CWE-1050

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          "value": "This issue was discovered and reported by Zhanxiang Song, Bin Yuan, DeQing Zou, Hai Jin, Huazhong Univ. of Sci. \u0026 Tech.; Luyi Xing, IU; Yan Jia, Nankai University"
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{
  "affected": [
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "Packagist",
        "name": "league/commonmark"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0.6.0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "2.9.0"
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          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
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    }
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  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-71488"
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    "cwe_ids": [
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      "CWE-407"
    ],
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    "github_reviewed_at": "2026-08-06T20:37:20Z",
    "nvd_published_at": null,
    "severity": "HIGH"
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  "details": "### Impact\n\nAffected versions of `league/commonmark` can have quadratic time complexity when parsing specially crafted Markdown lines. In practical terms, doubling the length of an affected line can make the parser perform roughly four times as much work. The parser identifies locations using character positions, but regular-expression matches report byte positions. These positions differ when a UTF-8 character uses more than one byte. Several parsing paths repeatedly rescan growing portions of the line to translate between the two positions. The Autolink extension can also copy and validate the remaining line at every URL-like prefix.\n\nIn current 2.x releases, a single non-ASCII character anywhere on a line can place that whole line on the slower multibyte path. An attacker can combine it with a long run of leading whitespace or repeated Markdown punctuation, causing increasingly large rescans. When the Autolink extension is enabled, repeated URL-like prefixes provide another trigger, even on ASCII-only lines. Each trigger fits within one long line, so complex Markdown structure is unnecessary.\n\nAn attacker who can submit Markdown for conversion can use a comparatively small request to consume disproportionate CPU time and allocation activity. Repeated or concurrent requests can occupy all available PHP workers and prevent legitimate requests from completing. The core paths affect `CommonMarkConverter`, `GithubFlavoredMarkdownConverter`, and custom environments. The autolink-specific path affects applications using `AutolinkExtension` or `GithubFlavoredMarkdownExtension`. Applications that process only trusted Markdown are not remotely exploitable. The impact is limited to availability: it does not disclose data, change rendered output, or bypass rendering restrictions. Settings such as `html_input` and `allow_unsafe_links` do not mitigate the issue because the expensive work occurs before rendering.\n\n### Patches\n\nThe issue is patched in `2.9.0` and later. Starting in that release, the parser records UTF-8 character-to-byte positions incrementally, converts ordered regular-expression match positions without restarting from the beginning of the line, and matches autolinks against the original line instead of copying every remaining suffix. The affected work then grows in direct proportion to the input size while preserving existing Markdown output and configuration behavior. Versions from `0.6.0` through `2.8.3` are affected. The 0.x and 1.x release lines are no longer supported, so their users must upgrade to `2.9.0` or later.\n\n### Workarounds\n\nIf you cannot upgrade immediately, reject or truncate inputs with excessively long individual lines before passing them to the converter. A total request-size limit is also useful, but a per-line limit is important because every demonstrated trigger fits on one line. Choose limits appropriate for the application and enforce them before Markdown parsing begins. Restricting conversion to trusted users, applying strict execution-time limits, rate-limiting requests, and limiting concurrent conversions can further reduce exposure, but these measures are not complete substitutes for upgrading.\n\nDisabling `AutolinkExtension` and avoiding `GithubFlavoredMarkdownExtension` removes the autolink-specific trigger, but the core multibyte parsing paths remain reachable in the standard parser. Existing nesting, delimiter, raw-HTML, and unsafe-link configuration options do not eliminate all affected paths. Applications that must continue processing untrusted Markdown should therefore enforce input limits even when autolinking is disabled.",
  "id": "GHSA-2q4p-g7hv-5rgv",
  "modified": "2026-08-06T20:37:20Z",
  "published": "2026-08-06T20:37:20Z",
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      "url": "https://github.com/thephpleague/commonmark/security/advisories/GHSA-2q4p-g7hv-5rgv"
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      "url": "https://github.com/thephpleague/commonmark/releases/tag/2.9.0"
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  "summary": "league/commonmark: Quadratic-time denial of service when parsing crafted Markdown"
}

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-41292"
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    "nvd_published_at": "2026-05-20T10:16:27Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
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  "details": "NLnet Labs Unbound up to and including version 1.25.0 is vulnerable to a degradation of service attack related to parsing long lists of incoming EDNS options. An adversary sending queries with too many EDNS options can hold Unbound threads hostage while they are parsing and creating internal data structures for the options. Coordinated attacks can result in degradation and/or denial of service. Unbound 1.25.1 contains a patch with a fix to limit acceptable incoming EDNS options (100).",
  "id": "GHSA-2wvj-gvc7-gfhx",
  "modified": "2026-08-19T12:32:10Z",
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      "url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:24013"
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      "url": "https://www.nlnetlabs.nl/downloads/unbound/CVE-2026-41292.txt"
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  "details": "In versions 1.6 to 2.0.11 of Eclipse Mosquitto, an MQTT v5 client connecting with a large number of user-property properties could cause excessive CPU usage, leading to a loss of performance and possible denial of service.",
  "id": "GHSA-5xp2-36v8-r67m",
  "modified": "2023-10-02T12:30:22Z",
  "published": "2021-12-02T00:00:36Z",
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      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-41039"
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      "url": "https://bugs.eclipse.org/bugs/show_bug.cgi?id=575314"
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      "url": "https://www.debian.org/security/2023/dsa-5511"
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{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
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    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-05-20T10:16:28Z",
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  "details": "NLnet Labs Unbound up to and including version 1.25.0 has a vulnerability when handling replies with very large RRsets that Unbound needs to perform name compression for. Malicious upstream responses with very large RRsets with records that don\u0027t share a suffix above the root can cause Unbound to spend a considerable time applying name compression to downstream replies. This can lead to degraded performance and eventually denial of service in well orchestrated attacks. An adversary can exploit the vulnerability by querying Unbound for the specially crafted contents of a malicious zone with very large RRsets. Before Unbound replies to the query it will try to apply name compression which was an unbounded operation that could lock the CPU until the whole packet was complete. A compression limit was introduced in 1.21.1 for this but it didn\u0027t account for the case where records would not share any suffix above the root. That causes Unbound to go in a different code path because of the compression tree lookup failure and eventually not increment the compression counter for those operations. Unbound 1.25.1 contains a patch with a fix that increments the compression counter regardless of the compression tree lookup. This is a complement fix to CVE-2024-8508.",
  "id": "GHSA-6522-r5fq-99gw",
  "modified": "2026-07-29T15:30:48Z",
  "published": "2026-05-20T12:30:37Z",
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    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-44390"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:24013"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:36320"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:36777"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:37282"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://access.redhat.com/security/cve/CVE-2026-44390"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=2480130"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://security.access.redhat.com/data/csaf/v2/vex/2026/cve-2026-44390.json"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.nlnetlabs.nl/downloads/unbound/CVE-2026-44390.txt"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:L",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    },
    {
      "score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:L/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:Amber",
      "type": "CVSS_V4"
    }
  ]
}

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2025-32907"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-1050"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2025-04-14T14:15:24Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "A flaw was found in libsoup. The implementation of HTTP range requests is vulnerable to a resource consumption attack. This flaw allows a malicious client to request the same range many times in a single HTTP request, causing the server to use large amounts of memory.",
  "id": "GHSA-7wfq-7p2f-6344",
  "modified": "2026-06-26T00:31:59Z",
  "published": "2025-04-14T15:31:58Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-32907"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2025:4439"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2025:4440"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2025:4508"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2025:7436"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2025:8128"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2025:8292"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://access.redhat.com/security/cve/CVE-2025-32907"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=2359342"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://gitlab.gnome.org/GNOME/libsoup/-/issues/428"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2023-1390"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-1050"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2023-03-16T21:15:00Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "A remote denial of service vulnerability was found in the Linux kernel\u2019s TIPC kernel module. The while loop in tipc_link_xmit() hits an unknown state while attempting to parse SKBs, which are not in the queue. Sending two small UDP packets to a system with a UDP bearer results in the CPU utilization for the system to instantly spike to 100%, causing a denial of service condition.",
  "id": "GHSA-875q-9h9j-qhmh",
  "modified": "2024-04-04T05:34:39Z",
  "published": "2023-07-06T19:24:11Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-1390"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/torvalds/linux/commit/b77413446408fdd256599daf00d5be72b5f3e7c6"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://gist.github.com/netspooky/bee2d07022f6350bb88eaa48e571d9b5"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://infosec.exchange/%40_mattata/109427999461122360"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://infosec.exchange/@_mattata/109427999461122360"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://security.netapp.com/advisory/ntap-20230420-0001"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

{
  "affected": [
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "npm",
        "name": "ws"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "1.1.0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "5.2.5"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "npm",
        "name": "ws"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "6.0.0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "6.2.4"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "npm",
        "name": "ws"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "7.0.0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "7.5.11"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "npm",
        "name": "ws"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "8.0.0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "8.21.0"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-48779"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-1050",
      "CWE-400",
      "CWE-770"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2026-06-15T16:34:23Z",
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-06-17T13:20:42Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "### Impact\n\nA high volume of exceptionally small fragments and data chunks can be sent by a peer, with modest network traffic, to force the remote peer into allocating and holding structural wrappers that consume far more memory than the default documented message-size limit, leading to process termination due to OOM.\n\n### Proof of concept\n\n```js\nimport { WebSocket, WebSocketServer } from \u0027ws\u0027;\n\nconst wss = new WebSocketServer({ port: 0 }, function () {\n  const data = Buffer.alloc(1);\n  const options = { fin: false };\n  const { port } = wss.address();\n  const ws = new WebSocket(`ws://localhost:${port}`);\n\n  ws.on(\u0027open\u0027, function () {\n    (function send() {\n      ws.send(data, options, function (err) {\n        if (err) return;\n        send();\n      });\n    })();\n  });\n\n  ws.on(\u0027error\u0027, console.error);\n  ws.on(\u0027close\u0027, function (code, reason) {\n    console.log(`client close - code: ${code} reason: ${reason.toString()}`);\n  });\n});\n\nwss.on(\u0027connection\u0027, function (ws) {\n  ws.on(\u0027error\u0027, console.error);\n  ws.on(\u0027close\u0027, function (code, reason) {\n    console.log(`server close - code: ${code} reason: ${reason.toString()}`);\n  });\n});\n```\n\n### Patches\n\nThe vulnerability was fixed in ws@8.21.0 (https://github.com/websockets/ws/commit/bca91adf15677e47dbe4f959653452727be28b94) and backported to ws@7.5.11 (https://github.com/websockets/ws/commit/fd36cd864fcdf62a08273a99e19a7d975401fee8), ws@6.2.4 (https://github.com/websockets/ws/commit/86d3e8a5fb0246ed373860c5fbb0de88824a27f7), and ws@5.2.5 (https://github.com/websockets/ws/commit/b5372ac67bb97a773727b8e9f5035a8123556d53).\n\n### Workarounds\n\nIn vulnerable versions, the issue can be mitigated by lowering the value of the `maxPayload` option if possible.\n\n### Credits\n\nThe vulnerability was responsibly disclosed and fixed by [Nadav Magier](https://github.com/Nadav0077).",
  "id": "GHSA-96hv-2xvq-fx4p",
  "modified": "2026-07-13T15:31:39Z",
  "published": "2026-06-15T16:34:23Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/websockets/ws/security/advisories/GHSA-96hv-2xvq-fx4p"
    },
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-48779"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/websockets/ws/commit/fd36cd864fcdf62a08273a99e19a7d975401fee8"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/websockets/ws/commit/bca91adf15677e47dbe4f959653452727be28b94"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/websockets/ws/commit/b5372ac67bb97a773727b8e9f5035a8123556d53"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/websockets/ws/commit/86d3e8a5fb0246ed373860c5fbb0de88824a27f7"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://security.access.redhat.com/data/csaf/v2/vex/2026/cve-2026-48779.json"
    },
    {
      "type": "PACKAGE",
      "url": "https://github.com/websockets/ws"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=2489661"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://access.redhat.com/security/cve/CVE-2026-48779"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:37272"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:36820"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:36754"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:34342"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:33574"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:33183"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:33173"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:33163"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:33160"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:33155"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:29197"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:27171"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:26638"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "ws: Memory exhaustion DoS from tiny fragments and data chunks"
}

{
  "affected": [
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "npm",
        "name": "braces"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "3.0.3"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2024-4068"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-1050",
      "CWE-400"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2024-06-10T20:17:26Z",
    "nvd_published_at": "2024-05-14T15:42:48Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "The NPM package `braces` fails to limit the number of characters it can handle, which could lead to Memory Exhaustion. In `lib/parse.js,` if a malicious user sends \"imbalanced braces\" as input, the parsing will enter a loop, which will cause the program to start allocating heap memory without freeing it at any moment of the loop. Eventually, the JavaScript heap limit is reached, and the program will crash.\n",
  "id": "GHSA-grv7-fg5c-xmjg",
  "modified": "2024-06-10T20:17:26Z",
  "published": "2024-05-14T18:30:54Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-4068"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/micromatch/braces/issues/35"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/micromatch/braces/pull/37"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/micromatch/braces/pull/40"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/micromatch/braces/commit/415d660c3002d1ab7e63dbf490c9851da80596ff"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://devhub.checkmarx.com/cve-details/CVE-2024-4068"
    },
    {
      "type": "PACKAGE",
      "url": "https://github.com/micromatch/braces"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/micromatch/braces/blob/98414f9f1fabe021736e26836d8306d5de747e0d/lib/parse.js#L308"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "Uncontrolled resource consumption in braces"
}