Common Weakness Enumeration

CWE-116

Allowed-with-Review

Improper Encoding or Escaping of Output

Abstraction: Class · Status: Draft

API response cwe.mitre.org

The product prepares a structured message for communication with another component, but encoding or escaping of the data is either missing or done incorrectly. As a result, the intended structure of the message is not preserved.

694 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.

CVE-2025-40547 (GCVE-0-2025-40547)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-11-18 08:35 – Updated: 2026-02-26 16:56
VLAI
Title
SolarWinds Serv-U Logic Abuse - Remote Code Execution Vulnerability
Summary
A logic error vulnerability exists in Serv-U which when abused could give a malicious actor with access to admin privileges the ability to execute code. This issue requires administrative privileges to abuse. On Windows deployments, the risk is scored as a medium because services frequently run under less-privileged service accounts by default.
Severity
9.1 (Critical)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:H
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2025-11-19 04:55 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-116 - Improper Encoding or Escaping of Output
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
SolarWinds Serv-U Affected: SolarWinds Serv-U 15.5.2 and prior versions
Create a notification for this product.
Date Public
2025-11-18 14:05
Credits
SolarWinds would like to thank researchers working with Intigriti on our bug bounty program
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2025-36254 (GCVE-0-2025-36254)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-08-19 21:22 – Updated: 2026-08-20 16:27
VLAI
Title
DS8900F and DS8A00 Authentication Bypass
Summary
IBM System Storage DS8A00 10.1.3.0 through 10.11.35.0 and IBM DS8900F 89.40.83.0 through 89.44.25.0 could allow an attacker to bypass security authentication due to improperly encoding of DSCLI command output to obtain sensitive information or cause a denial of service.
Severity
7.4 (High)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:H
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-08-20 16:17 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-116 - Improper Encoding or Escaping of Output
Assigner
References
URL Tags
https://www.ibm.com/support/pages/node/7284322 vendor-advisorypatch
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
IBM DS8A00 (R10.0 - R10.1) Affected: 10.1.3.0 , ≤ 10.11.35.0 (semver)
    cpe:2.3:o:ibm:system_storage_ds8A00:10.1.3.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:o:ibm:system_storage_ds8A00:10.11.35.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
Create a notification for this product.
IBM DS8900F (R9.4) Affected: 89.40.83.0 , ≤ 89.44.25.0 (semver)
    cpe:2.3:o:ibm:system_storage_ds8900f:89.40.83.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:o:ibm:system_storage_ds8900f:89.44.25.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2025-34141 (GCVE-0-2025-34141)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-07-22 12:35 – Updated: 2026-05-15 11:14
VLAI
Title
ETQ Reliance CG < SE.2025.1 Reflected XSS in `SQLConverterServlet`
Summary
A reflected cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerability exists in ETQ Reliance CG (legacy) platform within the `SQLConverterServlet` component. This vulnerability requires user interaction, such as clicking a crafted link, and may result in execution of unauthorized scripts in the user's context. The affected servlet was unnecessarily exposed to authenticated users and has since been disabled in version SE.2025.1.
Severity
5.1 (Medium)
CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:A/VC:N/VI:N/VA:N/SC:L/SI:L/SA:N
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2025-07-22 13:19 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-79 - Improper Neutralization of Input During Web Page Generation (XSS or 'Cross-site Scripting')
  • CWE-116 - Improper Encoding or Escaping of Output
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
ETQ Reliance CG (legacy) Affected: 0 , < SE.2025.1 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Credits
Adam Kues and Shubham Shah of Assetnote
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2025-32974 (GCVE-0-2025-32974)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-04-30 14:55 – Updated: 2025-04-30 15:15
VLAI
Title
org.xwiki.platform:xwiki-platform-security-requiredrights-default required rights analysis doesn't consider TextAreas with default content type
Summary
XWiki is a generic wiki platform. In versions starting from 15.9-rc-1 to before 15.10.8 and from 16.0.0-rc-1 to before 16.2.0, the required rights analysis doesn't consider TextAreas with default content type. When editing a page, XWiki warns since version 15.9 when there is content on the page like a script macro that would gain more rights due to the editing. This analysis doesn't consider certain kinds of properties, allowing a user to put malicious scripts in there that will be executed after a user with script, admin, or programming rights edited the page. Such a malicious script could impact the confidentiality, integrity and availability of the whole XWiki installation. This issue has been patched in versions 15.10.8 and 16.2.0.
Severity
9.1 (Critical)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:R/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:H
SSVC
Exploitation: poc Automatable: no Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2025-04-30 15:15 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-116 - Improper Encoding or Escaping of Output
  • CWE-269 - Improper Privilege Management
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
xwiki xwiki-platform Affected: >= 15.9-rc-1, < 15.10.8
Affected: >= 16.0.0-rc-1, < 16.2.0
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2025-32078 (GCVE-0-2025-32078)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-04-11 16:24 – Updated: 2025-04-11 16:34
VLAI
Title
XSSes and potential RCE in Special:VersionCompare
Summary
Improper Encoding or Escaping of Output vulnerability in The Wikimedia Foundation Mediawiki - Version Compare Extension allows Cross-Site Scripting (XSS).This issue affects Mediawiki - Version Compare Extension: from 1.39 through 1.43.
Severity
6.9 (Medium)
CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:L/VI:L/VA:L/SC:L/SI:L/SA:L
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: yes Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2025-04-11 16:34 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-116 - Improper Encoding or Escaping of Output
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Date Public
2025-04-10 21:51
Credits
BlankEclair
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2025-32074 (GCVE-0-2025-32074)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-04-11 16:22 – Updated: 2025-07-07 14:29
VLAI
Title
XSSes in Extension:ConfirmAccount
Summary
Improper Encoding or Escaping of Output vulnerability in The Wikimedia Foundation Mediawiki - Confirm Account Extension allows Cross-Site Scripting (XSS).This issue affects Mediawiki - Confirm Account Extension: from 1.39 through 1.43.
Severity
5.4 (Medium)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: yes Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2025-04-11 17:30 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-116 - Improper Encoding or Escaping of Output
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Date Public
2025-04-11 00:58
Credits
BlankEclair
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2025-32072 (GCVE-0-2025-32072)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-04-11 16:23 – Updated: 2025-11-03 19:53
VLAI
Title
HTML injection in feed output from i18n message
Summary
Improper Encoding or Escaping of Output vulnerability in The Wikimedia Foundation Mediawiki Core - Feed Utils allows WebView Injection.This issue affects Mediawiki Core - Feed Utils: from 1.39 through 1.43.
Severity
6.9 (Medium)
CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:L/VI:L/VA:L/SC:L/SI:L/SA:L
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: yes Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2025-04-11 16:39 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-116 - Improper Encoding or Escaping of Output
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Date Public
2025-04-11 00:43
Credits
Lucas_Werkmeister_WMDE
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2025-31651 (GCVE-0-2025-31651)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-04-28 19:17 – Updated: 2026-02-26 18:27
VLAI
Title
Apache Tomcat: Bypass of rules in Rewrite Valve
Summary
Improper Neutralization of Escape, Meta, or Control Sequences vulnerability in Apache Tomcat. For a subset of unlikely rewrite rule configurations, it was possible for a specially crafted request to bypass some rewrite rules. If those rewrite rules effectively enforced security constraints, those constraints could be bypassed. This issue affects Apache Tomcat: from 11.0.0-M1 through 11.0.5, from 10.1.0-M1 through 10.1.39, from 9.0.0.M1 through 9.0.102. The following versions were EOL at the time the CVE was created but are known to be affected: 8.5.0 though 8.5.100. Other, older, EOL versions may also be affected. Users are recommended to upgrade to version [FIXED_VERSION], which fixes the issue.
Severity
9.8 (Critical)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: yes Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2025-07-30 03:55 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-116 - Improper Encoding or Escaping of Output
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
Apache Software Foundation Apache Tomcat Affected: 11.0.0-M1 , ≤ 11.0.5 (semver)
Affected: 10.1.0-M1 , ≤ 10.1.39 (semver)
Affected: 9.0.0.M1 , ≤ 9.0.102 (semver)
Affected: 8.5.0 , ≤ 8.5.100 (semver)
Unknown: 8.0.0.RC1 , < 8.5.0 (semver)
Unknown: 10.0.0-M1 , ≤ 10.0.27 (semver)
Create a notification for this product.
Credits
COSCO Shipping Lines DIC
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2025-30657 (GCVE-0-2025-30657)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-04-09 20:02 – Updated: 2025-04-09 20:32
VLAI
Title
Junos OS: Processing of a specific BGP update causes the SRRD process to crash
Summary
An Improper Encoding or Escaping of Output vulnerability in the Sampling Route Record Daemon (SRRD) of Juniper Networks Junos OS allows an unauthenticated, network-based attacker to cause a Denial-of-Service (DoS). When a device configured for flow-monitoring receives a specific BGP update message, it is correctly processed internally by the routing protocol daemon (rpd), but when it's sent to SRRD it's encoded incorrectly which leads to a crash and momentary interruption of jflow processing until it automatically restarts. This issue does not affect traffic forwarding itself. This issue affects Junos OS:  * All versions before 21.2R3-S9, * 21.4 versions before 21.4R3-S10, * 22.2 versions before 22.2R3-S6, * 22.4 versions before 22.4R3, * 23.2 versions before 23.2R1-S2, 23.2R2. This issue does not affected Junos OS Evolved.
Severity
5.3 (Medium)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:L
6.9 (Medium)
CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:L/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/AU:Y/R:A/RE:M
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: yes Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2025-04-09 20:31 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-116 - Improper Encoding or Escaping of Output
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
Juniper Networks Junos OS Affected: 0 , < 21.2R3-S9 (semver)
Affected: 21.4 , < 21.4R3-S10 (semver)
Affected: 22.2 , < 22.2R3-S6 (semver)
Affected: 22.4 , < 22.4R3 (semver)
Affected: 23.2 , < 23.2R1-S2, 23.2R2 (semver)
Create a notification for this product.
Date Public
2025-04-09 16:00
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2025-30345 (GCVE-0-2025-30345)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-03-21 00:00 – Updated: 2025-03-21 15:04
VLAI
Summary
An issue was discovered in OpenSlides before 4.2.5. When creating new chats via the chat_group.create action, the user is able to specify the name of the chat. Some HTML elements such as SCRIPT are filtered, whereas others are not. In most cases, HTML entities are encoded properly, but not when deleting chats or deleting messages in these chats. This potentially allows attackers to interfere with the layout of the rendered website, but it is unlikely that victims would click on deleted chats or deleted messages.
Severity
3.5 (Low)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:R/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N
SSVC
Exploitation: poc Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2025-03-21 15:04 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-116 - Improper Encoding or Escaping of Output
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
Intevation OpenSlides Affected: 0 , < 4.2.5 (custom)
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Mitigation MIT-4.3
Architecture and Design

Strategy: Libraries or Frameworks

  • Use a vetted library or framework that does not allow this weakness to occur or provides constructs that make this weakness easier to avoid.
  • For example, consider using the ESAPI Encoding control [REF-45] or a similar tool, library, or framework. These will help the programmer encode outputs in a manner less prone to error.
  • Alternately, use built-in functions, but consider using wrappers in case those functions are discovered to have a vulnerability.
Mitigation MIT-27
Architecture and Design

Strategy: Parameterization

  • If available, use structured mechanisms that automatically enforce the separation between data and code. These mechanisms may be able to provide the relevant quoting, encoding, and validation automatically, instead of relying on the developer to provide this capability at every point where output is generated.
  • For example, stored procedures can enforce database query structure and reduce the likelihood of SQL injection.
Mitigation
Architecture and Design Implementation

Understand the context in which your data will be used and the encoding that will be expected. This is especially important when transmitting data between different components, or when generating outputs that can contain multiple encodings at the same time, such as web pages or multi-part mail messages. Study all expected communication protocols and data representations to determine the required encoding strategies.

Mitigation
Architecture and Design

In some cases, input validation may be an important strategy when output encoding is not a complete solution. For example, you may be providing the same output that will be processed by multiple consumers that use different encodings or representations. In other cases, you may be required to allow user-supplied input to contain control information, such as limited HTML tags that support formatting in a wiki or bulletin board. When this type of requirement must be met, use an extremely strict allowlist to limit which control sequences can be used. Verify that the resulting syntactic structure is what you expect. Use your normal encoding methods for the remainder of the input.

Mitigation
Architecture and Design

Use input validation as a defense-in-depth measure to reduce the likelihood of output encoding errors (see CWE-20).

Mitigation
Requirements

Fully specify which encodings are required by components that will be communicating with each other.

Mitigation
Implementation

When exchanging data between components, ensure that both components are using the same character encoding. Ensure that the proper encoding is applied at each interface. Explicitly set the encoding you are using whenever the protocol allows you to do so.

CAPEC-104: Cross Zone Scripting

An attacker is able to cause a victim to load content into their web-browser that bypasses security zone controls and gain access to increased privileges to execute scripting code or other web objects such as unsigned ActiveX controls or applets. This is a privilege elevation attack targeted at zone-based web-browser security.

CAPEC-73: User-Controlled Filename

An attack of this type involves an adversary inserting malicious characters (such as a XSS redirection) into a filename, directly or indirectly that is then used by the target software to generate HTML text or other potentially executable content. Many websites rely on user-generated content and dynamically build resources like files, filenames, and URL links directly from user supplied data. In this attack pattern, the attacker uploads code that can execute in the client browser and/or redirect the client browser to a site that the attacker owns. All XSS attack payload variants can be used to pass and exploit these vulnerabilities.

CAPEC-81: Web Server Logs Tampering

Web Logs Tampering attacks involve an attacker injecting, deleting or otherwise tampering with the contents of web logs typically for the purposes of masking other malicious behavior. Additionally, writing malicious data to log files may target jobs, filters, reports, and other agents that process the logs in an asynchronous attack pattern. This pattern of attack is similar to "Log Injection-Tampering-Forging" except that in this case, the attack is targeting the logs of the web server and not the application.

CAPEC-85: AJAX Footprinting

This attack utilizes the frequent client-server roundtrips in Ajax conversation to scan a system. While Ajax does not open up new vulnerabilities per se, it does optimize them from an attacker point of view. A common first step for an attacker is to footprint the target environment to understand what attacks will work. Since footprinting relies on enumeration, the conversational pattern of rapid, multiple requests and responses that are typical in Ajax applications enable an attacker to look for many vulnerabilities, well-known ports, network locations and so on. The knowledge gained through Ajax fingerprinting can be used to support other attacks, such as XSS.

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