, when a
request carries an mcp-init-host header, bypasses the gateway JWT session
validator and rewrites the upstream :authority header to whatever the caller
chooses, gated only by a single shared header value (router-key). The shared
value is
- a literal string (
secret-api-key) baked intocmd/mcp-broker-router/main.goas a fall-back default, and - in controller-managed deployments, a SHA-256 truncation of the
MCPGatewayExtensionUID — a non-secret value visible to anyone withgetpermission on the resource, and additionally exposed inargvbecause it is passed to the broker-router container via--mcp-router-key=....
A request that satisfies the trivial header check is forwarded to any backend
listener registered with the gateway (including external services such as
api.githubcopilot.com when configured), bypassing both the broker (where the
signed x-mcp-authorized capability filter is enforced) and the gateway's
JWT-based session model.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Go",
"name": "github.com/Kuadrant/mcp-gateway"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "0.7.0"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-287",
"CWE-346",
"CWE-639"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2026-05-19T19:42:46Z",
"nvd_published_at": null,
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "## Summary\n \nThe MCP router (ext_proc) exposes an `initialize`-method code path that, when a\nrequest carries an `mcp-init-host` header, bypasses the gateway JWT session\nvalidator and rewrites the upstream `:authority` header to whatever the caller\nchooses, gated only by a single shared header value (`router-key`). The shared\nvalue is\n\n* a literal string (`secret-api-key`) baked into `cmd/mcp-broker-router/main.go`\n as a fall-back default, and\n* in controller-managed deployments, a SHA-256 truncation of the\n `MCPGatewayExtension` UID \u2014 a non-secret value visible to anyone with `get`\n permission on the resource, and additionally exposed in `argv` because it is\n passed to the broker-router container via `--mcp-router-key=...`.\n\nA request that satisfies the trivial header check is forwarded to any backend\nlistener registered with the gateway (including external services such as\n`api.githubcopilot.com` when configured), bypassing both the broker (where the\nsigned `x-mcp-authorized` capability filter is enforced) and the gateway\u0027s\nJWT-based session model.",
"id": "GHSA-g53w-w6mj-hrpp",
"modified": "2026-07-21T14:42:27Z",
"published": "2026-05-19T19:42:46Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/Kuadrant/mcp-gateway/security/advisories/GHSA-g53w-w6mj-hrpp"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/Kuadrant/mcp-gateway/commit/6052079283472aff99727058c92618178f86b2d7"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/Kuadrant/mcp-gateway"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/Kuadrant/mcp-gateway/releases/tag/v0.7.0"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
],
"summary": "MCP Gateway: Authority-injection and JWT/session bypass via the unauthenticated router hair-pin \"router-key\" / \"mcp-init-host\" path"
}
GHSA-G559-66G4-JX42
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2021-12-08 00:01 – Updated: 2021-12-09 00:01There is a Improper Authentication vulnerability in Huawei Smartphone.Successful exploitation of this vulnerability may lead to account authentication bypassed.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2021-37100"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-287"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2021-12-07T17:15:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "There is a Improper Authentication vulnerability in Huawei Smartphone.Successful exploitation of this vulnerability may lead to account authentication bypassed.",
"id": "GHSA-g559-66g4-jx42",
"modified": "2021-12-09T00:01:25Z",
"published": "2021-12-08T00:01:05Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-37100"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://device.harmonyos.com/en/docs/security/update/security-bulletins-202109-0000001196270727"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": []
}
GHSA-G573-G24H-R48V
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-08-21 21:31 – Updated: 2024-04-04 07:05Inadequate validation of permissions when employing remote tools and macros within Devolutions Remote Desktop Manager versions 2023.2.19 and earlier permits a user to initiate a connection without proper execution rights via the remote tools feature.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-4373"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-287"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2023-08-21T19:15:08Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "\nInadequate validation of permissions when employing remote tools and macros within Devolutions Remote Desktop Manager versions 2023.2.19 and earlier permits a user to initiate a connection without proper execution rights via the remote tools feature.\n\n",
"id": "GHSA-g573-g24h-r48v",
"modified": "2024-04-04T07:05:14Z",
"published": "2023-08-21T21:31:23Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-4373"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://devolutions.net/security/advisories/DEVO-2023-0015"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-G57W-WGQQ-X7PR
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-13 00:00 – Updated: 2022-05-20 00:00Improper authentication in the Intel(R) In-Band Manageability software before version 2.13.0 may allow a privileged user to potentially enable escalation of privilege via network access.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2021-0193"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-287"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2022-05-12T17:15:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Improper authentication in the Intel(R) In-Band Manageability software before version 2.13.0 may allow a privileged user to potentially enable escalation of privilege via network access.",
"id": "GHSA-g57w-wgqq-x7pr",
"modified": "2022-05-20T00:00:40Z",
"published": "2022-05-13T00:00:45Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-0193"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/security-center/advisory/intel-sa-00549.html"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-G58F-4539-9QHG
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 17:32 – Updated: 2022-05-24 17:32Arbitrary code execution vlnerability in Operation bridge Manager, Application Performance Management and Operations Bridge (containerized) vulnerability in Micro Focus products products Operation Bridge Manager, Operation Bridge (containerized) and Application Performance Management. The vulneravility affects: 1.) Operation Bridge Manager versions 2020.05, 2019.11, 2019.05, 2018.11, 2018.05, 10.63,10.62, 10.61, 10.60, 10.12, 10.11, 10.10 and all earlier versions. 2.) Operations Bridge (containerized) 2020.05, 2019.08, 2019.05, 2018.11, 2018.08, 2018.05. 2018.02 and 2017.11. 3.) Application Performance Management versions 9,51, 9.50 and 9.40 with uCMDB 10.33 CUP 3. The vulnerability could allow Arbitrary code execution.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2020-11854"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-287",
"CWE-798"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2020-10-27T17:15:00Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "Arbitrary code execution vlnerability in Operation bridge Manager, Application Performance Management and Operations Bridge (containerized) vulnerability in Micro Focus products products Operation Bridge Manager, Operation Bridge (containerized) and Application Performance Management. The vulneravility affects: 1.) Operation Bridge Manager versions 2020.05, 2019.11, 2019.05, 2018.11, 2018.05, 10.63,10.62, 10.61, 10.60, 10.12, 10.11, 10.10 and all earlier versions. 2.) Operations Bridge (containerized) 2020.05, 2019.08, 2019.05, 2018.11, 2018.08, 2018.05. 2018.02 and 2017.11. 3.) Application Performance Management versions 9,51, 9.50 and 9.40 with uCMDB 10.33 CUP 3. The vulnerability could allow Arbitrary code execution.",
"id": "GHSA-g58f-4539-9qhg",
"modified": "2022-05-24T17:32:30Z",
"published": "2022-05-24T17:32:30Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2020-11854"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://softwaresupport.softwaregrp.com/doc/KM03747657"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://softwaresupport.softwaregrp.com/doc/KM03747658"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://softwaresupport.softwaregrp.com/doc/KM03747854"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.zerodayinitiative.com/advisories/ZDI-20-1287"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://packetstormsecurity.com/files/161182/Micro-Focus-UCMDB-Remote-Code-Execution.html"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-G594-6376-7C5R
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-03-29 21:30 – Updated: 2025-02-18 18:33Rocket Software UniData versions prior to 8.2.4 build 3003 and UniVerse versions prior to 11.3.5 build 1001 or 12.2.1 build 2002 suffer from an authentication bypass vulnerability, where a special username with a deterministic password can be leveraged to bypass authentication checks and execute OS commands as the root user.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-28503"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-287",
"CWE-798"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2023-03-29T21:15:00Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "Rocket Software UniData versions prior to 8.2.4 build 3003 and UniVerse versions prior to 11.3.5 build 1001 or 12.2.1 build 2002 suffer from an authentication bypass vulnerability, where a special username with a deterministic password can be leveraged to bypass authentication checks and execute OS commands as the root user.",
"id": "GHSA-g594-6376-7c5r",
"modified": "2025-02-18T18:33:02Z",
"published": "2023-03-29T21:30:16Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-28503"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.rapid7.com/blog/post/2023/03/29/multiple-vulnerabilities-in-rocket-software-unirpc-server-fixed"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://packetstormsecurity.com/files/171854/Rocket-Software-Unidata-udadmin_server-Authentication-Bypass.html"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-G5F4-F74V-9J97
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-12 00:01 – Updated: 2022-05-19 00:00An issue has been discovered in GitLab affecting all versions starting from 12.6 before 14.8.6, all versions starting from 14.9 before 14.9.4, all versions starting from 14.10 before 14.10.1. GitLab was not correctly authenticating a user that had some certain amount of information which allowed an user to authenticate without a personal access token.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2022-1426"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-287"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2022-05-11T15:15:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "An issue has been discovered in GitLab affecting all versions starting from 12.6 before 14.8.6, all versions starting from 14.9 before 14.9.4, all versions starting from 14.10 before 14.10.1. GitLab was not correctly authenticating a user that had some certain amount of information which allowed an user to authenticate without a personal access token.",
"id": "GHSA-g5f4-f74v-9j97",
"modified": "2022-05-19T00:00:17Z",
"published": "2022-05-12T00:01:47Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-1426"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://hackerone.com/reports/1070097"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/cves/-/blob/master/2022/CVE-2022-1426.json"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab/-/issues/296866"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-G5F7-9XPC-633R
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 19:07 – Updated: 2022-05-24 19:07An issue has been discovered in GitLab affecting all versions. Improper access control allows unauthorised users to access project details using Graphql.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2021-22228"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-287"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2021-07-06T22:15:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "An issue has been discovered in GitLab affecting all versions. Improper access control allows unauthorised users to access project details using Graphql.",
"id": "GHSA-g5f7-9xpc-633r",
"modified": "2022-05-24T19:07:09Z",
"published": "2022-05-24T19:07:09Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-22228"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://hackerone.com/reports/1192460"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/cves/-/blob/master/2021/CVE-2021-22228.json"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab/-/issues/332605"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-G5FM-9M5G-QH66
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-17 01:46 – Updated: 2022-05-17 01:46cookie_gen.php in ar web content manager (AWCM) 2.2 does not require authentication, which allows remote attackers to generate arbitrary cookies via the name parameter in conjunction with the content parameter.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2012-2437"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-287"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2012-11-26T12:45:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "cookie_gen.php in ar web content manager (AWCM) 2.2 does not require authentication, which allows remote attackers to generate arbitrary cookies via the name parameter in conjunction with the content parameter.",
"id": "GHSA-g5fm-9m5g-qh66",
"modified": "2022-05-17T01:46:07Z",
"published": "2022-05-17T01:46:07Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2012-2437"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://exchange.xforce.ibmcloud.com/vulnerabilities/79926"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://archives.neohapsis.com/archives/bugtraq/2012-11/0039.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://packetstormsecurity.org/files/117975/AWCM-2.2-Access-Bypass.html"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": []
}
Mitigation
Strategy: Libraries or Frameworks
Use an authentication framework or library such as the OWASP ESAPI Authentication feature.
CAPEC-114: Authentication Abuse
An attacker obtains unauthorized access to an application, service or device either through knowledge of the inherent weaknesses of an authentication mechanism, or by exploiting a flaw in the authentication scheme's implementation. In such an attack an authentication mechanism is functioning but a carefully controlled sequence of events causes the mechanism to grant access to the attacker.
CAPEC-115: Authentication Bypass
An attacker gains access to application, service, or device with the privileges of an authorized or privileged user by evading or circumventing an authentication mechanism. The attacker is therefore able to access protected data without authentication ever having taken place.
CAPEC-151: Identity Spoofing
Identity Spoofing refers to the action of assuming (i.e., taking on) the identity of some other entity (human or non-human) and then using that identity to accomplish a goal. An adversary may craft messages that appear to come from a different principle or use stolen / spoofed authentication credentials.
CAPEC-194: Fake the Source of Data
An adversary takes advantage of improper authentication to provide data or services under a falsified identity. The purpose of using the falsified identity may be to prevent traceability of the provided data or to assume the rights granted to another individual. One of the simplest forms of this attack would be the creation of an email message with a modified "From" field in order to appear that the message was sent from someone other than the actual sender. The root of the attack (in this case the email system) fails to properly authenticate the source and this results in the reader incorrectly performing the instructed action. Results of the attack vary depending on the details of the attack, but common results include privilege escalation, obfuscation of other attacks, and data corruption/manipulation.
CAPEC-22: Exploiting Trust in Client
An attack of this type exploits vulnerabilities in client/server communication channel authentication and data integrity. It leverages the implicit trust a server places in the client, or more importantly, that which the server believes is the client. An attacker executes this type of attack by communicating directly with the server where the server believes it is communicating only with a valid client. There are numerous variations of this type of attack.
CAPEC-57: Utilizing REST's Trust in the System Resource to Obtain Sensitive Data
This attack utilizes a REST(REpresentational State Transfer)-style applications' trust in the system resources and environment to obtain sensitive data once SSL is terminated.
CAPEC-593: Session Hijacking
This type of attack involves an adversary that exploits weaknesses in an application's use of sessions in performing authentication. The adversary is able to steal or manipulate an active session and use it to gain unathorized access to the application.
CAPEC-633: Token Impersonation
An adversary exploits a weakness in authentication to create an access token (or equivalent) that impersonates a different entity, and then associates a process/thread to that that impersonated token. This action causes a downstream user to make a decision or take action that is based on the assumed identity, and not the response that blocks the adversary.
CAPEC-650: Upload a Web Shell to a Web Server
By exploiting insufficient permissions, it is possible to upload a web shell to a web server in such a way that it can be executed remotely. This shell can have various capabilities, thereby acting as a "gateway" to the underlying web server. The shell might execute at the higher permission level of the web server, providing the ability the execute malicious code at elevated levels.
CAPEC-94: Adversary in the Middle (AiTM)
An adversary targets the communication between two components (typically client and server), in order to alter or obtain data from transactions. A general approach entails the adversary placing themself within the communication channel between the two components.