Common Weakness Enumeration

CWE-1333

Allowed

Inefficient Regular Expression Complexity

Abstraction: Base · Status: Draft

API response cwe.mitre.org

The product uses a regular expression with a worst-case computational complexity that is inefficient and possibly exponential.

725 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.

GHSA-VC6M-HM49-G9QG

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-04-29 16:43 – Updated: 2025-04-30 17:27
VLAI
Summary
phi4mm: Quadratic Time Complexity in Input Token Processing​ leads to denial of service
Details

Summary

A critical performance vulnerability has been identified in the input preprocessing logic of the multimodal tokenizer. The code dynamically replaces placeholder tokens (e.g., <|audio_|>, <|image_|>) with repeated tokens based on precomputed lengths. Due to ​​inefficient list concatenation operations​​, the algorithm exhibits ​​quadratic time complexity (O(n²))​​, allowing malicious actors to trigger resource exhaustion via specially crafted inputs.

Details

​​Affected Component​​: input_processor_for_phi4mm function. https://github.com/vllm-project/vllm/blob/8cac35ba435906fb7eb07e44fe1a8c26e8744f4e/vllm/model_executor/models/phi4mm.py#L1182-L1197

The code modifies the input_ids list in-place using input_ids = input_ids[:i] + tokens + input_ids[i+1:]. Each concatenation operation copies the entire list, leading to O(n) operations per replacement. For k placeholders expanding to m tokens, total time becomes O(kmn), approximating O(n²) in worst-case scenarios.

PoC

Test data demonstrates exponential time growth:

test_cases = [100, 200, 400, 800, 1600, 3200, 6400]
run_times = [0.002, 0.007, 0.028, 0.136, 0.616, 2.707, 11.854]  # seconds

Doubling input size increases runtime by ~4x (consistent with O(n²)).

Impact

​​Denial-of-Service (DoS):​​ An attacker could submit inputs with many placeholders (e.g., 10,000 <|audio_1|> tokens), causing CPU/memory exhaustion. Example: 10,000 placeholders → ~100 million operations.

Remediation Recommendations​

Precompute all placeholder positions and expansion lengths upfront. Replace dynamic list concatenation with a single preallocated array.

# Pseudocode for O(n) solution
new_input_ids = []
for token in input_ids:
    if token is placeholder:
        new_input_ids.extend([token] * precomputed_length)
    else:
        new_input_ids.append(token)
Severity
6.5 (Medium)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H
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{
  "affected": [
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "PyPI",
        "name": "vllm"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0.8.0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "0.8.5"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2025-46560"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-1333"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2025-04-29T16:43:10Z",
    "nvd_published_at": "2025-04-30T01:15:52Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "### Summary\nA critical performance vulnerability has been identified in the input preprocessing logic of the multimodal tokenizer. The code dynamically replaces placeholder tokens (e.g., \u003c|audio_*|\u003e, \u003c|image_*|\u003e) with repeated tokens based on precomputed lengths. Due to \u200b\u200binefficient list concatenation operations\u200b\u200b, the algorithm exhibits \u200b\u200bquadratic time complexity (O(n\u00b2))\u200b\u200b, allowing malicious actors to trigger resource exhaustion via specially crafted inputs.\n\n### Details\n\u200b\u200bAffected Component\u200b\u200b: input_processor_for_phi4mm function.\nhttps://github.com/vllm-project/vllm/blob/8cac35ba435906fb7eb07e44fe1a8c26e8744f4e/vllm/model_executor/models/phi4mm.py#L1182-L1197\n\nThe code modifies the input_ids list in-place using input_ids = input_ids[:i] + tokens + input_ids[i+1:]. Each concatenation operation copies the entire list, leading to O(n) operations per replacement. For k placeholders expanding to m tokens, total time becomes O(kmn), approximating O(n\u00b2) in worst-case scenarios.\n\n### PoC\nTest data demonstrates exponential time growth:\n```python\ntest_cases = [100, 200, 400, 800, 1600, 3200, 6400]\nrun_times = [0.002, 0.007, 0.028, 0.136, 0.616, 2.707, 11.854]  # seconds\n```\nDoubling input size increases runtime by ~4x (consistent with O(n\u00b2)).\n\n### Impact\n\u200b\u200bDenial-of-Service (DoS):\u200b\u200b An attacker could submit inputs with many placeholders (e.g., 10,000 \u003c|audio_1|\u003e tokens), causing CPU/memory exhaustion.\nExample: 10,000 placeholders \u2192 ~100 million operations.\n\n\n### Remediation Recommendations\u200b\nPrecompute all placeholder positions and expansion lengths upfront.\nReplace dynamic list concatenation with a single preallocated array.\n```python\n# Pseudocode for O(n) solution\nnew_input_ids = []\nfor token in input_ids:\n    if token is placeholder:\n        new_input_ids.extend([token] * precomputed_length)\n    else:\n        new_input_ids.append(token)\n```",
  "id": "GHSA-vc6m-hm49-g9qg",
  "modified": "2025-04-30T17:27:16Z",
  "published": "2025-04-29T16:43:10Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/vllm-project/vllm/security/advisories/GHSA-vc6m-hm49-g9qg"
    },
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-46560"
    },
    {
      "type": "PACKAGE",
      "url": "https://github.com/vllm-project/vllm"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/vllm-project/vllm/blob/8cac35ba435906fb7eb07e44fe1a8c26e8744f4e/vllm/model_executor/models/phi4mm.py#L1182-L1197"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "phi4mm: Quadratic Time Complexity in Input Token Processing\u200b leads to denial of service"
}

GHSA-VFFC-QPX3-764C

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-03-20 12:32 – Updated: 2025-03-20 12:32
VLAI
Details

A vulnerability in binary-husky/gpt_academic version 310122f allows for a Regular Expression Denial of Service (ReDoS) attack. The application uses a regular expression to parse user input, which can take polynomial time to match certain crafted inputs. This allows an attacker to send a small malicious payload to the server, causing it to become unresponsive and unable to handle any requests from other users.

Severity
6.5 (Medium)
CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H
Show details on source website
To clipboard 

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2024-12388"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-115",
      "CWE-1333"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2025-03-20T10:15:28Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "A vulnerability in binary-husky/gpt_academic version 310122f allows for a Regular Expression Denial of Service (ReDoS) attack. The application uses a regular expression to parse user input, which can take polynomial time to match certain crafted inputs. This allows an attacker to send a small malicious payload to the server, causing it to become unresponsive and unable to handle any requests from other users.",
  "id": "GHSA-vffc-qpx3-764c",
  "modified": "2025-03-20T12:32:43Z",
  "published": "2025-03-20T12:32:43Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-12388"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://huntr.com/bounties/b1c01c94-e477-41db-9d17-601aa25e351c"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-VFG9-R3FQ-JVX4

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-10-15 23:35 – Updated: 2024-10-31 19:34
VLAI
Summary
Possible ReDoS vulnerability in HTTP Token authentication in Action Controller
Details

There is a possible ReDoS vulnerability in Action Controller's HTTP Token authentication. This vulnerability has been assigned the CVE identifier CVE-2024-47887.

Impact

For applications using HTTP Token authentication via authenticate_or_request_with_http_token or similar, a carefully crafted header may cause header parsing to take an unexpected amount of time, possibly resulting in a DoS vulnerability. All users running an affected release should either upgrade or apply the relevant patch immediately.

Ruby 3.2 has mitigations for this problem, so Rails applications using Ruby 3.2 or newer are unaffected. Rails 8.0.0.beta1 depends on Ruby 3.2 or greater so is unaffected.

Releases

The fixed releases are available at the normal locations.

Workarounds

Users on Ruby 3.2 are unaffected by this issue.

Credits

Thanks to scyoon for reporting

Severity
6.6 (Medium)
CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:U
Show details on source website
To clipboard 

{
  "affected": [
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "RubyGems",
        "name": "actionpack"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "4.0.0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "6.1.7.9"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "RubyGems",
        "name": "actionpack"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "7.0.0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "7.0.8.5"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "RubyGems",
        "name": "actionpack"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "7.1.0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "7.1.4.1"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "RubyGems",
        "name": "actionpack"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "7.2.0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "7.2.1.1"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2024-47887"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-1333"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2024-10-15T23:35:35Z",
    "nvd_published_at": "2024-10-16T20:15:06Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "There is a possible ReDoS vulnerability in Action Controller\u0027s HTTP Token authentication. This vulnerability has been assigned the CVE identifier CVE-2024-47887.\n\nImpact\n------\n\nFor applications using HTTP Token authentication via `authenticate_or_request_with_http_token` or similar, a carefully crafted header may cause header parsing to take an unexpected amount of time, possibly resulting in a DoS vulnerability. All users running an affected release should either upgrade or apply the relevant patch immediately.\n\nRuby 3.2 has mitigations for this problem, so Rails applications using Ruby 3.2 or newer are unaffected. Rails 8.0.0.beta1 depends on Ruby 3.2 or greater so is unaffected.\n\nReleases\n--------\nThe fixed releases are available at the normal locations.\n\nWorkarounds\n-----------\nUsers on Ruby 3.2 are unaffected by this issue.\n\n\nCredits\n-------\nThanks to [scyoon](https://hackerone.com/scyoon) for reporting",
  "id": "GHSA-vfg9-r3fq-jvx4",
  "modified": "2024-10-31T19:34:19Z",
  "published": "2024-10-15T23:35:35Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/rails/rails/security/advisories/GHSA-vfg9-r3fq-jvx4"
    },
    {
      "type": "PACKAGE",
      "url": "https://github.com/rails/rails"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/rubysec/ruby-advisory-db/blob/master/gems/actionpack/CVE-2024-47887.yml"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:U",
      "type": "CVSS_V4"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "Possible ReDoS vulnerability in HTTP Token authentication in Action Controller"
}

GHSA-VFM7-4H43-GP6M

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-06-20 21:31 – Updated: 2026-06-26 21:32
VLAI
Details

vLLM versions >= 0.6.3 and < 0.9.0 contain multiple regular expression denial of service (ReDoS) vulnerabilities. Several regex patterns — in vllm/lora/utils.py, the phi4mini tool parser, and the OpenAI-compatible serving chat endpoint — are susceptible to catastrophic backtracking. An attacker submitting crafted input with nested or repeated structures can trigger severe CPU consumption and performance degradation, resulting in denial of service.

Severity
4.3 (Medium)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:L
5.3 (Medium)
CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:L/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N
Show details on source website
To clipboard 

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2025-71379"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-1333"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-06-20T19:16:23Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "vLLM versions \u003e= 0.6.3 and \u003c 0.9.0 contain multiple regular expression denial of service (ReDoS) vulnerabilities. Several regex patterns \u2014 in vllm/lora/utils.py, the phi4mini tool parser, and the OpenAI-compatible serving chat endpoint \u2014 are susceptible to catastrophic backtracking. An attacker submitting crafted input with nested or repeated structures can trigger severe CPU consumption and performance degradation, resulting in denial of service.",
  "id": "GHSA-vfm7-4h43-gp6m",
  "modified": "2026-06-26T21:32:05Z",
  "published": "2026-06-20T21:31:21Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/vllm-project/vllm/security/advisories/GHSA-j828-28rj-hfhp"
    },
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-71379"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/vllm-regular-expression-denial-of-service-in-multiple-components"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:L",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    },
    {
      "score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:L/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
      "type": "CVSS_V4"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-VGM6-834W-2RFW

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-02-27 15:31 – Updated: 2025-02-27 15:31
VLAI
Details

IBM EntireX 11.1 could allow a local user to cause a denial of service due to use of a regular expression with an inefficient complexity that consumes excessive CPU cycles.

Severity
5.5 (Medium)
CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H
Show details on source website
To clipboard 

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2024-54170"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-1333"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2025-02-27T15:15:39Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "IBM EntireX 11.1\u00a0could allow a local user to cause a denial of service due to use of a regular expression with an inefficient complexity that consumes excessive CPU cycles.",
  "id": "GHSA-vgm6-834w-2rfw",
  "modified": "2025-02-27T15:31:52Z",
  "published": "2025-02-27T15:31:52Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-54170"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.ibm.com/support/pages/node/7184194"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-VHFQ-GPQW-P5CW

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-03-20 12:32 – Updated: 2025-03-20 12:32
VLAI
Details

A Regular Expression Denial of Service (ReDoS) vulnerability exists in gaizhenbiao/chuanhuchatgpt, as of commit 20b2e02. The server uses the regex pattern r'<[^>]+>' to parse user input. In Python's default regex engine, this pattern can take polynomial time to match certain crafted inputs. An attacker can exploit this by uploading a malicious JSON payload, causing the server to consume 100% CPU for an extended period. This can lead to a Denial of Service (DoS) condition, potentially affecting the entire server.

Severity
6.5 (Medium)
CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H
Show details on source website
To clipboard 

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2024-10955"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-1333",
      "CWE-400"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2025-03-20T10:15:22Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "A Regular Expression Denial of Service (ReDoS) vulnerability exists in gaizhenbiao/chuanhuchatgpt, as of commit 20b2e02. The server uses the regex pattern `r\u0027\u003c[^\u003e]+\u003e\u0027` to parse user input. In Python\u0027s default regex engine, this pattern can take polynomial time to match certain crafted inputs. An attacker can exploit this by uploading a malicious JSON payload, causing the server to consume 100% CPU for an extended period. This can lead to a Denial of Service (DoS) condition, potentially affecting the entire server.",
  "id": "GHSA-vhfq-gpqw-p5cw",
  "modified": "2025-03-20T12:32:41Z",
  "published": "2025-03-20T12:32:41Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-10955"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://huntr.com/bounties/8291f8d0-5060-47e7-9986-1f411310fb7b"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-VJJ4-QWCM-552H

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-11-15 12:00 – Updated: 2025-09-05 19:04
VLAI
Summary
Inefficient Regular Expression Complexity in Liferay Portal
Details

ReDoS vulnerability in LayoutPageTemplateEntryUpgradeProcess in Liferay Portal 7.3.2 through 7.4.3.4 and Liferay DXP 7.2 fix pack 9 through fix pack 18, 7.3 before update 4, and DXP 7.4 GA allows remote attackers to consume an excessive amount of server resources via a crafted payload injected into the 'name' field of a layout prototype.

Severity
7.5 (High)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H
Show details on source website
To clipboard 

{
  "affected": [
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "Maven",
        "name": "com.liferay.portal:release.portal.bom"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "7.3.2"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "7.4.3.5"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2022-42124"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-1333"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2022-11-21T23:49:32Z",
    "nvd_published_at": "2022-11-15T01:15:00Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "ReDoS vulnerability in LayoutPageTemplateEntryUpgradeProcess in Liferay Portal 7.3.2 through 7.4.3.4 and Liferay DXP 7.2 fix pack 9 through fix pack 18, 7.3 before update 4, and DXP 7.4 GA allows remote attackers to consume an excessive amount of server resources via a crafted payload injected into the \u0027name\u0027 field of a layout prototype.",
  "id": "GHSA-vjj4-qwcm-552h",
  "modified": "2025-09-05T19:04:02Z",
  "published": "2022-11-15T12:00:16Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-42124"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://issues.liferay.com/browse/LPE-17435"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://issues.liferay.com/browse/LPE-17535"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://portal.liferay.dev/learn/security/known-vulnerabilities/-/asset_publisher/HbL5mxmVrnXW/content/cve-2022-42124"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://liferay.com"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "Inefficient Regular Expression Complexity in Liferay Portal "
}

GHSA-VJMW-64M9-XQQ5

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-04-23 09:32 – Updated: 2026-04-23 09:32
VLAI
Details

GROWI provided by GROWI, Inc. is vulnerable to a regular expression denial of service (ReDoS) via a crafted input string.

Severity
7.5 (High)
CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H
8.7 (High)
CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N
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{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-41040"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-1333"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-04-23T07:16:41Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "GROWI provided by GROWI, Inc. is vulnerable to a regular expression denial of service (ReDoS) via a crafted input string.",
  "id": "GHSA-vjmw-64m9-xqq5",
  "modified": "2026-04-23T09:32:57Z",
  "published": "2026-04-23T09:32:57Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-41040"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://growi.co.jp/news/44"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://jvn.jp/en/jp/JVN46728373"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    },
    {
      "score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
      "type": "CVSS_V4"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-VM32-9CFF-WGH2

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-07-08 00:37 – Updated: 2026-07-08 15:31
VLAI
Details

String::Util versions before 1.36 for Perl are susceptible to a regular expression denial of service.

The trim and rtrim functions stripped trailing whitespace with s/\s$//u. Because \s matches greedily and the $ anchor fails whenever a non-whitespace character follows the whitespace, the regex engine retries the match at each offset of a long whitespace run, producing quadratic backtracking. The fix replaces \s*$ with \s+$.

Any caller that passes untrusted input to trim or rtrim can trigger CPU exhaustion with a string containing a long run of whitespace.

Severity
7.5 (High)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H
Show details on source website
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{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-14895"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-1333"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-07-07T23:16:54Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "String::Util versions before 1.36 for Perl are susceptible to a regular expression denial of service.\n\nThe trim and rtrim functions stripped trailing whitespace with s/\\s*$//u. Because \\s* matches greedily and the $ anchor fails whenever a non-whitespace character follows the whitespace, the regex engine retries the match at each offset of a long whitespace run, producing quadratic backtracking. The fix replaces \\s*$ with \\s+$.\n\nAny caller that passes untrusted input to trim or rtrim can trigger CPU exhaustion with a string containing a long run of whitespace.",
  "id": "GHSA-vm32-9cff-wgh2",
  "modified": "2026-07-08T15:31:54Z",
  "published": "2026-07-08T00:37:56Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-14895"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/scottchiefbaker/String-Util/commit/f8150867aaeb8f57c59601aefb2193f2caed8745.patch"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/scottchiefbaker/String-Util/releases"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://metacpan.org/release/BAKERSCOT/String-Util-1.36/diff/BAKERSCOT/String-Util-1.35#lib/String/Util.pm"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www.openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2026/07/07/18"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-VM74-J4WQ-82XJ

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-01-17 21:30 – Updated: 2026-02-17 22:04
VLAI
Summary
Sisimai Inefficient Regular Expression Complexity vulnerability
Details

A vulnerability has been found in Sisimai up to 4.25.14p11 and classified as problematic. This vulnerability affects the function to_plain of the file lib/sisimai/string.rb. The manipulation leads to inefficient regular expression complexity. The exploit has been disclosed to the public and may be used. Upgrading to version 4.25.14p12 is able to address this issue. The name of the patch is 51fe2e6521c9c02b421b383943dc9e4bbbe65d4e. It is recommended to upgrade the affected component. The identifier of this vulnerability is VDB-218452.

Severity
4.3 (Medium)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:L
Show details on source website
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{
  "affected": [
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "RubyGems",
        "name": "sisimai"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "4.25.14p12"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2022-4891"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-1333"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2023-01-20T23:19:16Z",
    "nvd_published_at": "2023-01-17T20:15:00Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "A vulnerability has been found in Sisimai up to 4.25.14p11 and classified as problematic. This vulnerability affects the function `to_plain` of the file `lib/sisimai/string.rb`. The manipulation leads to inefficient regular expression complexity. The exploit has been disclosed to the public and may be used. Upgrading to version 4.25.14p12 is able to address this issue. The name of the patch is 51fe2e6521c9c02b421b383943dc9e4bbbe65d4e. It is recommended to upgrade the affected component. The identifier of this vulnerability is VDB-218452.",
  "id": "GHSA-vm74-j4wq-82xj",
  "modified": "2026-02-17T22:04:50Z",
  "published": "2023-01-17T21:30:22Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-4891"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/sisimai/rb-sisimai/pull/244"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/sisimai/rb-sisimai/commit/51fe2e6521c9c02b421b383943dc9e4bbbe65d4e"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://gist.githubusercontent.com/gmcabrita/e5dc0332473fc2e3a7a407434c8d21c7/raw/00b12035e5e1b685469f143b94301a50306376ba/example.html"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/rubysec/ruby-advisory-db/blob/master/gems/sisimai/CVE-2022-4891.yml"
    },
    {
      "type": "PACKAGE",
      "url": "https://github.com/sisimai/rb-sisimai"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/sisimai/rb-sisimai/releases/tag/v4.25.14p12"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://vuldb.com/?ctiid.218452"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://vuldb.com/?id.218452"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:L",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "Sisimai Inefficient Regular Expression Complexity vulnerability"
}
Mitigation
Architecture and Design

Use regular expressions that do not support backtracking, e.g. by removing nested quantifiers.

Mitigation
System Configuration

Set backtracking limits in the configuration of the regular expression implementation, such as PHP's pcre.backtrack_limit. Also consider limits on execution time for the process.

Mitigation
Implementation

Do not use regular expressions with untrusted input. If regular expressions must be used, avoid using backtracking in the expression.

Mitigation
Implementation

Limit the length of the input that the regular expression will process.

CAPEC-492: Regular Expression Exponential Blowup

An adversary may execute an attack on a program that uses a poor Regular Expression(Regex) implementation by choosing input that results in an extreme situation for the Regex. A typical extreme situation operates at exponential time compared to the input size. This is due to most implementations using a Nondeterministic Finite Automaton(NFA) state machine to be built by the Regex algorithm since NFA allows backtracking and thus more complex regular expressions.

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