Vulnerability-Lookup

FKIE_CVE-2026-31570

Vulnerability from fkie_nvd - Published: 2026-04-24 15:16 - Updated: 2026-10-19 19:18

Severity

8.8 (High) - CVSS:3.1/AV:A/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H

Summary

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: can: gw: fix OOB heap access in cgw_csum_crc8_rel() cgw_csum_crc8_rel() correctly computes bounds-safe indices via calc_idx(): int from = calc_idx(crc8->from_idx, cf->len); int to = calc_idx(crc8->to_idx, cf->len); int res = calc_idx(crc8->result_idx, cf->len); if (from < 0 || to < 0 || res < 0) return; However, the loop and the result write then use the raw s8 fields directly instead of the computed variables: for (i = crc8->from_idx; ...) /* BUG: raw negative index */ cf->data[crc8->result_idx] = ...; /* BUG: raw negative index */ With from_idx = to_idx = result_idx = -64 on a 64-byte CAN FD frame, calc_idx(-64, 64) = 0 so the guard passes, but the loop iterates with i = -64, reading cf->data[-64], and the write goes to cf->data[-64]. This write might end up to 56 (7.0-rc) or 40 (<= 6.19) bytes before the start of the canfd_frame on the heap. The companion function cgw_csum_xor_rel() uses `from`/`to`/`res` correctly throughout; fix cgw_csum_crc8_rel() to match. Confirmed with KASAN on linux-7.0-rc2: BUG: KASAN: slab-out-of-bounds in cgw_csum_crc8_rel+0x515/0x5b0 Read of size 1 at addr ffff8880076619c8 by task poc_cgw_oob/62 To configure the can-gw crc8 checksums CAP_NET_ADMIN is needed.

References

URL	Tags
416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67	https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/54ecdf76a55e75c1f5085e440f8ab671a3283ef5	Patch
416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67	https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/66b689efd08227da2c5ca49b58b30a95d23c695a	Patch
416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67	https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/84f8b76d24273175a22713e83e90874e1880d801	Patch
416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67	https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/999ca48d55a8a46da21519db7e834e5867200379	Patch
416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67	https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/a025283d7f7404c739225e457fb99db2368bb544	Patch
416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67	https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/b9c310d72783cc2f30d103eed83920a5a29c671a	Patch
416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67	https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/c4e8eaa75fa0b6bcbfa5356d6195c4ad0e05e57a	Patch
416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67	https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/e7c99348b0612b2bc02d5ce6ff9873261cc7605f	Patch

Impacted products

Vendor	Product	Version
linux	linux_kernel	*
linux	linux_kernel	*
linux	linux_kernel	*
linux	linux_kernel	*
linux	linux_kernel	*
linux	linux_kernel	*
linux	linux_kernel	*
linux	linux_kernel	5.4
linux	linux_kernel	7.0
linux	linux_kernel	7.0
linux	linux_kernel	7.0
linux	linux_kernel	7.0
linux	linux_kernel	7.0
linux	linux_kernel	7.0
linux	linux_kernel	7.0

JSON

To clipboard

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              "status": "unaffected",
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  ],
  "cveTags": [],
  "descriptions": [
    {
      "lang": "en",
      "value": "In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:\n\ncan: gw: fix OOB heap access in cgw_csum_crc8_rel()\n\ncgw_csum_crc8_rel() correctly computes bounds-safe indices via calc_idx():\n\n    int from = calc_idx(crc8-\u003efrom_idx, cf-\u003elen);\n    int to   = calc_idx(crc8-\u003eto_idx,   cf-\u003elen);\n    int res  = calc_idx(crc8-\u003eresult_idx, cf-\u003elen);\n\n    if (from \u003c 0 || to \u003c 0 || res \u003c 0)\n        return;\n\nHowever, the loop and the result write then use the raw s8 fields directly\ninstead of the computed variables:\n\n    for (i = crc8-\u003efrom_idx; ...)        /* BUG: raw negative index */\n    cf-\u003edata[crc8-\u003eresult_idx] = ...;    /* BUG: raw negative index */\n\nWith from_idx = to_idx = result_idx = -64 on a 64-byte CAN FD frame,\ncalc_idx(-64, 64) = 0 so the guard passes, but the loop iterates with\ni = -64, reading cf-\u003edata[-64], and the write goes to cf-\u003edata[-64].\nThis write might end up to 56 (7.0-rc) or 40 (\u003c= 6.19) bytes before the\nstart of the canfd_frame on the heap.\n\nThe companion function cgw_csum_xor_rel() uses `from`/`to`/`res`\ncorrectly throughout; fix cgw_csum_crc8_rel() to match.\n\nConfirmed with KASAN on linux-7.0-rc2:\n  BUG: KASAN: slab-out-of-bounds in cgw_csum_crc8_rel+0x515/0x5b0\n  Read of size 1 at addr ffff8880076619c8 by task poc_cgw_oob/62\n\nTo configure the can-gw crc8 checksums CAP_NET_ADMIN is needed."
    }
  ],
  "id": "CVE-2026-31570",
  "lastModified": "2026-10-19T19:18:00.280",
  "metrics": {
    "cvssMetricV31": [
      {
        "cvssData": {
          "attackComplexity": "LOW",
          "attackVector": "ADJACENT_NETWORK",
          "availabilityImpact": "HIGH",
          "baseScore": 8.8,
          "baseSeverity": "HIGH",
          "confidentialityImpact": "HIGH",
          "integrityImpact": "HIGH",
          "privilegesRequired": "NONE",
          "scope": "UNCHANGED",
          "userInteraction": "NONE",
          "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:A/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
          "version": "3.1"
        },
        "exploitabilityScore": 2.8,
        "impactScore": 5.9,
        "source": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67",
        "type": "Secondary"
      }
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    "ssvcV203": [
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        "ssvcData": {
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          "options": [
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            },
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              "automatable": "no"
            },
            {
              "technicalImpact": "total"
            }
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          "role": "CISA Coordinator",
          "timestamp": "2026-10-16T15:10:57.728767Z",
          "version": "2.0.3"
        }
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  "published": "2026-04-24T15:16:31.520",
  "references": [
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      "source": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67",
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  "sourceIdentifier": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67",
  "vulnStatus": "Modified",
  "weaknesses": [
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          "lang": "en",
          "value": "CWE-125"
        }
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      "source": "nvd@nist.gov",
      "type": "Primary"
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    {
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        {
          "lang": "en",
          "value": "CWE-787"
        }
      ],
      "source": "134c704f-9b21-4f2e-91b3-4a467353bcc0",
      "type": "Secondary"
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  ]
}

CVE-2026-31570 (GCVE-0-2026-31570)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-04-24 14:35 – Updated: 2026-10-19 18:55

Title

can: gw: fix OOB heap access in cgw_csum_crc8_rel()

Summary

Severity

8.8 (High)


                        
                          CVSS:3.1/AV:A/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H

SSVC

Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: total

CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)

Decision recorded 2026-10-16 15:10 UTC

CWE

CWE-787 - Out-of-bounds Write

Assigner

Linux CNA under the mitre root

CNA scorecard D 53/100 over 7180 records in the last 180 days details

References

8 references

URL	Tags
https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/e7c99348b0612b2bc…
https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/999ca48d55a8a46da…
https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/a025283d7f7404c73…
https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/54ecdf76a55e75c1f…
https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/c4e8eaa75fa0b6bcb…
https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/84f8b76d24273175a…
https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/66b689efd08227da2…
https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/b9c310d72783cc2f3…

Impacted products

2 products

Vendor	Product	Version
Linux	Linux	Affected: 456a8a646b2563438c16a9b27decf9aa717f1ebb , < e7c99348b0612b2bc02d5ce6ff9873261cc7605f (git) Affected: 456a8a646b2563438c16a9b27decf9aa717f1ebb , < 999ca48d55a8a46da21519db7e834e5867200379 (git) Affected: 456a8a646b2563438c16a9b27decf9aa717f1ebb , < a025283d7f7404c739225e457fb99db2368bb544 (git) Affected: 456a8a646b2563438c16a9b27decf9aa717f1ebb , < 54ecdf76a55e75c1f5085e440f8ab671a3283ef5 (git) Affected: 456a8a646b2563438c16a9b27decf9aa717f1ebb , < c4e8eaa75fa0b6bcbfa5356d6195c4ad0e05e57a (git) Affected: 456a8a646b2563438c16a9b27decf9aa717f1ebb , < 84f8b76d24273175a22713e83e90874e1880d801 (git) Affected: 456a8a646b2563438c16a9b27decf9aa717f1ebb , < 66b689efd08227da2c5ca49b58b30a95d23c695a (git) Affected: 456a8a646b2563438c16a9b27decf9aa717f1ebb , < b9c310d72783cc2f30d103eed83920a5a29c671a (git)
Linux	Linux	Affected: 5.4 Unaffected: 0 , < 5.4 (semver) Unaffected: 5.10.253 , ≤ 5.10.* (semver) Unaffected: 5.15.203 , ≤ 5.15.* (semver) Unaffected: 6.1.168 , ≤ 6.1.* (semver) Unaffected: 6.6.131 , ≤ 6.6.* (semver) Unaffected: 6.12.80 , ≤ 6.12.* (semver) Unaffected: 6.18.21 , ≤ 6.18.* (semver) Unaffected: 6.19.11 , ≤ 6.19.* (semver) Unaffected: 7.0 , ≤ * (original_commit_for_fix)

Show details on NVD website

JSON

To clipboard

{
  "containers": {
    "adp": [
      {
        "metrics": [
          {
            "other": {
              "content": {
                "id": "CVE-2026-31570",
                "options": [
                  {
                    "Exploitation": "none"
                  },
                  {
                    "Automatable": "no"
                  },
                  {
                    "Technical Impact": "total"
                  }
                ],
                "role": "CISA Coordinator",
                "timestamp": "2026-10-16T15:10:57.728767Z",
                "version": "2.0.3"
              },
              "type": "ssvc"
            }
          }
        ],
        "problemTypes": [
          {
            "descriptions": [
              {
                "cweId": "CWE-787",
                "description": "CWE-787 Out-of-bounds Write",
                "lang": "en",
                "type": "CWE"
              }
            ]
          }
        ],
        "providerMetadata": {
          "dateUpdated": "2026-10-19T18:55:59.285Z",
          "orgId": "134c704f-9b21-4f2e-91b3-4a467353bcc0",
          "shortName": "CISA-ADP"
        },
        "title": "CISA ADP Vulnrichment"
      }
    ],
    "cna": {
      "affected": [
        {
          "defaultStatus": "unaffected",
          "product": "Linux",
          "programFiles": [
            "net/can/gw.c"
          ],
          "repo": "https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/stable/linux.git",
          "vendor": "Linux",
          "versions": [
            {
              "lessThan": "e7c99348b0612b2bc02d5ce6ff9873261cc7605f",
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "456a8a646b2563438c16a9b27decf9aa717f1ebb",
              "versionType": "git"
            },
            {
              "lessThan": "999ca48d55a8a46da21519db7e834e5867200379",
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "456a8a646b2563438c16a9b27decf9aa717f1ebb",
              "versionType": "git"
            },
            {
              "lessThan": "a025283d7f7404c739225e457fb99db2368bb544",
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "456a8a646b2563438c16a9b27decf9aa717f1ebb",
              "versionType": "git"
            },
            {
              "lessThan": "54ecdf76a55e75c1f5085e440f8ab671a3283ef5",
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "456a8a646b2563438c16a9b27decf9aa717f1ebb",
              "versionType": "git"
            },
            {
              "lessThan": "c4e8eaa75fa0b6bcbfa5356d6195c4ad0e05e57a",
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "456a8a646b2563438c16a9b27decf9aa717f1ebb",
              "versionType": "git"
            },
            {
              "lessThan": "84f8b76d24273175a22713e83e90874e1880d801",
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "456a8a646b2563438c16a9b27decf9aa717f1ebb",
              "versionType": "git"
            },
            {
              "lessThan": "66b689efd08227da2c5ca49b58b30a95d23c695a",
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "456a8a646b2563438c16a9b27decf9aa717f1ebb",
              "versionType": "git"
            },
            {
              "lessThan": "b9c310d72783cc2f30d103eed83920a5a29c671a",
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "456a8a646b2563438c16a9b27decf9aa717f1ebb",
              "versionType": "git"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "defaultStatus": "affected",
          "product": "Linux",
          "programFiles": [
            "net/can/gw.c"
          ],
          "repo": "https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/stable/linux.git",
          "vendor": "Linux",
          "versions": [
            {
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "5.4"
            },
            {
              "lessThan": "5.4",
              "status": "unaffected",
              "version": "0",
              "versionType": "semver"
            },
            {
              "lessThanOrEqual": "5.10.*",
              "status": "unaffected",
              "version": "5.10.253",
              "versionType": "semver"
            },
            {
              "lessThanOrEqual": "5.15.*",
              "status": "unaffected",
              "version": "5.15.203",
              "versionType": "semver"
            },
            {
              "lessThanOrEqual": "6.1.*",
              "status": "unaffected",
              "version": "6.1.168",
              "versionType": "semver"
            },
            {
              "lessThanOrEqual": "6.6.*",
              "status": "unaffected",
              "version": "6.6.131",
              "versionType": "semver"
            },
            {
              "lessThanOrEqual": "6.12.*",
              "status": "unaffected",
              "version": "6.12.80",
              "versionType": "semver"
            },
            {
              "lessThanOrEqual": "6.18.*",
              "status": "unaffected",
              "version": "6.18.21",
              "versionType": "semver"
            },
            {
              "lessThanOrEqual": "6.19.*",
              "status": "unaffected",
              "version": "6.19.11",
              "versionType": "semver"
            },
            {
              "lessThanOrEqual": "*",
              "status": "unaffected",
              "version": "7.0",
              "versionType": "original_commit_for_fix"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "cpeApplicability": [
        {
          "nodes": [
            {
              "cpeMatch": [
                {
                  "criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*",
                  "versionEndExcluding": "5.10.253",
                  "versionStartIncluding": "5.4",
                  "vulnerable": true
                },
                {
                  "criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*",
                  "versionEndExcluding": "5.15.203",
                  "versionStartIncluding": "5.4",
                  "vulnerable": true
                },
                {
                  "criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*",
                  "versionEndExcluding": "6.1.168",
                  "versionStartIncluding": "5.4",
                  "vulnerable": true
                },
                {
                  "criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*",
                  "versionEndExcluding": "6.6.131",
                  "versionStartIncluding": "5.4",
                  "vulnerable": true
                },
                {
                  "criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*",
                  "versionEndExcluding": "6.12.80",
                  "versionStartIncluding": "5.4",
                  "vulnerable": true
                },
                {
                  "criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*",
                  "versionEndExcluding": "6.18.21",
                  "versionStartIncluding": "5.4",
                  "vulnerable": true
                },
                {
                  "criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*",
                  "versionEndExcluding": "6.19.11",
                  "versionStartIncluding": "5.4",
                  "vulnerable": true
                },
                {
                  "criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*",
                  "versionEndExcluding": "7.0",
                  "versionStartIncluding": "5.4",
                  "vulnerable": true
                }
              ],
              "negate": false,
              "operator": "OR"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "descriptions": [
        {
          "lang": "en",
          "value": "In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:\n\ncan: gw: fix OOB heap access in cgw_csum_crc8_rel()\n\ncgw_csum_crc8_rel() correctly computes bounds-safe indices via calc_idx():\n\n    int from = calc_idx(crc8-\u003efrom_idx, cf-\u003elen);\n    int to   = calc_idx(crc8-\u003eto_idx,   cf-\u003elen);\n    int res  = calc_idx(crc8-\u003eresult_idx, cf-\u003elen);\n\n    if (from \u003c 0 || to \u003c 0 || res \u003c 0)\n        return;\n\nHowever, the loop and the result write then use the raw s8 fields directly\ninstead of the computed variables:\n\n    for (i = crc8-\u003efrom_idx; ...)        /* BUG: raw negative index */\n    cf-\u003edata[crc8-\u003eresult_idx] = ...;    /* BUG: raw negative index */\n\nWith from_idx = to_idx = result_idx = -64 on a 64-byte CAN FD frame,\ncalc_idx(-64, 64) = 0 so the guard passes, but the loop iterates with\ni = -64, reading cf-\u003edata[-64], and the write goes to cf-\u003edata[-64].\nThis write might end up to 56 (7.0-rc) or 40 (\u003c= 6.19) bytes before the\nstart of the canfd_frame on the heap.\n\nThe companion function cgw_csum_xor_rel() uses `from`/`to`/`res`\ncorrectly throughout; fix cgw_csum_crc8_rel() to match.\n\nConfirmed with KASAN on linux-7.0-rc2:\n  BUG: KASAN: slab-out-of-bounds in cgw_csum_crc8_rel+0x515/0x5b0\n  Read of size 1 at addr ffff8880076619c8 by task poc_cgw_oob/62\n\nTo configure the can-gw crc8 checksums CAP_NET_ADMIN is needed."
        }
      ],
      "metrics": [
        {
          "cvssV3_1": {
            "baseScore": 8.8,
            "baseSeverity": "HIGH",
            "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:A/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
            "version": "3.1"
          },
          "scenarios": [
            {
              "lang": "en",
              "value": "AV:A - The vulnerable function runs in the CAN gateway receive path for CAN/CAN FD frames, after a matching gateway rule processes traffic. In a reasonable automotive or industrial CAN gateway deployment, an attacker on the same CAN segment can send matching CAN FD frames, so this is Adjacent.\nAC:L - There is no race or probabilistic condition; once an affected CRC8 relative-index gateway rule exists, the attacker can choose CAN ID, payload length, and frame contents to trigger the bad negative index path reliably. A 64-byte CAN FD frame reaches the demonstrated OOB case directly.\nPR:N - No host privileges are required to inject trigger CAN FD traffic into an already configured gateway route on the CAN segment. Creating or changing the rule requires CAP_NET_ADMIN in init_user_ns, but the highest reasonable deployed gateway scenario only requires attacker-controlled bus traffic.\nUI:N - No victim user action is required after the affected gateway configuration is present. The vulnerable code runs automatically while processing matching CAN FD frames.\nS:U - The impact is within the same kernel security authority as the vulnerable CAN gateway code. This is not a VM escape, IOMMU bypass, or other cross-scope boundary violation.\nC:H - The bug performs out-of-bounds heap reads before the CAN FD frame while computing CRC8. Because this is kernel heap memory exposure potential from memory corruption, confidentiality impact is High.\nI:H - The bug performs an out-of-bounds heap write through cf-\u003edata[result_idx] using a raw negative index. Kernel heap corruption is defensibly exploitable for integrity compromise, so integrity impact is High.\nA:H - KASAN confirms a slab-out-of-bounds access in the receive path, and repeated crafted frames can trigger kernel memory corruption. This can crash or destabilize the kernel, so availability impact is High."
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "providerMetadata": {
        "dateUpdated": "2026-08-05T12:23:34.970Z",
        "orgId": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67",
        "shortName": "Linux"
      },
      "references": [
        {
          "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/e7c99348b0612b2bc02d5ce6ff9873261cc7605f"
        },
        {
          "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/999ca48d55a8a46da21519db7e834e5867200379"
        },
        {
          "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/a025283d7f7404c739225e457fb99db2368bb544"
        },
        {
          "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/54ecdf76a55e75c1f5085e440f8ab671a3283ef5"
        },
        {
          "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/c4e8eaa75fa0b6bcbfa5356d6195c4ad0e05e57a"
        },
        {
          "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/84f8b76d24273175a22713e83e90874e1880d801"
        },
        {
          "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/66b689efd08227da2c5ca49b58b30a95d23c695a"
        },
        {
          "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/b9c310d72783cc2f30d103eed83920a5a29c671a"
        }
      ],
      "title": "can: gw: fix OOB heap access in cgw_csum_crc8_rel()",
      "x_generator": {
        "engine": "bippy-1.2.0"
      }
    }
  },
  "cveMetadata": {
    "assignerOrgId": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67",
    "assignerShortName": "Linux",
    "cveId": "CVE-2026-31570",
    "datePublished": "2026-04-24T14:35:49.435Z",
    "dateReserved": "2026-03-09T15:48:24.117Z",
    "dateUpdated": "2026-10-19T18:55:59.285Z",
    "state": "PUBLISHED"
  },
  "dataType": "CVE_RECORD",
  "dataVersion": "5.2"
}

Sightings

Author	Source	Type	Date	Other

Nomenclature

Seen: The vulnerability was mentioned, discussed, or observed by the user.
Confirmed: The vulnerability has been validated from an analyst's perspective.
Published Proof of Concept: A public proof of concept is available for this vulnerability.
Exploited: The vulnerability was observed as exploited by the user who reported the sighting.
Patched: The vulnerability was observed as successfully patched by the user who reported the sighting.
Not exploited: The vulnerability was not observed as exploited by the user who reported the sighting.
Not confirmed: The user expressed doubt about the validity of the vulnerability.
Not patched: The vulnerability was not observed as successfully patched by the user who reported the sighting.

Vulnerability timeline

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The MITRE ATT&CK techniques below are AI-generated suggestions, inferred from the description of the vulnerability by the CIRCL/vulnerability-attack-technique-classification-roberta-base model, served locally by ML-Gateway. They have not been verified by an analyst and are provided for guidance only.
The approach is described in our paper Mapping CVEs to MITRE ATT&CK Techniques: A Curated Gold-Set Classifier and the Limits of LLM-Assisted Label Expansion.
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Vulnerabilities whose description is nearest to this one in the vector space of the CIRCL/vulnerability-attack-technique-biencoder model. This is a similarity search over the bi-encoder space (plain cosine), not a classification, and it has no measured accuracy.

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