CWE-22
Weakness Allowed-with-ReviewImproper Limitation of a Pathname to a Restricted Directory
Abstraction: Base · Status: Stable
The product uses external input to construct a pathname that is intended to identify a file or directory that is located underneath a restricted parent directory, but the product does not properly neutralize special elements within the pathname that can cause the pathname to resolve to a location that is outside of the restricted directory.
Many file operations are intended to take place within a restricted directory. By using special elements such as ".." and "/" separators, attackers can escape outside of the restricted location to access files or directories that are elsewhere on the system. One of the most common special elements is the "../" sequence, which in most modern operating systems is interpreted as the parent directory of the current location. This is referred to as relative path traversal. Path traversal also covers the use of absolute pathnames such as "/usr/local/bin" to access unexpected files. This is referred to as absolute path traversal.
Mapping guidance
This CWE entry might have children that would be more appropriate.
Examine children of this entry to see if there is a better fit. Consider children such as CWE-23 (or its descendants) for relative path traversal, or CWE-36 for absolute path traversal.
Relationships and members
Modes of introduction
Detection methods
Automated Static Analysis
Automated techniques can find areas where path traversal weaknesses exist. However, tuning or customization may be required to remove or de-prioritize path-traversal problems that are only exploitable by the product's administrator - or other privileged users - and thus potentially valid behavior or, at worst, a bug instead of a vulnerability.
Effectiveness: High
Manual Static Analysis
Manual white box techniques may be able to provide sufficient code coverage and reduction of false positives if all file access operations can be assessed within limited time constraints.
Effectiveness: High
Automated Static Analysis - Binary or Bytecode
According to SOAR [REF-1479], the following detection techniques may be useful:
Highly cost effective:
Bytecode Weakness Analysis - including disassembler + source code weakness analysis
Cost effective for partial coverage:
Binary Weakness Analysis - including disassembler + source code weakness analysis
Effectiveness: High
Manual Static Analysis - Binary or Bytecode
According to SOAR [REF-1479], the following detection techniques may be useful:
Cost effective for partial coverage:
Binary / Bytecode disassembler - then use manual analysis for vulnerabilities & anomalies
Effectiveness: SOAR Partial
Dynamic Analysis with Automated Results Interpretation
According to SOAR [REF-1479], the following detection techniques may be useful:
Highly cost effective:
Web Application Scanner
Web Services Scanner
Database Scanners
Effectiveness: High
Dynamic Analysis with Manual Results Interpretation
According to SOAR [REF-1479], the following detection techniques may be useful:
Highly cost effective:
Fuzz Tester
Framework-based Fuzzer
Effectiveness: High
Manual Static Analysis - Source Code
According to SOAR [REF-1479], the following detection techniques may be useful:
Highly cost effective:
Manual Source Code Review (not inspections)
Cost effective for partial coverage:
Focused Manual Spotcheck - Focused manual analysis of source
Effectiveness: High
Automated Static Analysis - Source Code
According to SOAR [REF-1479], the following detection techniques may be useful:
Highly cost effective:
Source code Weakness Analyzer
Context-configured Source Code Weakness Analyzer
Effectiveness: High
Architecture or Design Review
According to SOAR [REF-1479], the following detection techniques may be useful:
Highly cost effective:
Formal Methods / Correct-By-Construction
Cost effective for partial coverage:
Inspection (IEEE 1028 standard) (can apply to requirements, design, source code, etc.)
Effectiveness: High
Notes
Other
In many programming languages, the injection of a null byte (the 0 or NUL) may allow an attacker to truncate a generated filename to apply to a wider range of files. For example, the product may add ".txt" to any pathname, thus limiting the attacker to text files, but a null injection may effectively remove this restriction.
Relationship
Pathname equivalence can be regarded as a type of canonicalization error.
Relationship
Some pathname equivalence issues are not directly related to directory traversal, rather are used to bypass security-relevant checks for whether a file/directory can be accessed by the attacker (e.g. a trailing "/" on a filename could bypass access rules that don't expect a trailing /, causing a server to provide the file when it normally would not).
Terminology
Like other weaknesses, terminology is often based on the types of manipulations used, instead of the underlying weaknesses. Some people use "directory traversal" only to refer to the injection of ".." and equivalent sequences whose specific meaning is to traverse directories.
Other variants like "absolute pathname" and "drive letter" have the *effect* of directory traversal, but some people may not call it such, since it doesn't involve ".." or equivalent.
Research Gap
Many variants of path traversal attacks are probably under-studied with respect to root cause. CWE-790 and CWE-182 begin to cover part of this gap.
Research Gap
Incomplete diagnosis or reporting of vulnerabilities can make it difficult to know which variant is affected. For example, a researcher might say that "..\" is vulnerable, but not test "../" which may also be vulnerable.
Any combination of directory separators ("/", "\", etc.) and numbers of "." (e.g. "....") can produce unique variants; for example, the "//../" variant is not listed (CVE-2004-0325). See this entry's children and lower-level descendants.
Content history
Identified weakness in Perl demonstrative example
Provided diagram to improve CWE usability
Identified weakness in "good code" for Python demonstrative example
Provided a demonstrative example in PHP
updated Potential_Mitigations, Time_of_Introduction
Suggested OWASP Top Ten 2004 mapping
updated Alternate_Terms, Relationships, Other_Notes, Relationship_Notes, Relevant_Properties, Taxonomy_Mappings, Weakness_Ordinalities
updated Description
updated Relationships, Taxonomy_Mappings
updated Potential_Mitigations
updated Alternate_Terms, Applicable_Platforms, Common_Consequences, Demonstrative_Examples, Description, Detection_Factors, Likelihood_of_Exploit, Name, Observed_Examples, Other_Notes, Potential_Mitigations, References, Related_Attack_Patterns, Relationship_Notes, Relationships, Research_Gaps, Taxonomy_Mappings, Terminology_Notes, Time_of_Introduction, Weakness_Ordinalities
updated Common_Consequences, Demonstrative_Examples, Description, Detection_Factors, Potential_Mitigations, References, Relationships
updated Potential_Mitigations
updated Potential_Mitigations
updated Potential_Mitigations
updated Relationships
updated Potential_Mitigations, References, Relationships, Taxonomy_Mappings
updated Demonstrative_Examples, References, Relationships
updated Potential_Mitigations
updated Observed_Examples
updated Related_Attack_Patterns, Relationships
updated Other_Notes, Research_Gaps
updated Detection_Factors, Relationships, Taxonomy_Mappings
updated Relationships
updated Related_Attack_Patterns
updated Demonstrative_Examples
updated Affected_Resources, Causal_Nature, Likelihood_of_Exploit, References, Relationships, Relevant_Properties, Taxonomy_Mappings
updated References, Relationships
updated References, Related_Attack_Patterns, Relationships, Taxonomy_Mappings
updated Related_Attack_Patterns, Relationships, Type
updated Relationships
updated Potential_Mitigations, Relationships
updated Demonstrative_Examples, Potential_Mitigations
updated Relationships
updated Potential_Mitigations, Relationships
updated Demonstrative_Examples, Relationships
updated Relationships
updated Observed_Examples, Relationships
updated Observed_Examples, Relationships
updated Observed_Examples, References
updated Common_Consequences, Description, Detection_Factors
updated Demonstrative_Examples, References, Relationships, Time_of_Introduction
updated Mapping_Notes, Relationships
updated Observed_Examples
updated Common_Consequences, Description, Diagram, Observed_Examples, Other_Notes, References
updated Demonstrative_Examples, Relationships
updated Relationships
updated Applicable_Platforms, Detection_Factors, Observed_Examples, Potential_Mitigations, References
updated Mapping_Notes, Relationships
updated Alternate_Terms, Applicable_Platforms, Demonstrative_Examples, Relationships
updated Applicable_Platforms, Common_Consequences, Name, References, Relationships, Taxonomy_Mappings
16070 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
GHSA-HR6C-84VF-JF53
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-08-07 00:31 – Updated: 2026-08-07 00:31Path Traversal in BOSH-Ecosystem / BOSH allows an IaaS-metadata attacker to make the agent write a root-owned file with partially attacker-controlled body to any path ending in .network, and create any missing parent directories with mode 0777 via network Alias on Ubuntu.
Affected versions: BOSH agent < v2.847.0 (jammy <= v1.1202, or noble <= v1.364). Lower bound unspecified in advisory ("All bosh agent versions").
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-41861"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-22"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-08-06T22:17:04Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Path Traversal in BOSH-Ecosystem / BOSH allows an IaaS-metadata attacker to make the agent write a root-owned file with partially attacker-controlled body to any path ending in .network, and create any missing parent directories with mode 0777 via network Alias on Ubuntu.\n\n\n\nAffected versions: BOSH agent \u003c v2.847.0 (jammy \u003c= v1.1202, or noble \u003c= v1.364). Lower bound unspecified in advisory (\"All bosh agent versions\").",
"id": "GHSA-hr6c-84vf-jf53",
"modified": "2026-08-07T00:31:18Z",
"published": "2026-08-07T00:31:18Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-41861"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.cloudfoundry.org/blog/cve-2026-41861-arbitrary-root-file-write-via-path-traversal-in-bosh-agent"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:A/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:L",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-HR7C-PW36-W99G
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-05-15 15:30 – Updated: 2026-05-15 15:30Diagram's export module is vulnerable to Path Traversal in src attribute due to lack of HTML sanitization. An unauthenticated user could craft the html payload which could include local files from the server and display them in the generated pdf.
This issue was fixed in version 1.1.1.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-7182"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-22"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-05-15T13:16:19Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "Diagram\u0027s export module is vulnerable to Path Traversal in src attribute due to lack of HTML sanitization.\u00a0An unauthenticated user could craft the html payload which could include\n local files from the server and display them in the generated pdf. \n\nThis issue was fixed in version 1.1.1.",
"id": "GHSA-hr7c-pw36-w99g",
"modified": "2026-05-15T15:30:44Z",
"published": "2026-05-15T15:30:44Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-7182"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://cert.pl/en/posts/2026/05/CVE-2026-7182"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://dhtmlx.com/docs/products/dhtmlxDiagram"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://docs.dhtmlx.com/diagram/whats_new/#version-612"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:H/VI:N/VA:N/SC:H/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
]
}
GHSA-HR7H-8H3P-W7RX
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-10-12 18:31 – Updated: 2026-10-12 18:31LibreNMS before 26.9.0 contains a path traversal vulnerability in nfsen_channel_common.inc.php that allows authenticated users to read unauthorized RRD data by injecting ../ sequences into the channel parameter. Attackers with access to one NFSen-enabled device can request graph.php with a traversed channel value to view traffic and NetFlow graphs of devices outside their authorized scope.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-109354"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-22"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-10-12T17:17:32Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "LibreNMS before 26.9.0 contains a path traversal vulnerability in nfsen_channel_common.inc.php that allows authenticated users to read unauthorized RRD data by injecting ../ sequences into the channel parameter. Attackers with access to one NFSen-enabled device can request graph.php with a traversed channel value to view traffic and NetFlow graphs of devices outside their authorized scope.",
"id": "GHSA-hr7h-8h3p-w7rx",
"modified": "2026-10-12T18:31:52Z",
"published": "2026-10-12T18:31:52Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/librenms/librenms/security/advisories/GHSA-j3qf-h24w-9f42"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-109354"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/librenms-before-26.9.0-path-traversal-via-nfsen-channel-parameter"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:L/VI:N/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
]
}
GHSA-HR7M-P5P9-684R
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-03-03 21:31 – Updated: 2026-03-03 21:31IBM webMethods API Gateway (on-prem) 10.11 through 10.11_Fix3210.15 to 10.15_Fix2711.1 to 11.1_Fix7 IBM webMethods API Management (on-prem) fails to properly validate user-supplied input passed to the url parameter on the /createapi endpoint. An attacker can modify this parameter to use a file:// URI schema instead of the expected https:// schema, enabling unauthorized arbitrary file read access on the underlying server file system.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-2606"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-22"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-03-03T20:16:49Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "IBM webMethods API Gateway (on-prem) 10.11 through 10.11_Fix3210.15 to 10.15_Fix2711.1 to 11.1_Fix7 IBM webMethods API Management (on-prem) fails to properly validate user-supplied input passed to the url parameter on the /createapi\u00a0endpoint. An attacker can modify this parameter to use a file:// URI schema instead of the expected https:// schema, enabling unauthorized arbitrary file read access on the underlying server file system.",
"id": "GHSA-hr7m-p5p9-684r",
"modified": "2026-03-03T21:31:16Z",
"published": "2026-03-03T21:31:16Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-2606"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.ibm.com/support/pages/node/7261122"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-HR7W-WXF5-P6CC
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-06-15 21:30 – Updated: 2026-06-15 21:30Author Arbitrary File Download in Download Monitor <= 5.1.9 versions.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-39489"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-22"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-06-15T21:16:44Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Author Arbitrary File Download in Download Monitor \u003c= 5.1.9 versions.",
"id": "GHSA-hr7w-wxf5-p6cc",
"modified": "2026-06-15T21:30:44Z",
"published": "2026-06-15T21:30:44Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-39489"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://patchstack.com/database/wordpress/plugin/download-monitor/vulnerability/wordpress-download-monitor-plugin-5-1-9-non-arbitrary-file-download-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:H/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-HRCW-XC63-G29M
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-05-05 18:55 – Updated: 2026-05-05 18:55Summary
The markdown_table_to_image tool accepts a caller-controlled path parameter and passes it directly to get_html_table_image:
# pptagent/mcp_server.py:127-143
def markdown_table_to_image(markdown_table: str, path: str, css: str) -> str:
"""
Args:
path (str): The file path where the image will be saved
"""
html = markdown_to_html(markdown_table)
get_html_table_image(html, path, css) # ← no path validation
return f"Markdown table converted to image and saved to {path}"
# pptagent/utils.py:337-366
def get_html_table_image(html: str, output_path: str, css: str = None):
parent_dir, base_name = os.path.split(output_path)
if parent_dir and not os.path.exists(parent_dir):
os.makedirs(parent_dir) # ← creates arbitrary directories
hti = Html2Image(...)
hti.screenshot(
html_str=html,
css_str=css,
save_as=base_name, # ← writes image to any directory
size=(1000, 600),
)
os.makedirs(parent_dir) creates arbitrary directory trees, and Html2Image.screenshot writes the rendered image to parent_dir/base_name. Unlike download_file in the same project, there is no is_relative_to(workspace) guard. This behaviour can be fixed with the same pattern as the above.
Impact
The concrete attack scenarios include
- SSH key replacement:
path = "/home/user/.ssh/authorized_keys"— replaces the authorized_keys file with an image binary (breaks - SSH but could be an image crafted with a specific PNG/JPEG payload). - Web shell:
path = "/var/www/html/uploads/shell.php"— writes the rendered PNG there; the file has the .php extension but PNG content; combined with Apache Options +MultiViews or file-include vulnerabilities could be dangerous. - Directory creation oracle:
path = "/root/test/probe.png"— if the directory is created, confirms the target path exists; if it errors, reveals permissions information.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "PyPI",
"name": "pptagent"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "1.1.36"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-42078"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-22"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2026-05-05T18:55:50Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2026-05-04T17:16:24Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "### Summary\n\nThe `markdown_table_to_image` tool accepts a caller-controlled path parameter and passes it directly to `get_html_table_image`:\n\n```python\n# pptagent/mcp_server.py:127-143\ndef markdown_table_to_image(markdown_table: str, path: str, css: str) -\u003e str:\n \"\"\"\n Args:\n path (str): The file path where the image will be saved\n \"\"\"\n html = markdown_to_html(markdown_table)\n get_html_table_image(html, path, css) # \u2190 no path validation\n return f\"Markdown table converted to image and saved to {path}\"\n\n# pptagent/utils.py:337-366\ndef get_html_table_image(html: str, output_path: str, css: str = None):\n parent_dir, base_name = os.path.split(output_path)\n if parent_dir and not os.path.exists(parent_dir):\n os.makedirs(parent_dir) # \u2190 creates arbitrary directories\n hti = Html2Image(...)\n hti.screenshot(\n html_str=html,\n css_str=css,\n save_as=base_name, # \u2190 writes image to any directory\n size=(1000, 600),\n )\n```\n\n`os.makedirs(parent_dir)` creates arbitrary directory trees, and `Html2Image.screenshot` writes the rendered image to `parent_dir/base_name`. Unlike `download_file` in the same project, there is no `is_relative_to(workspace)` guard. This behaviour can be fixed with the same pattern as the above.\n\n\n### Impact\n\nThe concrete attack scenarios include\n\n- SSH key replacement: `path = \"/home/user/.ssh/authorized_keys\"` \u2014 replaces the authorized_keys file with an image binary (breaks - SSH but could be an image crafted with a specific PNG/JPEG payload).\n- Web shell: `path = \"/var/www/html/uploads/shell.php\"` \u2014 writes the rendered PNG there; the file has the .php extension but PNG content; combined with Apache Options +MultiViews or file-include vulnerabilities could be dangerous.\n- Directory creation oracle: `path = \"/root/test/probe.png\"` \u2014 if the directory is created, confirms the target path exists; if it errors, reveals permissions information.",
"id": "GHSA-hrcw-xc63-g29m",
"modified": "2026-05-05T18:55:50Z",
"published": "2026-05-05T18:55:50Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/icip-cas/PPTAgent/security/advisories/GHSA-hrcw-xc63-g29m"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-42078"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/icip-cas/PPTAgent/commit/418491a9a1c02d9d93194b5973bb58df35cf9d00"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/icip-cas/PPTAgent"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:R/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:L",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "PPTAgent: Arbitrary File Write + Directory Creation via markdown_table_to_image"
}
GHSA-HRF3-VPXJ-W9WJ
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-08-06 00:00 – Updated: 2022-08-13 00:00Improper access control and path traversal vulnerability in LauncherProvider prior to SMR Aug-2022 Release 1 allow local attacker to access files of One UI.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2022-33715"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-20",
"CWE-22"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2022-08-05T16:15:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Improper access control and path traversal vulnerability in LauncherProvider prior to SMR Aug-2022 Release 1 allow local attacker to access files of One UI.",
"id": "GHSA-hrf3-vpxj-w9wj",
"modified": "2022-08-13T00:00:54Z",
"published": "2022-08-06T00:00:46Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-33715"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://security.samsungmobile.com/securityUpdate.smsb?year=2022\u0026month=08"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-HRH2-VP3X-79XF
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-09-29 23:49 – Updated: 2026-09-29 23:49Impact
When extracting an untrusted archive with the default decompress(input, output) API, a crafted archive containing a chain of symlink entries can make a later entry resolve outside the output directory. The lexical containment checks pass, but the kernel follows the planted symlinks to a path outside output, letting an attacker write (and read) files outside the intended extraction directory. Overwriting startup scripts or configuration can lead to remote code execution.
This is a bypass of the hardening in GHSA-mp2f-45pm-3cg9. Any application that extracts attacker-controlled archives is affected.
Patches
Fixed in 11.1.4 (latest) and backported to 10.2.2 (release-v10 dist-tag). Upgrade to one of these.
The unmaintained upstream decompress package shares this flaw and will not be patched. Migrate to @xhmikosr/decompress@11.1.4 (or @10.2.2).
Workarounds
None. Do not extract untrusted archives on affected versions. If you cannot upgrade, validate entries out of band and reject any whose resolved path escapes the target directory.
{
"affected": [
{
"database_specific": {
"last_known_affected_version_range": "\u003c= 11.1.3"
},
"package": {
"ecosystem": "npm",
"name": "@xhmikosr/decompress"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "11.0.0"
},
{
"fixed": "11.1.4"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"database_specific": {
"last_known_affected_version_range": "\u003c= 10.2.1"
},
"package": {
"ecosystem": "npm",
"name": "@xhmikosr/decompress"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "10.2.2"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "npm",
"name": "decompress"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"last_affected": "4.2.1"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-101894"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-22",
"CWE-59"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2026-09-29T23:49:42Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2026-09-28T17:17:48Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "### Impact\n\nWhen extracting an untrusted archive with the default `decompress(input, output)` API, a crafted archive containing a chain of symlink entries can make a later entry resolve **outside** the output directory. The lexical containment checks pass, but the kernel follows the planted symlinks to a path outside `output`, letting an attacker write (and read) files outside the intended extraction directory. Overwriting startup scripts or configuration can lead to remote code execution.\n\nThis is a bypass of the hardening in GHSA-mp2f-45pm-3cg9. Any application that extracts attacker-controlled archives is affected.\n\n### Patches\n\nFixed in **11.1.4** (`latest`) and backported to **10.2.2** (`release-v10` dist-tag). Upgrade to one of these.\n\nThe unmaintained upstream `decompress` package shares this flaw and will not be patched. Migrate to `@xhmikosr/decompress@11.1.4` (or `@10.2.2`).\n\n### Workarounds\n\nNone. Do not extract untrusted archives on affected versions. If you cannot upgrade, validate entries out of band and reject any whose resolved path escapes the target directory.",
"id": "GHSA-hrh2-vp3x-79xf",
"modified": "2026-09-29T23:49:42Z",
"published": "2026-09-29T23:49:42Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/XhmikosR/decompress/security/advisories/GHSA-hrh2-vp3x-79xf"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-101894"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/XhmikosR/decompress/commit/5f4b2f64abb31bbaf1fef8975b595fd7df2558d8"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/XhmikosR/decompress/commit/f6c88c668216d6a12c6cecf4fe0b6c70bf77050a"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/XhmikosR/decompress"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/XhmikosR/decompress/releases/tag/v10.2.2"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/XhmikosR/decompress/releases/tag/v11.1.4"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "@xhmikosr/decompress: Path traversal via symlink chain"
}
GHSA-HRHV-26JC-HH6Q
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-06-09 15:31 – Updated: 2026-04-01 18:31Missing Authorization vulnerability in Contest Gallery.This issue affects Contest Gallery: from n/a through 21.3.4.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-32778"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-22",
"CWE-862"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-06-09T13:15:50Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Missing Authorization vulnerability in Contest Gallery.This issue affects Contest Gallery: from n/a through 21.3.4.",
"id": "GHSA-hrhv-26jc-hh6q",
"modified": "2026-04-01T18:31:48Z",
"published": "2024-06-09T15:31:09Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-32778"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://patchstack.com/database/Wordpress/Plugin/contest-gallery/vulnerability/wordpress-contest-gallery-plugin-21-3-4-arbitrary-file-deletion-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://patchstack.com/database/vulnerability/contest-gallery/wordpress-contest-gallery-plugin-21-3-4-arbitrary-file-deletion-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:C/C:N/I:L/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-HRJ8-PX4X-VH25
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-04-19 03:31 – Updated: 2025-05-06 15:30A Path Traversal vulnerability in web component of Ivanti Avalanche before 6.4.3 allows a remote authenticated attacker to execute arbitrary commands as SYSTEM.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-27976"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-22"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-04-19T02:15:10Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "A Path Traversal vulnerability in web component of Ivanti Avalanche before 6.4.3 allows a remote authenticated attacker to execute arbitrary commands as SYSTEM.",
"id": "GHSA-hrj8-px4x-vh25",
"modified": "2025-05-06T15:30:46Z",
"published": "2024-04-19T03:31:03Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-27976"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://forums.ivanti.com/s/article/Avalanche-6-4-3-Security-Hardening-and-CVEs-addressed?language=en_US"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
Mitigation MIT-5.1
Strategy: Input Validation
- Assume all input is malicious. Use an "accept known good" input validation strategy, i.e., use a list of acceptable inputs that strictly conform to specifications. Reject any input that does not strictly conform to specifications, or transform it into something that does.
- When performing input validation, consider all potentially relevant properties, including length, type of input, the full range of acceptable values, missing or extra inputs, syntax, consistency across related fields, and conformance to business rules. As an example of business rule logic, "boat" may be syntactically valid because it only contains alphanumeric characters, but it is not valid if the input is only expected to contain colors such as "red" or "blue."
- Do not rely exclusively on looking for malicious or malformed inputs. This is likely to miss at least one undesirable input, especially if the code's environment changes. This can give attackers enough room to bypass the intended validation. However, denylists can be useful for detecting potential attacks or determining which inputs are so malformed that they should be rejected outright.
- When validating filenames, use stringent allowlists that limit the character set to be used. If feasible, only allow a single "." character in the filename to avoid weaknesses such as CWE-23, and exclude directory separators such as "/" to avoid CWE-36. Use a list of allowable file extensions, which will help to avoid CWE-434.
- Do not rely exclusively on a filtering mechanism that removes potentially dangerous characters. This is equivalent to a denylist, which may be incomplete (CWE-184). For example, filtering "/" is insufficient protection if the filesystem also supports the use of "\" as a directory separator. Another possible error could occur when the filtering is applied in a way that still produces dangerous data (CWE-182). For example, if "../" sequences are removed from the ".../...//" string in a sequential fashion, two instances of "../" would be removed from the original string, but the remaining characters would still form the "../" string.
Mitigation MIT-15
For any security checks that are performed on the client side, ensure that these checks are duplicated on the server side, in order to avoid CWE-602. Attackers can bypass the client-side checks by modifying values after the checks have been performed, or by changing the client to remove the client-side checks entirely. Then, these modified values would be submitted to the server.
Mitigation MIT-20.1
Strategy: Input Validation
- Inputs should be decoded and canonicalized to the application's current internal representation before being validated (CWE-180). Make sure that the application does not decode the same input twice (CWE-174). Such errors could be used to bypass allowlist validation schemes by introducing dangerous inputs after they have been checked.
- Use a built-in path canonicalization function (such as realpath() in C) that produces the canonical version of the pathname, which effectively removes ".." sequences and symbolic links (CWE-23, CWE-59). This includes:
- realpath() in C
- getCanonicalPath() in Java
- GetFullPath() in ASP.NET
- realpath() or abs_path() in Perl
- realpath() in PHP
Mitigation MIT-4
Strategy: Libraries or Frameworks
Use a vetted library or framework that does not allow this weakness to occur or provides constructs that make this weakness easier to avoid [REF-1482].
Mitigation MIT-29
Strategy: Firewall
Use an application firewall that can detect attacks against this weakness. It can be beneficial in cases in which the code cannot be fixed (because it is controlled by a third party), as an emergency prevention measure while more comprehensive software assurance measures are applied, or to provide defense in depth [REF-1481].
Mitigation MIT-17
Strategy: Environment Hardening
Run your code using the lowest privileges that are required to accomplish the necessary tasks [REF-76]. If possible, create isolated accounts with limited privileges that are only used for a single task. That way, a successful attack will not immediately give the attacker access to the rest of the software or its environment. For example, database applications rarely need to run as the database administrator, especially in day-to-day operations.
Mitigation MIT-21.1
Strategy: Enforcement by Conversion
- When the set of acceptable objects, such as filenames or URLs, is limited or known, create a mapping from a set of fixed input values (such as numeric IDs) to the actual filenames or URLs, and reject all other inputs.
- For example, ID 1 could map to "inbox.txt" and ID 2 could map to "profile.txt". Features such as the ESAPI AccessReferenceMap [REF-185] provide this capability.
Mitigation MIT-22
Strategy: Sandbox or Jail
- Run the code in a "jail" or similar sandbox environment that enforces strict boundaries between the process and the operating system. This may effectively restrict which files can be accessed in a particular directory or which commands can be executed by the software.
- OS-level examples include the Unix chroot jail, AppArmor, and SELinux. In general, managed code may provide some protection. For example, java.io.FilePermission in the Java SecurityManager allows the software to specify restrictions on file operations.
- This may not be a feasible solution, and it only limits the impact to the operating system; the rest of the application may still be subject to compromise.
- Be careful to avoid CWE-243 and other weaknesses related to jails.
Mitigation MIT-34
Strategy: Attack Surface Reduction
- Store library, include, and utility files outside of the web document root, if possible. Otherwise, store them in a separate directory and use the web server's access control capabilities to prevent attackers from directly requesting them. One common practice is to define a fixed constant in each calling program, then check for the existence of the constant in the library/include file; if the constant does not exist, then the file was directly requested, and it can exit immediately.
- This significantly reduces the chance of an attacker being able to bypass any protection mechanisms that are in the base program but not in the include files. It will also reduce the attack surface.
Mitigation MIT-39
- Ensure that error messages only contain minimal details that are useful to the intended audience and no one else. The messages need to strike the balance between being too cryptic (which can confuse users) or being too detailed (which may reveal more than intended). The messages should not reveal the methods that were used to determine the error. Attackers can use detailed information to refine or optimize their original attack, thereby increasing their chances of success.
- If errors must be captured in some detail, record them in log messages, but consider what could occur if the log messages can be viewed by attackers. Highly sensitive information such as passwords should never be saved to log files.
- Avoid inconsistent messaging that might accidentally tip off an attacker about internal state, such as whether a user account exists or not.
- In the context of path traversal, error messages which disclose path information can help attackers craft the appropriate attack strings to move through the file system hierarchy.
Mitigation MIT-16
Strategy: Environment Hardening
When using PHP, configure the application so that it does not use register_globals. During implementation, develop the application so that it does not rely on this feature, but be wary of implementing a register_globals emulation that is subject to weaknesses such as CWE-95, CWE-621, and similar issues.
CAPEC-126: Path Traversal
An adversary uses path manipulation methods to exploit insufficient input validation of a target to obtain access to data that should be not be retrievable by ordinary well-formed requests. A typical variety of this attack involves specifying a path to a desired file together with dot-dot-slash characters, resulting in the file access API or function traversing out of the intended directory structure and into the root file system. By replacing or modifying the expected path information the access function or API retrieves the file desired by the attacker. These attacks either involve the attacker providing a complete path to a targeted file or using control characters (e.g. path separators (/ or \) and/or dots (.)) to reach desired directories or files.
CAPEC-64: Using Slashes and URL Encoding Combined to Bypass Validation Logic
This attack targets the encoding of the URL combined with the encoding of the slash characters. An attacker can take advantage of the multiple ways of encoding a URL and abuse the interpretation of the URL. A URL may contain special character that need special syntax handling in order to be interpreted. Special characters are represented using a percentage character followed by two digits representing the octet code of the original character (%HEX-CODE). For instance US-ASCII space character would be represented with %20. This is often referred as escaped ending or percent-encoding. Since the server decodes the URL from the requests, it may restrict the access to some URL paths by validating and filtering out the URL requests it received. An attacker will try to craft an URL with a sequence of special characters which once interpreted by the server will be equivalent to a forbidden URL. It can be difficult to protect against this attack since the URL can contain other format of encoding such as UTF-8 encoding, Unicode-encoding, etc.
CAPEC-76: Manipulating Web Input to File System Calls
An attacker manipulates inputs to the target software which the target software passes to file system calls in the OS. The goal is to gain access to, and perhaps modify, areas of the file system that the target software did not intend to be accessible.
CAPEC-78: Using Escaped Slashes in Alternate Encoding
This attack targets the use of the backslash in alternate encoding. An adversary can provide a backslash as a leading character and causes a parser to believe that the next character is special. This is called an escape. By using that trick, the adversary tries to exploit alternate ways to encode the same character which leads to filter problems and opens avenues to attack.
CAPEC-79: Using Slashes in Alternate Encoding
This attack targets the encoding of the Slash characters. An adversary would try to exploit common filtering problems related to the use of the slashes characters to gain access to resources on the target host. Directory-driven systems, such as file systems and databases, typically use the slash character to indicate traversal between directories or other container components. For murky historical reasons, PCs (and, as a result, Microsoft OSs) choose to use a backslash, whereas the UNIX world typically makes use of the forward slash. The schizophrenic result is that many MS-based systems are required to understand both forms of the slash. This gives the adversary many opportunities to discover and abuse a number of common filtering problems. The goal of this pattern is to discover server software that only applies filters to one version, but not the other.