Common Weakness Enumeration
CWE-22
Allowed-with-ReviewImproper Limitation of a Pathname to a Restricted Directory ('Path Traversal')
Abstraction: Base · Status: Stable
The product uses external input to construct a pathname that is intended to identify a file or directory that is located underneath a restricted parent directory, but the product does not properly neutralize special elements within the pathname that can cause the pathname to resolve to a location that is outside of the restricted directory.
15944 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
GCVE-1-2026-20065 (CVE-2026-95701)
Vulnerability from gna-1 – Published: 2026-09-22 14:44 – Updated: 2026-09-22 14:44
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
MISP Path Traversal via Organization Name in Org-Statistics Logo Check
Summary
In MISP, the __statisticsOrgs method in UsersController.php used the organization name directly as a file-system path component when checking for the existence of an organization logo image. The original code called file_exists() with a path constructed as APP . 'webroot' . DS . 'img' . DS . 'orgs' . DS . $k . '.png', where $k is the organization name. Because the referenced directory (app/webroot/img/orgs) no longer exists in current MISP deployments (org logos were relocated to files/img/orgs), the check was functionally dead and never triggered. However, the underlying pattern—concatenating an attacker-influenced organization name into a file path without sanitization—constitutes a path traversal weakness. An organization name containing directory traversal sequences (e.g., '../../../../etc/passwd') would, if the target directory existed, allow an authenticated user with the ability to create or rename an organization to probe for the existence of arbitrary files on the server.
Severity
CWE
- CWE-22 - Improper Limitation of a Pathname to a Restricted Directory ('Path Traversal')
References
1 reference
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/MISP/MISP/commit/a2f7cba6e | patch |
GCVE extensions
AI-generated
Human-reviewed
Confidence: medium
Model
qwen3.8:27b
advisory
bcp-05-x-01bcp-05-x-02
Draft vulnerability metadata was generated from a git-format patch using an Ollama-hosted language model. Human validation is required before publication.
ai-computer-assisted:llm-generatedai-computer-assisted:classification
| Model | Source | Identifier |
|---|---|---|
| qwen3.8:27b | ollama | qwen3.8:27b |
- Generator
-
patch2vuln.pyon 2026-09-22 14:38 - Model
qwen3.8:27b- Input
-
https://github.com/MISP/MISP/commit/a2f7cba6e.patch
79f69959d0bc… - Confidence
- medium
| Commit | Subject | Patch SHA-256 |
|---|---|---|
a2f7cba6e74b
|
fix: [ui] Point the org-statistics logo flag at the live | 79f69959d0bc… |
Fix summary
The fix corrects the logo directory path from the obsolete app/webroot/img/orgs to the current files/img/orgs location, expands the lookup to cover id, name, and uuid fields across png and svg extensions (mirroring the getOrgLogo helper), and adds a security guard: the candidate path is resolved with realpath() and verified via str_starts_with() against the resolved base directory, so any organization name containing traversal sequences (../) that would resolve outside files/img/orgs is rejected.
Patch summary
In app/Controller/UsersController.php __statisticsOrgs(): (1) added 'uuid' to the Organisation query fields; (2) replaced the single file_exists() call against APP/webroot/img/orgs/$k.png with a nested loop over fields [id, name, uuid] and extensions [png, svg]; (3) for each candidate, called realpath() on the full path and compared it with str_starts_with() against the realpath of the base directory (APP/files/img/orgs/), setting the logo flag only when the resolved path is confirmed to be inside that directory; (4) added a break 2 to exit both loops once a match is found.
CVSS rationale
AV:N – MISP is a network-accessible web application. AC:L – the traversal sequence in an org name is straightforward to construct. AT:N – no special target-side conditions beyond the org name being stored. PR:H – the attacker must have sufficient privileges to create or rename an organization (typically admin or org-admin role). UI:N – no user interaction required; the check fires server-side during statistics rendering. VC:L – the impact is limited to file-existence disclosure (boolean oracle); file contents are not read. VI:N, VA:N – no integrity or availability impact. SC/SI/SA:N – no secondary-system impact. Note: the vulnerability was latent in practice because the referenced directory did not exist, but the code pattern was exploitable if the directory were present or restored.
Weakness rationale
- CWE-22 The organization name (an attacker-influenced string) was concatenated directly into a file-system path for a file_exists() check without any sanitization or directory-confinement validation. The fix explicitly guards against '../' sequences escaping the intended directory, confirming the weakness is path traversal.
Attack pattern rationale
- CAPEC-1 The attack pattern involves manipulating a string value (the organization name) to inject path traversal sequences (../) that cause the application to reference files outside the intended directory. CAPEC-1 is the closest match because the core technique is crafting a string input to alter the application's file-path resolution. Uncertainty: CAPEC-126 (Leveraging Unintended Functionality) could also apply since the logo-existence check was an unintended side channel, but CAPEC-1 more directly describes the string-manipulation mechanism.
Assumptions to verify
- The affected version range is inferred from the tag_version_boundary (v2.5.47, 50 commits after fix); the exact fixed release tag is not stated in the patch metadata, so 'less_than 2.5.47' is an approximation and may need CNA confirmation.
- The vulnerability was latent in deployed instances because the referenced directory (app/webroot/img/orgs) did not exist; the CVSS reflects the code-level weakness rather than a confirmed active exploit.
- PR:H assumes that creating or renaming an organization requires elevated privileges (admin or org-admin); if MISP allows lower-privileged users to set org names, PR could be lower.
- CAPEC-1 (String Manipulation) is the closest available pattern; the exact CAPEC for path traversal via a stored string field is not explicitly enumerated in the CAPEC catalog, so this is a best-effort mapping.
- The Co-Authored-By line references an AI assistant (Claude Opus 4.8); it is credited as a tool rather than a human remediation developer.
Model comparison
Selected qwen3.8:27b
by deterministic-consensus-v1
The selected result is closest to model consensus; this heuristic does not establish factual correctness and human review remains required.
| Model | Score | Agreement | Confidence | Assumptions |
|---|---|---|---|---|
qwen3.8:27b |
5 | 9 | medium | 5 |
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CVE-2026-19991 (GCVE-0-2026-19991)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-09-11 03:39 – Updated: 2026-09-11 20:30
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
UsersWP <= 1.2.70 - Authenticated (Subscriber+) Arbitrary File Deletion
Summary
The UsersWP plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to Arbitrary File Deletion in versions up to, and including, 1.2.70 via the upload_file_remove() AJAX handler. The plugin stores the value of an account 'file' form field taken directly from $_POST when no real $_FILES upload is provided (process_account() calls uwp_validate_fields() and array_merges the result with the empty output of UsersWP_Files::validate_uploads()). At storage time the value is only checked with validate_file(), which passes any string that does not contain a literal '../'. When the value is later processed by upload_file_remove(), it is again gated with validate_file() and then normalized through uwp_get_file_relative_url(); that helper performs a global str_replace() of the uploads base URL against the stored URL, allowing a crafted URL containing embedded '..<uploads-baseurl>' tokens to collapse into '../../' traversal sequences after the last validation. The transformed value is then appended to the uploads base directory and passed to wp_delete_file() without any canonical containment check. This makes it possible for authenticated attackers, with Subscriber-level access and above, to delete arbitrary files on the affected site's server (including wp-config.
Severity
8.1 (High)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-09-11 16:31 UTC
CWE
- CWE-22 - Improper Limitation of a Pathname to a Restricted Directory ('Path Traversal')
Assigner
References
7 references
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| stiofansisland | UsersWP – Front-end login form, User Registration, User Profile & Members Directory plugin for WP |
Affected:
0 , ≤ 1.2.70
(semver)
|
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CVE-2026-19952 (GCVE-0-2026-19952)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-09-01 04:27 – Updated: 2026-09-01 15:19
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Frontend Admin by DynamiApps <= 3.29.12 - Unauthenticated Arbitrary File Deletion via Path Traversal via custom_directory_name Merge Tag
Summary
The Frontend Admin by DynamiApps plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to arbitrary file deletion due to insufficient file path validation in the move_folders function in all versions up to, and including, 3.29.12. This makes it possible for unauthenticated attackers to delete arbitrary files on the server, which can easily lead to remote code execution when the right file is deleted (such as wp-config.php). This is exploitable without authentication when a form is configured with public visibility (who_can_see='all'), as the required nonce is publicly obtainable from the rendered form.
Severity
7.5 (High)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-09-01 15:19 UTC
CWE
- CWE-22 - Improper Limitation of a Pathname to a Restricted Directory ('Path Traversal')
Assigner
References
8 references
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| shabti | Frontend Admin by DynamiApps |
Affected:
0 , ≤ 3.29.12
(semver)
|
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CVE-2026-19942 (GCVE-0-2026-19942)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-08-19 04:27 – Updated: 2026-08-20 15:36
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Atarim <= 5.1.1 - Authenticated (Author+) Arbitrary File Deletion via '_wp_attached_file' Meta
Summary
The Atarim – AI Agency for WordPress: Edit Pages, Fix Code, Update Plugins, SEO & Client Feedback plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to arbitrary file deletion due to insufficient file path validation in the AVCF_Abilities_Media::register (replace-media-file execute_callback) function in all versions up to, and including, 5.1.1. This makes it possible for authenticated attackers, with author-level access and above, to delete arbitrary files on the server, which can easily lead to remote code execution when the right file is deleted (such as wp-config.php). This is exploitable by first using the atarim/update-post-field ability to overwrite the _wp_attached_file meta of an attacker-owned attachment with a directory-traversal path, then invoking atarim/replace-media-file to cause get_attached_file() to resolve and unlink the targeted file.
Severity
8.1 (High)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-08-20 13:34 UTC
CWE
- CWE-22 - Improper Limitation of a Pathname to a Restricted Directory ('Path Traversal')
Assigner
References
8 references
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| wpfeedback | Atarim – AI Agency for WordPress: Edit Pages, Fix Code, Update Plugins, SEO & Client Feedback |
Affected:
0 , ≤ 5.1.1
(semver)
|
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CVE-2026-19880 (GCVE-0-2026-19880)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-08-14 14:31 – Updated: 2026-08-14 19:46
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Incomplete protection against CVE-2025-11226
Summary
Path-traversal vulnerability in QOS.CH Sarl Logback-classic on Java (logback-classic module) allows path-traversal vulnerability. More specifically, an
MDC-based discriminator value flows unsanitized into a nested
FileAppender path, letting an attacker who influences that MDC value
(e.g. via an HTTP header)
create and append log files outside the intended directory.
This issue affects Logback-classic: from 0.9.14 through 1.6.2.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-08-14 19:46 UTC
CWE
Assigner
References
1 reference
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| QOS.CH Sarl | Logback-classic |
Affected:
0.9.14 , ≤ 1.6.2
(maven)
Unaffected: 1.6.3 (maven) |
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CVE-2026-19829 (GCVE-0-2026-19829)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-08-14 13:45 – Updated: 2026-08-14 15:53
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
648540858 wvp-GB28181-pro Log File Download Endpoint LogController.java path traversal
Summary
A security flaw has been discovered in 648540858 wvp-GB28181-pro 2.7.4-20260107. This vulnerability affects unknown code of the file LogController.java of the component Log File Download Endpoint. The manipulation of the argument fileName results in path traversal. The attack may be launched remotely. The exploit has been released to the public and may be used for attacks.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-08-14 15:53 UTC
CWE
- CWE-22 - Path Traversal
Assigner
References
6 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://vuldb.com/vuln/389965 | vdb-entrytechnical-description |
| https://vuldb.com/vuln/389965/cti | signaturepermissions-required |
| https://vuldb.com/cve/CVE-2026-19829 | third-party-advisory |
| https://vuldb.com/submit/870241 | third-party-advisory |
| https://github.com/648540858/wvp-GB28181-pro/issu… | exploitissue-tracking |
| https://github.com/648540858/wvp-GB28181-pro/ | product |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 648540858 | wvp-GB28181-pro |
Affected:
2.7.4-20260107
cpe:2.3:a:648540858:wvp-gb28181-pro:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
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CVE-2026-19828 (GCVE-0-2026-19828)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-08-14 13:30 – Updated: 2026-08-18 13:39
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
648540858 wvp-GB28181-pro Snapshot Endpoint PlayController.java path traversal
Summary
A vulnerability was identified in 648540858 wvp-GB28181-pro 2.7.4-20260107. This affects an unknown part of the file PlayController.java of the component Snapshot Endpoint. The manipulation of the argument deviceId/channelId leads to path traversal. The attack may be initiated remotely. The exploit is publicly available and might be used.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-08-18 13:24 UTC
CWE
- CWE-22 - Path Traversal
Assigner
References
6 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://vuldb.com/vuln/389964 | vdb-entrytechnical-description |
| https://vuldb.com/vuln/389964/cti | signaturepermissions-required |
| https://vuldb.com/cve/CVE-2026-19828 | third-party-advisory |
| https://vuldb.com/submit/870240 | third-party-advisory |
| https://github.com/648540858/wvp-GB28181-pro/issu… | exploitissue-tracking |
| https://github.com/648540858/wvp-GB28181-pro/ | product |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 648540858 | wvp-GB28181-pro |
Affected:
2.7.4-20260107
cpe:2.3:a:648540858:wvp-gb28181-pro:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
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CVE-2026-19827 (GCVE-0-2026-19827)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-08-14 13:15 – Updated: 2026-08-14 14:50
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
alldatacenter alldata logDetailCat Endpoint JobLogController.java FileInputStream path traversal
Summary
A flaw has been found in alldatacenter alldata up to 0.6.8. This impacts the function FileInputStream of the file /admin/controller/JobLogController.java of the component logDetailCat Endpoint. This manipulation of the argument executorAddress causes path traversal. It is possible to initiate the attack remotely. The exploit has been published and may be used. The project closed the issue report as "not planned" without any further explanation.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-08-14 14:49 UTC
CWE
- CWE-22 - Path Traversal
Assigner
References
6 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://vuldb.com/vuln/389960 | vdb-entrytechnical-description |
| https://vuldb.com/vuln/389960/cti | signaturepermissions-required |
| https://vuldb.com/cve/CVE-2026-19827 | third-party-advisory |
| https://vuldb.com/submit/870238 | third-party-advisory |
| https://github.com/alldatacenter/alldata/issues/834 | exploitissue-tracking |
| https://github.com/alldatacenter/alldata/ | product |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| alldatacenter | alldata |
Affected:
0.6.0
Affected: 0.6.1 Affected: 0.6.2 Affected: 0.6.3 Affected: 0.6.4 Affected: 0.6.5 Affected: 0.6.6 Affected: 0.6.7 Affected: 0.6.8 cpe:2.3:a:alldata:alldata:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
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CVE-2026-19763 (GCVE-0-2026-19763)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-08-14 00:15 – Updated: 2026-08-18 01:48 X_Open Source
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
DTStack Taier Cluster Creation ClusterController.java FileUtils.deleteDirectory path traversal
Summary
A vulnerability was determined in DTStack Taier 1.4.0. Affected by this issue is the function FileUtils.deleteDirectory of the file ClusterController.java of the component Cluster Creation. This manipulation of the argument clusterName causes path traversal. Remote exploitation of the attack is possible. Upgrading to version 1.5.0 can resolve this issue. Patch name: ec8c59c76aceb04ab3080543ab2d9c6a4b674729. The affected component should be upgraded.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-08-18 01:47 UTC
CWE
- CWE-22 - Path Traversal
Assigner
References
8 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://vuldb.com/vuln/389666 | vdb-entrytechnical-description |
| https://vuldb.com/vuln/389666/cti | signaturepermissions-required |
| https://vuldb.com/cve/CVE-2026-19763 | third-party-advisory |
| https://vuldb.com/submit/868967 | third-party-advisory |
| https://github.com/DTStack/Taier/issues/1204 | issue-tracking |
| https://github.com/DTStack/Taier/commit/ec8c59c76… | patch |
| https://github.com/DTStack/Taier/releases/tag/v1.5.0 | patch |
| https://github.com/DTStack/Taier/ | product |
Impacted products
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CVE-2026-19762 (GCVE-0-2026-19762)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-08-14 00:00 – Updated: 2026-08-14 15:49
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
DTStack Taier Chunk-Check Endpoint FileChunkController.java Paths.ge path traversal
Summary
A vulnerability was found in DTStack Taier 1.4.0. Affected by this vulnerability is the function Paths.ge of the file FileChunkController.java of the component Chunk-Check Endpoint. The manipulation of the argument Name results in path traversal. The attack may be launched remotely. The exploit has been made public and could be used.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-08-14 15:49 UTC
CWE
- CWE-22 - Path Traversal
Assigner
References
6 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://vuldb.com/vuln/389665 | vdb-entrytechnical-description |
| https://vuldb.com/vuln/389665/cti | signaturepermissions-required |
| https://vuldb.com/cve/CVE-2026-19762 | third-party-advisory |
| https://vuldb.com/submit/868966 | third-party-advisory |
| https://github.com/DTStack/Taier/issues/1203 | exploitissue-tracking |
| https://github.com/DTStack/Taier/ | product |
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Mitigation MIT-5.1
Implementation
Strategy: Input Validation
- Assume all input is malicious. Use an "accept known good" input validation strategy, i.e., use a list of acceptable inputs that strictly conform to specifications. Reject any input that does not strictly conform to specifications, or transform it into something that does.
- When performing input validation, consider all potentially relevant properties, including length, type of input, the full range of acceptable values, missing or extra inputs, syntax, consistency across related fields, and conformance to business rules. As an example of business rule logic, "boat" may be syntactically valid because it only contains alphanumeric characters, but it is not valid if the input is only expected to contain colors such as "red" or "blue."
- Do not rely exclusively on looking for malicious or malformed inputs. This is likely to miss at least one undesirable input, especially if the code's environment changes. This can give attackers enough room to bypass the intended validation. However, denylists can be useful for detecting potential attacks or determining which inputs are so malformed that they should be rejected outright.
- When validating filenames, use stringent allowlists that limit the character set to be used. If feasible, only allow a single "." character in the filename to avoid weaknesses such as CWE-23, and exclude directory separators such as "/" to avoid CWE-36. Use a list of allowable file extensions, which will help to avoid CWE-434.
- Do not rely exclusively on a filtering mechanism that removes potentially dangerous characters. This is equivalent to a denylist, which may be incomplete (CWE-184). For example, filtering "/" is insufficient protection if the filesystem also supports the use of "\" as a directory separator. Another possible error could occur when the filtering is applied in a way that still produces dangerous data (CWE-182). For example, if "../" sequences are removed from the ".../...//" string in a sequential fashion, two instances of "../" would be removed from the original string, but the remaining characters would still form the "../" string.
Mitigation MIT-15
Architecture and Design
For any security checks that are performed on the client side, ensure that these checks are duplicated on the server side, in order to avoid CWE-602. Attackers can bypass the client-side checks by modifying values after the checks have been performed, or by changing the client to remove the client-side checks entirely. Then, these modified values would be submitted to the server.
Mitigation MIT-20.1
Implementation
Strategy: Input Validation
- Inputs should be decoded and canonicalized to the application's current internal representation before being validated (CWE-180). Make sure that the application does not decode the same input twice (CWE-174). Such errors could be used to bypass allowlist validation schemes by introducing dangerous inputs after they have been checked.
- Use a built-in path canonicalization function (such as realpath() in C) that produces the canonical version of the pathname, which effectively removes ".." sequences and symbolic links (CWE-23, CWE-59). This includes:
- realpath() in C
- getCanonicalPath() in Java
- GetFullPath() in ASP.NET
- realpath() or abs_path() in Perl
- realpath() in PHP
Mitigation MIT-4
Architecture and Design
Strategy: Libraries or Frameworks
Use a vetted library or framework that does not allow this weakness to occur or provides constructs that make this weakness easier to avoid [REF-1482].
Mitigation MIT-29
Operation
Strategy: Firewall
Use an application firewall that can detect attacks against this weakness. It can be beneficial in cases in which the code cannot be fixed (because it is controlled by a third party), as an emergency prevention measure while more comprehensive software assurance measures are applied, or to provide defense in depth [REF-1481].
Mitigation MIT-17
Architecture and Design
Operation
Strategy: Environment Hardening
Run your code using the lowest privileges that are required to accomplish the necessary tasks [REF-76]. If possible, create isolated accounts with limited privileges that are only used for a single task. That way, a successful attack will not immediately give the attacker access to the rest of the software or its environment. For example, database applications rarely need to run as the database administrator, especially in day-to-day operations.
Mitigation MIT-21.1
Architecture and Design
Strategy: Enforcement by Conversion
- When the set of acceptable objects, such as filenames or URLs, is limited or known, create a mapping from a set of fixed input values (such as numeric IDs) to the actual filenames or URLs, and reject all other inputs.
- For example, ID 1 could map to "inbox.txt" and ID 2 could map to "profile.txt". Features such as the ESAPI AccessReferenceMap [REF-185] provide this capability.
Mitigation MIT-22
Architecture and Design
Operation
Strategy: Sandbox or Jail
- Run the code in a "jail" or similar sandbox environment that enforces strict boundaries between the process and the operating system. This may effectively restrict which files can be accessed in a particular directory or which commands can be executed by the software.
- OS-level examples include the Unix chroot jail, AppArmor, and SELinux. In general, managed code may provide some protection. For example, java.io.FilePermission in the Java SecurityManager allows the software to specify restrictions on file operations.
- This may not be a feasible solution, and it only limits the impact to the operating system; the rest of the application may still be subject to compromise.
- Be careful to avoid CWE-243 and other weaknesses related to jails.
Mitigation MIT-34
Architecture and Design
Operation
Strategy: Attack Surface Reduction
- Store library, include, and utility files outside of the web document root, if possible. Otherwise, store them in a separate directory and use the web server's access control capabilities to prevent attackers from directly requesting them. One common practice is to define a fixed constant in each calling program, then check for the existence of the constant in the library/include file; if the constant does not exist, then the file was directly requested, and it can exit immediately.
- This significantly reduces the chance of an attacker being able to bypass any protection mechanisms that are in the base program but not in the include files. It will also reduce the attack surface.
Mitigation MIT-39
Implementation
- Ensure that error messages only contain minimal details that are useful to the intended audience and no one else. The messages need to strike the balance between being too cryptic (which can confuse users) or being too detailed (which may reveal more than intended). The messages should not reveal the methods that were used to determine the error. Attackers can use detailed information to refine or optimize their original attack, thereby increasing their chances of success.
- If errors must be captured in some detail, record them in log messages, but consider what could occur if the log messages can be viewed by attackers. Highly sensitive information such as passwords should never be saved to log files.
- Avoid inconsistent messaging that might accidentally tip off an attacker about internal state, such as whether a user account exists or not.
- In the context of path traversal, error messages which disclose path information can help attackers craft the appropriate attack strings to move through the file system hierarchy.
Mitigation MIT-16
Operation
Implementation
Strategy: Environment Hardening
When using PHP, configure the application so that it does not use register_globals. During implementation, develop the application so that it does not rely on this feature, but be wary of implementing a register_globals emulation that is subject to weaknesses such as CWE-95, CWE-621, and similar issues.
CAPEC-126: Path Traversal
An adversary uses path manipulation methods to exploit insufficient input validation of a target to obtain access to data that should be not be retrievable by ordinary well-formed requests. A typical variety of this attack involves specifying a path to a desired file together with dot-dot-slash characters, resulting in the file access API or function traversing out of the intended directory structure and into the root file system. By replacing or modifying the expected path information the access function or API retrieves the file desired by the attacker. These attacks either involve the attacker providing a complete path to a targeted file or using control characters (e.g. path separators (/ or \) and/or dots (.)) to reach desired directories or files.
CAPEC-64: Using Slashes and URL Encoding Combined to Bypass Validation Logic
This attack targets the encoding of the URL combined with the encoding of the slash characters. An attacker can take advantage of the multiple ways of encoding a URL and abuse the interpretation of the URL. A URL may contain special character that need special syntax handling in order to be interpreted. Special characters are represented using a percentage character followed by two digits representing the octet code of the original character (%HEX-CODE). For instance US-ASCII space character would be represented with %20. This is often referred as escaped ending or percent-encoding. Since the server decodes the URL from the requests, it may restrict the access to some URL paths by validating and filtering out the URL requests it received. An attacker will try to craft an URL with a sequence of special characters which once interpreted by the server will be equivalent to a forbidden URL. It can be difficult to protect against this attack since the URL can contain other format of encoding such as UTF-8 encoding, Unicode-encoding, etc.
CAPEC-76: Manipulating Web Input to File System Calls
An attacker manipulates inputs to the target software which the target software passes to file system calls in the OS. The goal is to gain access to, and perhaps modify, areas of the file system that the target software did not intend to be accessible.
CAPEC-78: Using Escaped Slashes in Alternate Encoding
This attack targets the use of the backslash in alternate encoding. An adversary can provide a backslash as a leading character and causes a parser to believe that the next character is special. This is called an escape. By using that trick, the adversary tries to exploit alternate ways to encode the same character which leads to filter problems and opens avenues to attack.
CAPEC-79: Using Slashes in Alternate Encoding
This attack targets the encoding of the Slash characters. An adversary would try to exploit common filtering problems related to the use of the slashes characters to gain access to resources on the target host. Directory-driven systems, such as file systems and databases, typically use the slash character to indicate traversal between directories or other container components. For murky historical reasons, PCs (and, as a result, Microsoft OSs) choose to use a backslash, whereas the UNIX world typically makes use of the forward slash. The schizophrenic result is that many MS-based systems are required to understand both forms of the slash. This gives the adversary many opportunities to discover and abuse a number of common filtering problems. The goal of this pattern is to discover server software that only applies filters to one version, but not the other.