Common Weakness Enumeration

CWE-22

Allowed-with-Review

Improper Limitation of a Pathname to a Restricted Directory ('Path Traversal')

Abstraction: Base · Status: Stable

The product uses external input to construct a pathname that is intended to identify a file or directory that is located underneath a restricted parent directory, but the product does not properly neutralize special elements within the pathname that can cause the pathname to resolve to a location that is outside of the restricted directory.

14120 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.

CVE-2026-72567 (GCVE-0-2026-72567)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-08-10 10:40 – Updated: 2026-08-10 13:07
VLAI
Title
deepwiki-open - Unauthenticated Path Traversal Leading to Arbitrary File Write and Delete
Summary
An improper path validation vulnerability in AsyncFuncAI/deepwiki-open through commit 16f35a0 allows unauthenticated remote attackers to write to or delete arbitrary files with root privileges. The api/api.py wiki-cache endpoint constructs file paths from user-controlled owner, repo, and repo_type fields without sanitization, enabling path traversal.
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: yes Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-08-10 13:07 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-22 - Improper Limitation of a Pathname to a Restricted Directory ('Path Traversal')
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
AsyncFuncAI deepwiki-open Affected: 0 , ≤ 16f35a0 (git)
Create a notification for this product.
Date Public
2026-08-10 10:32
Show details on NVD website

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CVE-2026-71932 (GCVE-0-2026-71932)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-08-24 17:07 – Updated: 2026-08-24 18:46
VLAI
Title
DrayTek VigorSwitch Multiple Models Path Traversal via getSyslogFile
Summary
Multiple DrayTek VigorSwitch models contain a directory traversal vulnerability in the getSyslogFile function. The vulnerability is caused by insufficient validation of the option field. A remote attacker can trigger this vulnerability via crafted input containing path traversal sequences to access arbitrary files on the device. Exploitation requires valid administrative credentials for the device's web management interface.
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-08-24 18:45 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-22 - Improper Limitation of a Pathname to a Restricted Directory ('Path Traversal')
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
DrayTek Corporation VigorSwitch G2540xs Affected: 0 , < 3.9.10 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
DrayTek Corporation VigorSwitch P2540xs Affected: 0 , < 3.9.10 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
DrayTek Corporation VigorSwitch FX2120 Affected: 0 , < 3.9.10 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
DrayTek Corporation VigorSwitch G2282x Affected: 0 , < 2.10.6 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
DrayTek Corporation VigorSwitch P2282x Affected: 0 , < 2.10.6 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
DrayTek Corporation VigorSwitch Q2300x Affected: 0 , < 2.10.7 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
DrayTek Corporation VigorSwitch PQ2300xb Affected: 0 , < 2.10.7 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
DrayTek Corporation VigorSwitch G2542x Affected: 0 , < 3.10.6 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
DrayTek Corporation VigorSwitch P2542x Affected: 0 , < 3.10.6 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
DrayTek Corporation VigorSwitch P2542xh Affected: 0 , < 3.10.6 (custom)
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DrayTek Corporation VigorSwitch PX2060 Affected: 0 , < 2.9.10 (custom)
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DrayTek Corporation VigorSwitch G1280 Affected: 0 , < 2.9.10 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
DrayTek Corporation VigorSwitch P1280 Affected: 0 , < 2.9.10 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
DrayTek Corporation VigorSwitch P1281x Affected: 0 , < 2.9.10 (custom)
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DrayTek Corporation VigorSwitch G1282 Affected: 0 , < 2.9.10 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
DrayTek Corporation VigorSwitch P1282 Affected: 0 , < 2.9.10 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
DrayTek Corporation VigorSwitch G2121 Affected: 0 , < 2.9.10 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
DrayTek Corporation VigorSwitch P2121 Affected: 0 , < 2.9.10 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
DrayTek Corporation VigorSwitch PQ2121x Affected: 0 , < 2.9.10 (custom)
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DrayTek Corporation VigorSwitch Q2121x Affected: 0 , < 2.9.10 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
DrayTek Corporation VigorSwitch G2280x Affected: 0 , < 2.9.10 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
DrayTek Corporation VigorSwitch P2280x Affected: 0 , < 2.9.10 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
DrayTek Corporation VigorSwitch Q2200x Affected: 0 , < 2.9.10 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
DrayTek Corporation VigorSwitch PQ2200xb Affected: 0 , < 2.9.10 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
DrayTek Corporation VigorSwitch G2100 Affected: 0 , < 2.9.10 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
DrayTek Corporation VigorSwitch P2100 Affected: 0 , < 2.9.10 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
DrayTek Corporation VigorSwitch G2540x Affected: 0 , < 2.9.10 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
DrayTek Corporation VigorSwitch P2540x Affected: 0 , < 2.9.10 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Date Public
2026-08-24 00:00
Show details on NVD website

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CVE-2026-71905 (GCVE-0-2026-71905)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-08-24 17:07 – Updated: 2026-08-25 17:12
VLAI
Title
DrayTek VigorAP Multiple Models OS Command Injection via ExportSettings
Summary
Multiple DrayTek VigorAP models contain a command injection vulnerability in the ExportSettings function. The vulnerability is caused by insufficient filtering of the backupkey, backuptype, and realtime fields before command execution. A remote attacker can trigger this vulnerability via crafted input to execute arbitrary commands with root privileges. Exploitation requires valid administrative credentials for the device's web management interface.
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-08-24 18:31 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-78 - Improper Neutralization of Special Elements used in an OS Command ('OS Command Injection')
References
Date Public
2026-08-24 00:00
Show details on NVD website

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CVE-2026-71557 (GCVE-0-2026-71557)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-08-07 16:41 – Updated: 2026-08-07 17:55
VLAI
Title
go-git: Malicious reference names may modify files outside the reference storage
Summary
go-git is an extensible git implementation library written in pure Go. Prior to 5.19.2 and 6.0.0-alpha.5, reference names are not sanitized before being used to construct on-disk paths under the reference storage directory, so a maliciously crafted reference name (for example containing directory-traversal sequences) can cause go-git to write files outside the intended reference storage directory. Versions 5.19.2 and 6.0.0-alpha.5 fix the issue.
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-08-07 17:53 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-22 - Improper Limitation of a Pathname to a Restricted Directory ('Path Traversal')
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
go-git go-git Affected: < 5.19.2
Affected: >= 6.0.0-alpha.1, < 6.0.0-alpha.5
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website

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CVE-2026-71514 (GCVE-0-2026-71514)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-08-22 13:34 – Updated: 2026-08-24 19:18
VLAI
Title
NLTK 3.9.4 through 3.10.2 Path Traversal via CrubadanCorpusReader pathsec Bypass
Summary
NLTK 3.9.4 through 3.10.2 contains a path traversal vulnerability in CrubadanCorpusReader. _load_lang_ngrams joins the corpus root with crubadan_code, the column-0 value read from the corpus table.txt mapping file, and opens the result with the builtin open() rather than the pathsec-validated opener, so os.path.join discards the root when that value is absolute and the read escapes the corpus directory without the containment check nltk.pathsec applies when ENFORCE is set. An attacker who controls a corpus package can disclose file contents outside the corpus root through lang_freq, limited to paths ending in -3grams.txt whose contents parse as token count lines.
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-08-24 19:17 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-22 - Improper Limitation of a Pathname to a Restricted Directory ('Path Traversal')
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
nltk nltk Affected: 3.9.4 , < 3.10.3 (semver)
Unaffected: 3.10.3 (semver)
    cpe:2.3:a:nltk:nltk:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
Create a notification for this product.
Date Public
2026-08-11 00:00
Show details on NVD website

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CVE-2026-71493 (GCVE-0-2026-71493)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-08-21 17:52 – Updated: 2026-08-26 17:33
VLAI
Title
Infracost: Arbitrary file read via config-template readFile symlink traversal
Summary
Infracost provides cloud cost intelligence for engineers, AI coding agents, and CI/CD. Prior to 0.10.45, the readFile, pathExists, isDir, and matchPaths template functions in internal/config/template/parser.go use a lexical filepath.Rel check and a leaf-only os.Lstat check that do not resolve an intermediate directory symlink. A repository can contain a path such as evil/file where evil points outside the checkout, causing os.ReadFile and related operations to follow the symlink and read runner-accessible files. The resulting content is rendered into generated configuration and can be surfaced through the Infracost dashboard or pull request comment, with greater impact in workflows that provide repository secrets. This issue is fixed in version 0.10.45.
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-08-26 17:33 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-22 - Improper Limitation of a Pathname to a Restricted Directory ('Path Traversal')
  • CWE-59 - Improper Link Resolution Before File Access ('Link Following')
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
infracost infracost Affected: < 0.10.45
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website

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CVE-2026-71492 (GCVE-0-2026-71492)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-08-20 16:13 – Updated: 2026-08-20 17:11
VLAI
Title
Banks: Path traversal in `DirectoryPromptRegistry.set()` allows arbitrary file write outside the registry root
Summary
Banks generates meaningful LLM prompts using a simple template language. Prior to version 2.4.5, DirectoryPromptRegistry.set() in src/banks/registries/directory.py interpolates attacker-controlled Prompt.name and Prompt.version values into a Path without canonicalization or containment validation. Relative traversal such as ../victim/foo and an absolute Prompt.name can escape or discard the configured registry root, while overwrite=True permits replacement of existing target files. The poisoned name is persisted in index.json and reconstructed by _load(), allowing the out-of-root path to survive later registry loads. An application that forwards request data into these fields can therefore write Prompt.raw bytes to attacker-chosen paths writable by the application process. This issue is fixed in version 2.4.5.
SSVC
Exploitation: poc Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-08-20 17:10 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-22 - Improper Limitation of a Pathname to a Restricted Directory ('Path Traversal')
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
masci banks Affected: < 2.4.5
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website

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CVE-2026-71476 (GCVE-0-2026-71476)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-08-06 20:07 – Updated: 2026-08-08 02:33
VLAI
Title
Nx: Zip-Slip in the self-hosted remote cache
Summary
Nx is a monorepo solution for TypeScript and polyglot codebases. From version 20.8.0 until 22.7.7 and 23.0.2, the Nx self-hosted HTTP remote cache extracts downloaded cache artifacts without constraining where files are written. A malicious or on-path (MITM) remote cache server can return a crafted tar archive whose entries escape the cache directory and write to arbitrary locations on the machine running Nx, which can be escalated to remote code execution. Nx's default local cache and Nx Cloud are not affected; only workspaces configured to use a self-hosted remote cache are affected. This issue is fixed in versions 22.7.7 and 23.0.2.
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: yes Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-08-08 02:32 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-22 - Improper Limitation of a Pathname to a Restricted Directory ('Path Traversal')
  • CWE-59 - Improper Link Resolution Before File Access ('Link Following')
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
nrwl nx Affected: >= 20.8.0, < 22.7.7
Affected: >= 23.0.0, < 23.0.2
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website

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CVE-2026-71475 (GCVE-0-2026-71475)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-08-11 19:24 – Updated: 2026-08-27 02:20
VLAI
Title
Insights-client-rhel9: insights-client: spoke-controlled clusterid injected unencoded into insights api url path
Summary
A flaw was found in insights-client. A compromised managed cluster, referred to as a 'spoke', can inject unencoded data into the Insights API URL path. This occurs because the ClusterID, which is controlled by the spoke, is used directly in the request path without proper validation or URL encoding. This vulnerability allows a malicious spoke to redirect authenticated requests to unintended API endpoints, potentially leading to information disclosure or unauthorized access.
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-08-13 14:40 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-22 - Improper Limitation of a Pathname to a Restricted Directory ('Path Traversal')
References
URL Tags
https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:60386 vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT
https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:60388 vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT
https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:60389 vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT
https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:60390 vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT
https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:60391 vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT
https://access.redhat.com/security/cve/CVE-2026-71475 vdb-entryx_refsource_REDHAT
https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=2512154 issue-trackingx_refsource_REDHAT
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
Red Hat Red Hat Advanced Cluster Management for Kubernetes 2.13 Unaffected: 1787259125 , < * (rpm)
    cpe:/a:redhat:acm:2.13::el9
Create a notification for this product.
Red Hat Red Hat Advanced Cluster Management for Kubernetes 2.14 Unaffected: 1786882244 , < * (rpm)
    cpe:/a:redhat:acm:2.14::el9
Create a notification for this product.
Red Hat Red Hat Advanced Cluster Management for Kubernetes 2.15 Unaffected: 1787238585 , < * (rpm)
    cpe:/a:redhat:acm:2.15::el9
Create a notification for this product.
Red Hat Red Hat Advanced Cluster Management for Kubernetes 2.16 Unaffected: 1787184541 , < * (rpm)
    cpe:/a:redhat:acm:2.16::el9
Create a notification for this product.
Red Hat Red Hat Advanced Cluster Management for Kubernetes 2.17 Unaffected: 1787227689 , < * (rpm)
    cpe:/a:redhat:acm:2.17::el9
Create a notification for this product.
Date Public
2026-08-11 12:00
Show details on NVD website

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CVE-2026-71364 (GCVE-0-2026-71364)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-08-24 15:21 – Updated: 2026-08-27 14:36
VLAI
Title
Awx: project archive extraction allows path traversal file writes
Summary
A path traversal vulnerability was found in AWX's project archive extraction. The project_archive action plugin extracts zip and tar archive members by joining the project directory path with the member filename without performing path normalization, boundary validation, or rejecting directory traversal sequences. A malicious archive containing members with path traversal components can write files to arbitrary locations on the execution node's filesystem outside the intended project directory. An attacker who controls the archive content, either through a compromised upstream source, a malicious archive URL, or a man-in-the-middle attack on a plain HTTP connection, can achieve arbitrary file writes as the user performing the extraction, potentially leading to remote code execution through mechanisms such as cron files, SSH authorized keys, or playbook content injection.
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-08-27 14:28 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-22 - Improper Limitation of a Pathname to a Restricted Directory ('Path Traversal')
References
URL Tags
https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:59135 vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT
https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:59136 vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT
https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:59153 vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT
https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:59155 vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT
https://access.redhat.com/security/cve/CVE-2026-71364 vdb-entryx_refsource_REDHAT
https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=2511900 issue-trackingx_refsource_REDHAT
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
Red Hat Red Hat Ansible Automation Platform 2.5 for RHEL 8 Unaffected: 0:4.6.32-1.el8ap , < * (rpm)
    cpe:/a:redhat:ansible_automation_platform:2.5::el8
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    cpe:/a:redhat:ansible_automation_platform_developer:2.5::el8
    cpe:/a:redhat:ansible_automation_platform_developer:2.5::el9
Create a notification for this product.
Red Hat Red Hat Ansible Automation Platform 2.5 for RHEL 9 Unaffected: 0:4.6.32-1.el9ap , < * (rpm)
    cpe:/a:redhat:ansible_automation_platform:2.5::el8
    cpe:/a:redhat:ansible_automation_platform:2.5::el9
    cpe:/a:redhat:ansible_automation_platform_developer:2.5::el8
    cpe:/a:redhat:ansible_automation_platform_developer:2.5::el9
Create a notification for this product.
Red Hat Red Hat Ansible Automation Platform 2.6 for RHEL 9 Unaffected: 0:4.7.16-1.el9ap , < * (rpm)
    cpe:/a:redhat:ansible_automation_platform:2.6::el10
    cpe:/a:redhat:ansible_automation_platform:2.6::el9
    cpe:/a:redhat:ansible_automation_platform_developer:2.6::el10
    cpe:/a:redhat:ansible_automation_platform_developer:2.6::el9
    cpe:/a:redhat:ansible_automation_platform_inside:2.6::el9
Create a notification for this product.
Red Hat Red Hat Ansible Automation Platform 2.6 Unaffected: 1787244009 , < * (rpm)
    cpe:/a:redhat:ansible_automation_platform:2.6::el9
Create a notification for this product.
Red Hat Red Hat Ansible Automation Platform 2.7 Unaffected: 1787220257 , < * (rpm)
    cpe:/a:redhat:ansible_automation_platform:2.7::el9
Create a notification for this product.
Date Public
2026-08-24 14:59
Show details on NVD website

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      ],
      "title": "Awx: project archive extraction allows path traversal file writes",
      "workarounds": [
        {
          "lang": "en",
          "value": "There is no complete mitigation for this vulnerability other than applying the update when available. However, the following measures reduce exposure:\n\n1. Avoid using archive-type projects (scm_type=\u0027archive\u0027) until the fix is applied. Use Git-based projects (scm_type=\u0027git\u0027) instead where possible, as these do not use the vulnerable extraction code path.\n2. Ensure all archive source URLs use HTTPS with valid certificates to prevent man-in-the-middle attacks on archive downloads.\n3. Only configure archive-type projects with sources from trusted, verified providers.\n4. Restrict the ability to create and modify projects to trusted administrators.\n5. In containerized deployments, review execution environment container configurations to minimize host volume mounts and ensure the extraction runs with minimal filesystem permissions."
        }
      ],
      "x_generator": {
        "engine": "cvelib 1.8.0"
      },
      "x_redhatCweChain": "CWE-22: Improper Limitation of a Pathname to a Restricted Directory (\u0027Path Traversal\u0027)"
    }
  },
  "cveMetadata": {
    "assignerOrgId": "53f830b8-0a3f-465b-8143-3b8a9948e749",
    "assignerShortName": "redhat",
    "cveId": "CVE-2026-71364",
    "datePublished": "2026-08-24T15:21:54.196Z",
    "dateReserved": "2026-08-06T04:27:34.372Z",
    "dateUpdated": "2026-08-27T14:36:37.181Z",
    "state": "PUBLISHED"
  },
  "dataType": "CVE_RECORD",
  "dataVersion": "5.2"
}

Mitigation MIT-5.1
Implementation

Strategy: Input Validation

  • Assume all input is malicious. Use an "accept known good" input validation strategy, i.e., use a list of acceptable inputs that strictly conform to specifications. Reject any input that does not strictly conform to specifications, or transform it into something that does.
  • When performing input validation, consider all potentially relevant properties, including length, type of input, the full range of acceptable values, missing or extra inputs, syntax, consistency across related fields, and conformance to business rules. As an example of business rule logic, "boat" may be syntactically valid because it only contains alphanumeric characters, but it is not valid if the input is only expected to contain colors such as "red" or "blue."
  • Do not rely exclusively on looking for malicious or malformed inputs. This is likely to miss at least one undesirable input, especially if the code's environment changes. This can give attackers enough room to bypass the intended validation. However, denylists can be useful for detecting potential attacks or determining which inputs are so malformed that they should be rejected outright.
  • When validating filenames, use stringent allowlists that limit the character set to be used. If feasible, only allow a single "." character in the filename to avoid weaknesses such as CWE-23, and exclude directory separators such as "/" to avoid CWE-36. Use a list of allowable file extensions, which will help to avoid CWE-434.
  • Do not rely exclusively on a filtering mechanism that removes potentially dangerous characters. This is equivalent to a denylist, which may be incomplete (CWE-184). For example, filtering "/" is insufficient protection if the filesystem also supports the use of "\" as a directory separator. Another possible error could occur when the filtering is applied in a way that still produces dangerous data (CWE-182). For example, if "../" sequences are removed from the ".../...//" string in a sequential fashion, two instances of "../" would be removed from the original string, but the remaining characters would still form the "../" string.
Mitigation MIT-15
Architecture and Design

For any security checks that are performed on the client side, ensure that these checks are duplicated on the server side, in order to avoid CWE-602. Attackers can bypass the client-side checks by modifying values after the checks have been performed, or by changing the client to remove the client-side checks entirely. Then, these modified values would be submitted to the server.

Mitigation MIT-20.1
Implementation

Strategy: Input Validation

  • Inputs should be decoded and canonicalized to the application's current internal representation before being validated (CWE-180). Make sure that the application does not decode the same input twice (CWE-174). Such errors could be used to bypass allowlist validation schemes by introducing dangerous inputs after they have been checked.
  • Use a built-in path canonicalization function (such as realpath() in C) that produces the canonical version of the pathname, which effectively removes ".." sequences and symbolic links (CWE-23, CWE-59). This includes:
  • realpath() in C
  • getCanonicalPath() in Java
  • GetFullPath() in ASP.NET
  • realpath() or abs_path() in Perl
  • realpath() in PHP
Mitigation MIT-4
Architecture and Design

Strategy: Libraries or Frameworks

Use a vetted library or framework that does not allow this weakness to occur or provides constructs that make this weakness easier to avoid [REF-1482].

Mitigation MIT-29
Operation

Strategy: Firewall

Use an application firewall that can detect attacks against this weakness. It can be beneficial in cases in which the code cannot be fixed (because it is controlled by a third party), as an emergency prevention measure while more comprehensive software assurance measures are applied, or to provide defense in depth [REF-1481].

Mitigation MIT-17
Architecture and Design Operation

Strategy: Environment Hardening

Run your code using the lowest privileges that are required to accomplish the necessary tasks [REF-76]. If possible, create isolated accounts with limited privileges that are only used for a single task. That way, a successful attack will not immediately give the attacker access to the rest of the software or its environment. For example, database applications rarely need to run as the database administrator, especially in day-to-day operations.

Mitigation MIT-21.1
Architecture and Design

Strategy: Enforcement by Conversion

  • When the set of acceptable objects, such as filenames or URLs, is limited or known, create a mapping from a set of fixed input values (such as numeric IDs) to the actual filenames or URLs, and reject all other inputs.
  • For example, ID 1 could map to "inbox.txt" and ID 2 could map to "profile.txt". Features such as the ESAPI AccessReferenceMap [REF-185] provide this capability.
Mitigation MIT-22
Architecture and Design Operation

Strategy: Sandbox or Jail

  • Run the code in a "jail" or similar sandbox environment that enforces strict boundaries between the process and the operating system. This may effectively restrict which files can be accessed in a particular directory or which commands can be executed by the software.
  • OS-level examples include the Unix chroot jail, AppArmor, and SELinux. In general, managed code may provide some protection. For example, java.io.FilePermission in the Java SecurityManager allows the software to specify restrictions on file operations.
  • This may not be a feasible solution, and it only limits the impact to the operating system; the rest of the application may still be subject to compromise.
  • Be careful to avoid CWE-243 and other weaknesses related to jails.
Mitigation MIT-34
Architecture and Design Operation

Strategy: Attack Surface Reduction

  • Store library, include, and utility files outside of the web document root, if possible. Otherwise, store them in a separate directory and use the web server's access control capabilities to prevent attackers from directly requesting them. One common practice is to define a fixed constant in each calling program, then check for the existence of the constant in the library/include file; if the constant does not exist, then the file was directly requested, and it can exit immediately.
  • This significantly reduces the chance of an attacker being able to bypass any protection mechanisms that are in the base program but not in the include files. It will also reduce the attack surface.
Mitigation MIT-39
Implementation
  • Ensure that error messages only contain minimal details that are useful to the intended audience and no one else. The messages need to strike the balance between being too cryptic (which can confuse users) or being too detailed (which may reveal more than intended). The messages should not reveal the methods that were used to determine the error. Attackers can use detailed information to refine or optimize their original attack, thereby increasing their chances of success.
  • If errors must be captured in some detail, record them in log messages, but consider what could occur if the log messages can be viewed by attackers. Highly sensitive information such as passwords should never be saved to log files.
  • Avoid inconsistent messaging that might accidentally tip off an attacker about internal state, such as whether a user account exists or not.
  • In the context of path traversal, error messages which disclose path information can help attackers craft the appropriate attack strings to move through the file system hierarchy.
Mitigation MIT-16
Operation Implementation

Strategy: Environment Hardening

When using PHP, configure the application so that it does not use register_globals. During implementation, develop the application so that it does not rely on this feature, but be wary of implementing a register_globals emulation that is subject to weaknesses such as CWE-95, CWE-621, and similar issues.

CAPEC-126: Path Traversal

An adversary uses path manipulation methods to exploit insufficient input validation of a target to obtain access to data that should be not be retrievable by ordinary well-formed requests. A typical variety of this attack involves specifying a path to a desired file together with dot-dot-slash characters, resulting in the file access API or function traversing out of the intended directory structure and into the root file system. By replacing or modifying the expected path information the access function or API retrieves the file desired by the attacker. These attacks either involve the attacker providing a complete path to a targeted file or using control characters (e.g. path separators (/ or \) and/or dots (.)) to reach desired directories or files.

CAPEC-64: Using Slashes and URL Encoding Combined to Bypass Validation Logic

This attack targets the encoding of the URL combined with the encoding of the slash characters. An attacker can take advantage of the multiple ways of encoding a URL and abuse the interpretation of the URL. A URL may contain special character that need special syntax handling in order to be interpreted. Special characters are represented using a percentage character followed by two digits representing the octet code of the original character (%HEX-CODE). For instance US-ASCII space character would be represented with %20. This is often referred as escaped ending or percent-encoding. Since the server decodes the URL from the requests, it may restrict the access to some URL paths by validating and filtering out the URL requests it received. An attacker will try to craft an URL with a sequence of special characters which once interpreted by the server will be equivalent to a forbidden URL. It can be difficult to protect against this attack since the URL can contain other format of encoding such as UTF-8 encoding, Unicode-encoding, etc.

CAPEC-76: Manipulating Web Input to File System Calls

An attacker manipulates inputs to the target software which the target software passes to file system calls in the OS. The goal is to gain access to, and perhaps modify, areas of the file system that the target software did not intend to be accessible.

CAPEC-78: Using Escaped Slashes in Alternate Encoding

This attack targets the use of the backslash in alternate encoding. An adversary can provide a backslash as a leading character and causes a parser to believe that the next character is special. This is called an escape. By using that trick, the adversary tries to exploit alternate ways to encode the same character which leads to filter problems and opens avenues to attack.

CAPEC-79: Using Slashes in Alternate Encoding

This attack targets the encoding of the Slash characters. An adversary would try to exploit common filtering problems related to the use of the slashes characters to gain access to resources on the target host. Directory-driven systems, such as file systems and databases, typically use the slash character to indicate traversal between directories or other container components. For murky historical reasons, PCs (and, as a result, Microsoft OSs) choose to use a backslash, whereas the UNIX world typically makes use of the forward slash. The schizophrenic result is that many MS-based systems are required to understand both forms of the slash. This gives the adversary many opportunities to discover and abuse a number of common filtering problems. The goal of this pattern is to discover server software that only applies filters to one version, but not the other.