Common Weakness Enumeration
CWE-121
AllowedStack-based Buffer Overflow
Abstraction: Variant · Status: Draft
A stack-based buffer overflow condition is a condition where the buffer being overwritten is allocated on the stack (i.e., is a local variable or, rarely, a parameter to a function).
5212 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
CVE-2025-54494 (GCVE-0-2025-54494)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-08-25 13:53 – Updated: 2025-11-03 18:13
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Summary
A stack-based buffer overflow vulnerability exists in the MFER parsing functionality of The Biosig Project libbiosig 3.9.0 and Master Branch (35a819fa). A specially crafted MFER file can lead to arbitrary code execution. An attacker can provide a malicious file to trigger this vulnerability.This vulnerability manifests on line 9205 of biosig.c on the current master branch (35a819fa), when the Tag is 133:
else if (tag==133) //0x85
{
curPos += ifread(buf,1,len,hdr);
Severity
9.8 (Critical)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-121 - Stack-based Buffer Overflow
Assigner
References
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| The Biosig Project | libbiosig |
Affected:
3.9.0
Affected: Master Branch (35a819fa) |
Credits
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CVE-2025-54493 (GCVE-0-2025-54493)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-08-25 13:53 – Updated: 2025-11-03 18:13
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Summary
A stack-based buffer overflow vulnerability exists in the MFER parsing functionality of The Biosig Project libbiosig 3.9.0 and Master Branch (35a819fa). A specially crafted MFER file can lead to arbitrary code execution. An attacker can provide a malicious file to trigger this vulnerability.This vulnerability manifests on line 9184 of biosig.c on the current master branch (35a819fa), when the Tag is 131:
else if (tag==131) //0x83
{
// Patient Age
if (len!=7) fprintf(stderr,"Warning MFER tag131 incorrect length %i!=7\n",len);
curPos += ifread(buf,1,len,hdr);
Severity
9.8 (Critical)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-121 - Stack-based Buffer Overflow
Assigner
References
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| The Biosig Project | libbiosig |
Affected:
3.9.0
Affected: Master Branch (35a819fa) |
Credits
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CVE-2025-54492 (GCVE-0-2025-54492)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-08-25 13:53 – Updated: 2025-11-03 18:13
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Summary
A stack-based buffer overflow vulnerability exists in the MFER parsing functionality of The Biosig Project libbiosig 3.9.0 and Master Branch (35a819fa). A specially crafted MFER file can lead to arbitrary code execution. An attacker can provide a malicious file to trigger this vulnerability.This vulnerability manifests on line 9141 of biosig.c on the current master branch (35a819fa), when the Tag is 67:
else if (tag==67) //0x43: Sample skew
{
int skew=0; // [1]
curPos += ifread(&skew, 1, len,hdr);
In this case, the address of the newly-defined integer `skew` \[1\] is overflowed instead of `buf`. This means a stack overflow can occur using much smaller values of `len` in this code path.
Severity
9.8 (Critical)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-121 - Stack-based Buffer Overflow
Assigner
References
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| The Biosig Project | libbiosig |
Affected:
3.9.0
Affected: Master Branch (35a819fa) |
Credits
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CVE-2025-54491 (GCVE-0-2025-54491)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-08-25 13:53 – Updated: 2025-11-03 18:13
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Summary
A stack-based buffer overflow vulnerability exists in the MFER parsing functionality of The Biosig Project libbiosig 3.9.0 and Master Branch (35a819fa). A specially crafted MFER file can lead to arbitrary code execution. An attacker can provide a malicious file to trigger this vulnerability.This vulnerability manifests on line 9191 of biosig.c on the current master branch (35a819fa), when the Tag is 65:
else if (tag==65) //0x41: patient event
{
// event table
curPos += ifread(buf,1,len,hdr);
Severity
9.8 (Critical)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-121 - Stack-based Buffer Overflow
Assigner
References
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| The Biosig Project | libbiosig |
Affected:
3.9.0
Affected: Master Branch (35a819fa) |
Credits
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CVE-2025-54490 (GCVE-0-2025-54490)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-08-25 13:53 – Updated: 2025-11-03 18:13
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Summary
A stack-based buffer overflow vulnerability exists in the MFER parsing functionality of The Biosig Project libbiosig 3.9.0 and Master Branch (35a819fa). A specially crafted MFER file can lead to arbitrary code execution. An attacker can provide a malicious file to trigger this vulnerability.This vulnerability manifests on line 9090 of biosig.c on the current master branch (35a819fa), when the Tag is 64:
else if (tag==64) //0x40
{
// preamble
char tmp[256]; // [1]
curPos += ifread(tmp,1,len,hdr);
In this case, the overflowed buffer is the newly-declared `tmp` \[1\] instead of `buf`. While `tmp` is larger than `buf`, having a size of 256 bytes, a stack overflow can still occur in cases where `len` is encoded using multiple octets and is greater than 256.
Severity
9.8 (Critical)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-121 - Stack-based Buffer Overflow
Assigner
References
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| The Biosig Project | libbiosig |
Affected:
3.9.0
Affected: Master Branch (35a819fa) |
Credits
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CVE-2025-54489 (GCVE-0-2025-54489)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-08-25 13:53 – Updated: 2025-11-03 18:13
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Summary
A stack-based buffer overflow vulnerability exists in the MFER parsing functionality of The Biosig Project libbiosig 3.9.0 and Master Branch (35a819fa). A specially crafted MFER file can lead to arbitrary code execution. An attacker can provide a malicious file to trigger this vulnerability.This vulnerability manifests on line 8970 of biosig.c on the current master branch (35a819fa), when the Tag is 63:
else if (tag==63) {
uint8_t tag2=255, len2=255;
count = 0;
while ((count<len) && !(FlagInfiniteLength && len2==0 && tag2==0)){
curPos += ifread(&tag2,1,1,hdr);
curPos += ifread(&len2,1,1,hdr);
if (VERBOSE_LEVEL==9)
fprintf(stdout,"MFER: tag=%3i chan=%2i len=%-4i tag2=%3i len2=%3i curPos=%i %li count=%4i\n",tag,chan,len,tag2,len2,curPos,iftell(hdr),(int)count);
if (FlagInfiniteLength && len2==0 && tag2==0) break;
count += (2+len2);
curPos += ifread(&buf,1,len2,hdr);
Here, the number of bytes read is not the Data Length decoded from the current frame in the file (`len`) but rather is a new length contained in a single octet read from the same input file (`len2`). Despite this, a stack-based buffer overflow condition can still occur, as the destination buffer is still `buf`, which has a size of only 128 bytes, while `len2` can be as large as 255.
Severity
9.8 (Critical)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-121 - Stack-based Buffer Overflow
Assigner
References
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| The Biosig Project | libbiosig |
Affected:
3.9.0
Affected: Master Branch (35a819fa) |
Credits
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CVE-2025-54488 (GCVE-0-2025-54488)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-08-25 13:53 – Updated: 2025-11-03 18:13
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Summary
A stack-based buffer overflow vulnerability exists in the MFER parsing functionality of The Biosig Project libbiosig 3.9.0 and Master Branch (35a819fa). A specially crafted MFER file can lead to arbitrary code execution. An attacker can provide a malicious file to trigger this vulnerability.This vulnerability manifests on line 8850 of biosig.c on the current master branch (35a819fa), when the Tag is 13:
else if (tag==13) {
if (len>8) fprintf(stderr,"Warning MFER tag13 incorrect length %i>8\n",len);
curPos += ifread(&buf,1,len,hdr);
Severity
9.8 (Critical)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-121 - Stack-based Buffer Overflow
Assigner
References
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| The Biosig Project | libbiosig |
Affected:
3.9.0
Affected: Master Branch (35a819fa) |
Credits
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CVE-2025-54487 (GCVE-0-2025-54487)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-08-25 13:53 – Updated: 2025-11-03 18:13
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Summary
A stack-based buffer overflow vulnerability exists in the MFER parsing functionality of The Biosig Project libbiosig 3.9.0 and Master Branch (35a819fa). A specially crafted MFER file can lead to arbitrary code execution. An attacker can provide a malicious file to trigger this vulnerability.This vulnerability manifests on line 8842 of biosig.c on the current master branch (35a819fa), when the Tag is 12:
else if (tag==12) //0x0C
{
// sampling resolution
if (len>6) fprintf(stderr,"Warning MFER tag12 incorrect length %i>6\n",len);
val32 = 0;
int8_t v8;
curPos += ifread(&UnitCode,1,1,hdr);
curPos += ifread(&v8,1,1,hdr);
curPos += ifread(buf,1,len-2,hdr);
In addition to values of `len` greater than 130 triggering a buffer overflow, a value of `len` smaller than 2 will also trigger a buffer overflow due to an integer underflow when computing `len-2` in this code path.
Severity
9.8 (Critical)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-121 - Stack-based Buffer Overflow
Assigner
References
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| The Biosig Project | libbiosig |
Affected:
3.9.0
Affected: Master Branch (35a819fa) |
Credits
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CVE-2025-54486 (GCVE-0-2025-54486)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-08-25 13:53 – Updated: 2025-11-03 18:13
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Summary
A stack-based buffer overflow vulnerability exists in the MFER parsing functionality of The Biosig Project libbiosig 3.9.0 and Master Branch (35a819fa). A specially crafted MFER file can lead to arbitrary code execution. An attacker can provide a malicious file to trigger this vulnerability.This vulnerability manifests on line 8824 of biosig.c on the current master branch (35a819fa), when the Tag is 11:
else if (tag==11) //0x0B
{
// Fs
if (len>6) fprintf(stderr,"Warning MFER tag11 incorrect length %i>6\n",len);
double fval;
curPos += ifread(buf,1,len,hdr);
Severity
9.8 (Critical)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-121 - Stack-based Buffer Overflow
Assigner
References
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| The Biosig Project | libbiosig |
Affected:
3.9.0
Affected: Master Branch (35a819fa) |
Credits
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CVE-2025-54485 (GCVE-0-2025-54485)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-08-25 13:53 – Updated: 2025-11-03 18:13
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Summary
A stack-based buffer overflow vulnerability exists in the MFER parsing functionality of The Biosig Project libbiosig 3.9.0 and Master Branch (35a819fa). A specially crafted MFER file can lead to arbitrary code execution. An attacker can provide a malicious file to trigger this vulnerability.This vulnerability manifests on line 8785 of biosig.c on the current master branch (35a819fa), when the Tag is 8:
else if (tag==8) {
if (len>2) fprintf(stderr,"Warning MFER tag8 incorrect length %i>2\n",len);
curPos += ifread(buf,1,len,hdr);
Severity
9.8 (Critical)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-121 - Stack-based Buffer Overflow
Assigner
References
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| The Biosig Project | libbiosig |
Affected:
3.9.0
Affected: Master Branch (35a819fa) |
Credits
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Mitigation MIT-10
Operation
Build and Compilation
Strategy: Environment Hardening
- Use automatic buffer overflow detection mechanisms that are offered by certain compilers or compiler extensions. Examples include: the Microsoft Visual Studio /GS flag, Fedora/Red Hat FORTIFY_SOURCE GCC flag, StackGuard, and ProPolice, which provide various mechanisms including canary-based detection and range/index checking.
- D3-SFCV (Stack Frame Canary Validation) from D3FEND [REF-1334] discusses canary-based detection in detail.
Mitigation
Architecture and Design
Use an abstraction library to abstract away risky APIs. Not a complete solution.
Mitigation
Implementation
Implement and perform bounds checking on input.
Mitigation
Implementation
Do not use dangerous functions such as gets. Use safer, equivalent functions which check for boundary errors.
Mitigation MIT-11
Operation
Build and Compilation
Strategy: Environment Hardening
- Run or compile the software using features or extensions that randomly arrange the positions of a program's executable and libraries in memory. Because this makes the addresses unpredictable, it can prevent an attacker from reliably jumping to exploitable code.
- Examples include Address Space Layout Randomization (ASLR) [REF-58] [REF-60] and Position-Independent Executables (PIE) [REF-64]. Imported modules may be similarly realigned if their default memory addresses conflict with other modules, in a process known as "rebasing" (for Windows) and "prelinking" (for Linux) [REF-1332] using randomly generated addresses. ASLR for libraries cannot be used in conjunction with prelink since it would require relocating the libraries at run-time, defeating the whole purpose of prelinking.
- For more information on these techniques see D3-SAOR (Segment Address Offset Randomization) from D3FEND [REF-1335].
No CAPEC attack patterns related to this CWE.