CVE-2026-34377: Consensus Failure via Crafted V5 Authorization Data

{
  "affected": [
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "crates.io",
        "name": "zebrad"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "4.3.0"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "crates.io",
        "name": "zebra-consensus"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "5.0.1"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-34377"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-347"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2026-03-30T19:13:41Z",
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-03-31T15:16:19Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "---\n\n# CVE-2026-34377: Consensus Failure via Crafted V5 Authorization Data\n\n## Summary\nA logic error in Zebra\u0027s transaction verification cache could allow a malicious miner to induce a consensus split. By matching a valid transaction\u0027s `txid` while providing invalid authorization data, a miner could cause vulnerable Zebra nodes to accept an invalid block, leading to a consensus split from the rest of the Zcash network.  To be clear, **this would not allow invalid transactions to be accepted** but could result in a consensus split between vulnerable Zebra nodes and invulnerable Zebra and Zcashd nodes.\n\n## Severity\n**High** - This is a Consensus Vulnerability that could allow a malicious miner to induce network partitioning, service disruption, and potential double-spend attacks against affected nodes.\n\n## Affected Versions\nAll Zebra versions supporting V5 transactions (Network Upgrade 5 and later) prior to **version 4.3.0**.\n\n## Description\nThe vulnerability exists in the `find_verified_unmined_tx` function within `transaction.rs`. This function was designed to optimize block verification by checking if a transaction was already verified in the mempool.\n\nThe lookup mechanism used the **ZIP-244 `txid`** as the unique key. However, for V5 transactions, the `txid` specifically excludes the **Authorization Data Root** (signatures and proofs). Because Zebra returned a \"verified\" status based solely on the `txid`, it skipped the essential `check_v5_auth()` call for the transaction version provided in the block.\n\nAn attacker (specifically a malicious miner) could exploit this by:\n1. Observing a valid V5 transaction broadcast to the network and entering a Zebra node\u0027s mempool.\n2. Creating a block containing a modified version of that transaction. The modified version has the same `txid` but contains invalid signatures or proofs.\n3. The affected Zebra node identifies the `txid` in its mempool and incorrectly assumes the block\u0027s version of the transaction is already verified.\n4. The node commits the block with the invalid transaction data.\n5. Other nodes (like `zcashd` or `zebra` nodes without that transaction in their mempool) reject the block, resulting in a chain fork where the poisoned Zebra node is isolated.\n\n## Impact\n**Consensus Failure**\n* **Attack Vector:** Network (specifically via a malicious miner).\n* **Effect:** Network partition/consensus split.\n* **Scope:** Any Zebra node utilizing the transaction verification cache optimization for V5 transactions.\n\n## Fixed Versions\nThis issue is fixed in **Zebra 4.3.0**. \n\nThe fix ensures that verification is only skipped if the transaction\u0027s full integrity\u2014including authorization data\u2014is validated against the mempool entry.\n\n## Mitigation\nUsers should upgrade to **Zebra 4.3.0** or later immediately. \n\nThere are no known workarounds for this issue. Immediate upgrade is the only way to ensure the node remains on the correct consensus path and is protected against malicious chain forks.\n\n## Resources\n* [Zebra 4.3.0 Release Announcement](https://zfnd.org/zebra-4-3-0-critical-security-fixes-zip-235-support-and-performance-improvements/)\n* [ZIP-244: Transaction Identifier](https://zips.z.cash/zip-0244)\n\n---",
  "id": "GHSA-3vmh-33xr-9cqh",
  "modified": "2026-03-31T18:52:14Z",
  "published": "2026-03-30T19:13:41Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/ZcashFoundation/zebra/security/advisories/GHSA-3vmh-33xr-9cqh"
    },
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-34377"
    },
    {
      "type": "PACKAGE",
      "url": "https://github.com/ZcashFoundation/zebra"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/ZcashFoundation/zebra/releases/tag/v4.3.0"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://zfnd.org/zebra-4-3-0-critical-security-fixes-zip-235-support-and-performance-improvements"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://zips.z.cash/zip-0244"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:H/UI:N/VC:N/VI:H/VA:H/SC:N/SI:H/SA:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V4"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "Zebra has a Consensus Failure due to Improper Verification of V5 Transactions"
}