Common Weakness Enumeration

CWE-22

Allowed-with-Review

Improper Limitation of a Pathname to a Restricted Directory ('Path Traversal')

Abstraction: Base · Status: Stable

API response cwe.mitre.org

The product uses external input to construct a pathname that is intended to identify a file or directory that is located underneath a restricted parent directory, but the product does not properly neutralize special elements within the pathname that can cause the pathname to resolve to a location that is outside of the restricted directory.

13336 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.

CVE-2022-45829 (GCVE-0-2022-45829)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2022-12-06 21:53 – Updated: 2026-04-28 16:07
VLAI
Title
WordPress Easy WP SMTP Plugin <= 1.5.1 is vulnerable to Arbitrary File Deletion
Summary
Auth. Path Traversal vulnerability in Easy WP SMTP plugin <= 1.5.1 at WordPress.
Severity
8.7 (High)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:C/C:N/I:H/A:H
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
  • CWE-22 - Improper Limitation of a Pathname to a Restricted Directory ('Path Traversal')
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
WPecommerce, Alexanderfoxc Easy WP SMTP Affected: n/a , ≤ 1.5.1 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Date Public
2022-11-30 21:48
Credits
Tomasz Staszyszyn (Patchstack Alliance)
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2022-45792 (GCVE-0-2022-45792)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2024-01-22 17:46 – Updated: 2025-06-17 21:19
VLAI
Title
Directory Traversal in Project File Format allows overwrite (Zip Slip)
Summary
Project files may contain malicious contents which the software will use to create files on the filesystem. This allows directory traversal and overwriting files with the privileges of the logged-in user.
Severity
7.8 (High)
CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
  • CWE-22 - Improper Limitation of a Pathname to a Restricted Directory ('Path Traversal')
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
Omron Sysmac Studio Affected: 0 , < 1.54.0 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2022-45447 (GCVE-0-2022-45447)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2023-09-20 09:30 – Updated: 2024-09-06 14:12
VLAI
Title
Path Traversal in M4 PDF plugin for Prestashop sites
Summary
M4 PDF plugin for Prestashop sites, in its 3.2.3 version and before, is vulnerable to a directory traversal vulnerability. The “f” parameter is not properly checked in the resource /m4pdf/pdf.php, returning any file given its relative path. An attacker that exploits this vulnerability could download /etc/passwd from the server if the file exists.
Severity
6.5 (Medium)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
  • CWE-22 - Improper Limitation of a Pathname to a Restricted Directory ('Path Traversal')
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
Prestashop M4 PDF plugin Affected: 0 , ≤ 3.2.3 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Date Public
2023-02-21 11:00
Credits
Francisco Díaz-Pache Alonso David Álvarez Robles Sergio Corral Cristo
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2022-45374 (GCVE-0-2022-45374)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2024-05-17 06:28 – Updated: 2026-04-28 16:07
VLAI
Title
WordPress Yet Another Related Posts Plugin (YARPP) plugin <= 5.30.4 - Local File Inclusion
Summary
Improper Limitation of a Pathname to a Restricted Directory ('Path Traversal') vulnerability in YARPP allows PHP Local File Inclusion.This issue affects YARPP: from n/a through 5.30.4.
Severity
7.7 (High)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:N/A:N
SSVC
Exploitation: poc Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
  • CWE-22 - Improper Limitation of a Pathname to a Restricted Directory ('Path Traversal')
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
YARPP YARPP Affected: n/a , ≤ 5.30.4 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
yarpp yarpp Affected: 0 , ≤ 5.30.4 (custom)
    cpe:2.3:a:yarpp:yarpp:*:*:*:*:*:wordpress:*:*
 Create a notification for this product.
Credits
Rafie Muhammad (Patchstack)
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2022-45368 (GCVE-0-2022-45368)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2024-05-17 06:28 – Updated: 2026-04-28 16:07
VLAI
Title
WordPress 1003 Mortgage Application plugin <= 1.75 - Local File Inclusion
Summary
Improper Limitation of a Pathname to a Restricted Directory ('Path Traversal') vulnerability in Lenderd 1003 Mortgage Application allows Relative Path Traversal.This issue affects 1003 Mortgage Application: from n/a through 1.75.
Severity
7.7 (High)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:N/A:N
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
  • CWE-22 - Improper Limitation of a Pathname to a Restricted Directory ('Path Traversal')
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
Lenderd 1003 Mortgage Application Affected: n/a , ≤ 1.75 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
lenderd 1003_mortgage_application Affected: 0 , ≤ 1.75 (custom)
    cpe:2.3:a:lenderd:1003_mortgage_application:*:*:*:*:*:wordpress:*:*
 Create a notification for this product.
Credits
Rodrigo Escobar - ipax (Patchstack Alliance)
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2022-45093 (GCVE-0-2022-45093)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2023-01-10 11:39 – Updated: 2025-04-09 14:03
VLAI
Summary
A vulnerability has been identified in SINEC INS (All versions < V1.0 SP2 Update 1). An authenticated remote attacker with access to the Web Based Management (443/tcp) of the affected product as well as with access to the SFTP server of the affected product (22/tcp), could potentially read and write arbitrary files from and to the device's file system. An attacker might leverage this to trigger remote code execution on the affected component.
Severity
8.5 (High)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:L/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:H/E:P/RL:O/RC:C
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
  • CWE-22 - Improper Limitation of a Pathname to a Restricted Directory ('Path Traversal')
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
Siemens SINEC INS Affected: All versions < V1.0 SP2 Update 1
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2022-45092 (GCVE-0-2022-45092)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2023-01-10 11:39 – Updated: 2025-05-27 18:59
VLAI
Summary
A vulnerability has been identified in SINEC INS (All versions < V1.0 SP2 Update 1). An authenticated remote attacker with access to the Web Based Management (443/tcp) of the affected product, could potentially read and write arbitrary files from and to the device's file system. An attacker might leverage this to trigger remote code execution on the affected component.
Severity
9.9 (Critical)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:H/E:P/RL:O/RC:C
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
  • CWE-22 - Improper Limitation of a Pathname to a Restricted Directory ('Path Traversal')
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
Siemens SINEC INS Affected: All versions < V1.0 SP2 Update 1
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2022-44749 (GCVE-0-2022-44749)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2022-11-24 06:39 – Updated: 2025-04-24 18:25
VLAI
Title
Opening workflows from untrusted resources may override arbitrary file system contents
Summary
A directory traversal vulnerability in the ZIP archive extraction routines of KNIME Analytics Platform 3.2.0 and above can result in arbitrary files being overwritten on the user's system. This vulnerability is also known as 'Zip-Slip'. An attacker can create a KNIME workflow that, when being opened by a user, can overwrite arbitrary files that the user has write access to. It's not necessary to execute the workflow, opening the workflow is sufficient. The user will notice that something is wrong because an error is being reported but only after the files have already been written. This can impact data integrity (file contents are changed) or cause errors in other software (vital files being corrupted). It can even lead to remote code execution if executable files are being replaced and subsequently executed by the user. In all cases the attacker has to know the location of files on the user's system, though.
Severity
5.5 (Medium)
CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:N
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
  • CWE-22 - Improper Limitation of a Pathname to a Restricted Directory ('Path Traversal')
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
KNIME KNIME Analytics Platform Affected: 4.5.0 , < 4.5.3 (semver)
Affected: 4.6.0 , < 4.6.4 (semver)
Affected: 3.2.0 , < 4.4.5 (semver)
Create a notification for this product.
Date Public
2022-11-24 09:00
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2022-44748 (GCVE-0-2022-44748)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2022-11-24 06:36 – Updated: 2025-04-25 18:00
VLAI
Title
Uploading workflows to KNIME Server may override arbitrary file system contents
Summary
A directory traversal vulnerability in the ZIP archive extraction routines of KNIME Server since 4.3.0 can result in arbitrary files being overwritten on the server's file system. This vulnerability is also known as 'Zip-Slip'. An attacker can create a KNIME workflow that, when being uploaded, can overwrite arbitrary files that the operating system user running the KNIME Server process has write access to. The user must be authenticated and have permissions to upload files to KNIME Server. This can impact data integrity (file contents are changed) or cause errors in other software (vital files being corrupted). It can even lead to remote code execution if executable files are being replaced and subsequently executed by the KNIME Server process user. In all cases the attacker has to know the location of files on the server's file system, though. Note that users that have permissions to upload workflows usually also have permissions to run them on the KNIME Server and can therefore already execute arbitrary code in the context of the KNIME Executor's operating system user. There is no workaround to prevent this vulnerability from being exploited. Updates to fixed versions 4.13.6, 4.14.3, or 4.15.3 are advised.
Severity
7.1 (High)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:L
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
  • CWE-22 - Improper Limitation of a Pathname to a Restricted Directory ('Path Traversal')
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
KNIME KNIME Server Affected: 4.15.0 , < 4.15.3 (semver)
Affected: 4.14.0 , < 4.14.3 (semver)
Affected: 4.3.0 , < 4.13.6 (semver)
Create a notification for this product.
Date Public
2022-11-24 09:00
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2022-44635 (GCVE-0-2022-44635)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2022-11-29 00:00 – Updated: 2025-04-25 14:51
VLAI
Title
Apache Fineract allowed an authenticated user to perform remote code execution due to path traversal
Summary
Apache Fineract allowed an authenticated user to perform remote code execution due to a path traversal vulnerability in a file upload component of Apache Fineract, allowing an attacker to run remote code. This issue affects Apache Fineract version 1.8.0 and prior versions. We recommend users to upgrade to 1.8.1.
Severity
8.8 (High)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
  • CWE-22 - Improper Limitation of a Pathname to a Restricted Directory ('Path Traversal')
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
Apache Software Foundation Apache Fineract Affected: Apache Fineract 1.8 , ≤ 1.8.0 (custom)
Affected: Apache Fineract 1.7 , ≤ 1.7.0 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Credits
We would like to thank Aman Sapra, co-captain of the Super Guesser CTF team & Security researcher at CRED, for reporting this issue, and the Apache Security team for their assistance. We give kudos and karma to @Aleksandar Vidakovic for resolving this CVE.
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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Mitigation MIT-5.1
Implementation

Strategy: Input Validation

  • Assume all input is malicious. Use an "accept known good" input validation strategy, i.e., use a list of acceptable inputs that strictly conform to specifications. Reject any input that does not strictly conform to specifications, or transform it into something that does.
  • When performing input validation, consider all potentially relevant properties, including length, type of input, the full range of acceptable values, missing or extra inputs, syntax, consistency across related fields, and conformance to business rules. As an example of business rule logic, "boat" may be syntactically valid because it only contains alphanumeric characters, but it is not valid if the input is only expected to contain colors such as "red" or "blue."
  • Do not rely exclusively on looking for malicious or malformed inputs. This is likely to miss at least one undesirable input, especially if the code's environment changes. This can give attackers enough room to bypass the intended validation. However, denylists can be useful for detecting potential attacks or determining which inputs are so malformed that they should be rejected outright.
  • When validating filenames, use stringent allowlists that limit the character set to be used. If feasible, only allow a single "." character in the filename to avoid weaknesses such as CWE-23, and exclude directory separators such as "/" to avoid CWE-36. Use a list of allowable file extensions, which will help to avoid CWE-434.
  • Do not rely exclusively on a filtering mechanism that removes potentially dangerous characters. This is equivalent to a denylist, which may be incomplete (CWE-184). For example, filtering "/" is insufficient protection if the filesystem also supports the use of "\" as a directory separator. Another possible error could occur when the filtering is applied in a way that still produces dangerous data (CWE-182). For example, if "../" sequences are removed from the ".../...//" string in a sequential fashion, two instances of "../" would be removed from the original string, but the remaining characters would still form the "../" string.
Mitigation MIT-15
Architecture and Design

For any security checks that are performed on the client side, ensure that these checks are duplicated on the server side, in order to avoid CWE-602. Attackers can bypass the client-side checks by modifying values after the checks have been performed, or by changing the client to remove the client-side checks entirely. Then, these modified values would be submitted to the server.

Mitigation MIT-20.1
Implementation

Strategy: Input Validation

  • Inputs should be decoded and canonicalized to the application's current internal representation before being validated (CWE-180). Make sure that the application does not decode the same input twice (CWE-174). Such errors could be used to bypass allowlist validation schemes by introducing dangerous inputs after they have been checked.
  • Use a built-in path canonicalization function (such as realpath() in C) that produces the canonical version of the pathname, which effectively removes ".." sequences and symbolic links (CWE-23, CWE-59). This includes:
  • realpath() in C
  • getCanonicalPath() in Java
  • GetFullPath() in ASP.NET
  • realpath() or abs_path() in Perl
  • realpath() in PHP
Mitigation MIT-4
Architecture and Design

Strategy: Libraries or Frameworks

Use a vetted library or framework that does not allow this weakness to occur or provides constructs that make this weakness easier to avoid [REF-1482].

Mitigation MIT-29
Operation

Strategy: Firewall

Use an application firewall that can detect attacks against this weakness. It can be beneficial in cases in which the code cannot be fixed (because it is controlled by a third party), as an emergency prevention measure while more comprehensive software assurance measures are applied, or to provide defense in depth [REF-1481].

Mitigation MIT-17
Architecture and Design Operation

Strategy: Environment Hardening

Run your code using the lowest privileges that are required to accomplish the necessary tasks [REF-76]. If possible, create isolated accounts with limited privileges that are only used for a single task. That way, a successful attack will not immediately give the attacker access to the rest of the software or its environment. For example, database applications rarely need to run as the database administrator, especially in day-to-day operations.

Mitigation MIT-21.1
Architecture and Design

Strategy: Enforcement by Conversion

  • When the set of acceptable objects, such as filenames or URLs, is limited or known, create a mapping from a set of fixed input values (such as numeric IDs) to the actual filenames or URLs, and reject all other inputs.
  • For example, ID 1 could map to "inbox.txt" and ID 2 could map to "profile.txt". Features such as the ESAPI AccessReferenceMap [REF-185] provide this capability.
Mitigation MIT-22
Architecture and Design Operation

Strategy: Sandbox or Jail

  • Run the code in a "jail" or similar sandbox environment that enforces strict boundaries between the process and the operating system. This may effectively restrict which files can be accessed in a particular directory or which commands can be executed by the software.
  • OS-level examples include the Unix chroot jail, AppArmor, and SELinux. In general, managed code may provide some protection. For example, java.io.FilePermission in the Java SecurityManager allows the software to specify restrictions on file operations.
  • This may not be a feasible solution, and it only limits the impact to the operating system; the rest of the application may still be subject to compromise.
  • Be careful to avoid CWE-243 and other weaknesses related to jails.
Mitigation MIT-34
Architecture and Design Operation

Strategy: Attack Surface Reduction

  • Store library, include, and utility files outside of the web document root, if possible. Otherwise, store them in a separate directory and use the web server's access control capabilities to prevent attackers from directly requesting them. One common practice is to define a fixed constant in each calling program, then check for the existence of the constant in the library/include file; if the constant does not exist, then the file was directly requested, and it can exit immediately.
  • This significantly reduces the chance of an attacker being able to bypass any protection mechanisms that are in the base program but not in the include files. It will also reduce the attack surface.
Mitigation MIT-39
Implementation
  • Ensure that error messages only contain minimal details that are useful to the intended audience and no one else. The messages need to strike the balance between being too cryptic (which can confuse users) or being too detailed (which may reveal more than intended). The messages should not reveal the methods that were used to determine the error. Attackers can use detailed information to refine or optimize their original attack, thereby increasing their chances of success.
  • If errors must be captured in some detail, record them in log messages, but consider what could occur if the log messages can be viewed by attackers. Highly sensitive information such as passwords should never be saved to log files.
  • Avoid inconsistent messaging that might accidentally tip off an attacker about internal state, such as whether a user account exists or not.
  • In the context of path traversal, error messages which disclose path information can help attackers craft the appropriate attack strings to move through the file system hierarchy.
Mitigation MIT-16
Operation Implementation

Strategy: Environment Hardening

When using PHP, configure the application so that it does not use register_globals. During implementation, develop the application so that it does not rely on this feature, but be wary of implementing a register_globals emulation that is subject to weaknesses such as CWE-95, CWE-621, and similar issues.

CAPEC-126: Path Traversal

An adversary uses path manipulation methods to exploit insufficient input validation of a target to obtain access to data that should be not be retrievable by ordinary well-formed requests. A typical variety of this attack involves specifying a path to a desired file together with dot-dot-slash characters, resulting in the file access API or function traversing out of the intended directory structure and into the root file system. By replacing or modifying the expected path information the access function or API retrieves the file desired by the attacker. These attacks either involve the attacker providing a complete path to a targeted file or using control characters (e.g. path separators (/ or \) and/or dots (.)) to reach desired directories or files.

CAPEC-64: Using Slashes and URL Encoding Combined to Bypass Validation Logic

This attack targets the encoding of the URL combined with the encoding of the slash characters. An attacker can take advantage of the multiple ways of encoding a URL and abuse the interpretation of the URL. A URL may contain special character that need special syntax handling in order to be interpreted. Special characters are represented using a percentage character followed by two digits representing the octet code of the original character (%HEX-CODE). For instance US-ASCII space character would be represented with %20. This is often referred as escaped ending or percent-encoding. Since the server decodes the URL from the requests, it may restrict the access to some URL paths by validating and filtering out the URL requests it received. An attacker will try to craft an URL with a sequence of special characters which once interpreted by the server will be equivalent to a forbidden URL. It can be difficult to protect against this attack since the URL can contain other format of encoding such as UTF-8 encoding, Unicode-encoding, etc.

CAPEC-76: Manipulating Web Input to File System Calls

An attacker manipulates inputs to the target software which the target software passes to file system calls in the OS. The goal is to gain access to, and perhaps modify, areas of the file system that the target software did not intend to be accessible.

CAPEC-78: Using Escaped Slashes in Alternate Encoding

This attack targets the use of the backslash in alternate encoding. An adversary can provide a backslash as a leading character and causes a parser to believe that the next character is special. This is called an escape. By using that trick, the adversary tries to exploit alternate ways to encode the same character which leads to filter problems and opens avenues to attack.

CAPEC-79: Using Slashes in Alternate Encoding

This attack targets the encoding of the Slash characters. An adversary would try to exploit common filtering problems related to the use of the slashes characters to gain access to resources on the target host. Directory-driven systems, such as file systems and databases, typically use the slash character to indicate traversal between directories or other container components. For murky historical reasons, PCs (and, as a result, Microsoft OSs) choose to use a backslash, whereas the UNIX world typically makes use of the forward slash. The schizophrenic result is that many MS-based systems are required to understand both forms of the slash. This gives the adversary many opportunities to discover and abuse a number of common filtering problems. The goal of this pattern is to discover server software that only applies filters to one version, but not the other.

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