Vulnerability-Lookup

FKIE_CVE-2025-39826

Vulnerability from fkie_nvd - Published: 2025-09-16 13:16 - Updated: 2026-07-30 06:23

Severity

8.8 (High) - CVSS:3.1/AV:A/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
7.0 (High) - CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:H/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H

Summary

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: net: rose: convert 'use' field to refcount_t The 'use' field in struct rose_neigh is used as a reference counter but lacks atomicity. This can lead to race conditions where a rose_neigh structure is freed while still being referenced by other code paths. For example, when rose_neigh->use becomes zero during an ioctl operation via rose_rt_ioctl(), the structure may be removed while its timer is still active, potentially causing use-after-free issues. This patch changes the type of 'use' from unsigned short to refcount_t and updates all code paths to use rose_neigh_hold() and rose_neigh_put() which operate reference counts atomically.

References

URL	Tags
416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67	https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/0085b250fcc79f900c82a69980ec2f3e1871823b	Patch
416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67	https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/203e4f42596ede31498744018716a3db6dbb7f51	Patch
416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67	https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/d860d1faa6b2ce3becfdb8b0c2b048ad31800061	Patch
416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67	https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/f8c29fc437d03a98fb075c31c5be761cc8326284	Patch
416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67	https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/fb07156cc0742ba4e93dfcc84280c011d05b301f	Patch
af854a3a-2127-422b-91ae-364da2661108	https://lists.debian.org/debian-lts-announce/2025/10/msg00008.html	Mailing List, Third Party Advisory
0b142b55-0307-4c5a-b3c9-f314f3fb7c5e	https://cert-portal.siemens.com/productcert/html/ssa-019113.html
0b142b55-0307-4c5a-b3c9-f314f3fb7c5e	https://cert-portal.siemens.com/productcert/html/ssa-032379.html

Impacted products

Vendor	Product	Version
linux	linux_kernel	*
linux	linux_kernel	*
linux	linux_kernel	*
linux	linux_kernel	*
linux	linux_kernel	2.6.12
linux	linux_kernel	2.6.12
linux	linux_kernel	2.6.12
linux	linux_kernel	2.6.12
linux	linux_kernel	2.6.12
linux	linux_kernel	6.17
linux	linux_kernel	6.17
linux	linux_kernel	6.17
debian	debian_linux	11.0

JSON

To clipboard

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          "defaultStatus": "unaffected",
          "product": "Linux",
          "programFiles": [
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  "cveTags": [],
  "descriptions": [
    {
      "lang": "en",
      "value": "In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:\n\nnet: rose: convert \u0027use\u0027 field to refcount_t\n\nThe \u0027use\u0027 field in struct rose_neigh is used as a reference counter but\nlacks atomicity. This can lead to race conditions where a rose_neigh\nstructure is freed while still being referenced by other code paths.\n\nFor example, when rose_neigh-\u003euse becomes zero during an ioctl operation\nvia rose_rt_ioctl(), the structure may be removed while its timer is\nstill active, potentially causing use-after-free issues.\n\nThis patch changes the type of \u0027use\u0027 from unsigned short to refcount_t and\nupdates all code paths to use rose_neigh_hold() and rose_neigh_put() which\noperate reference counts atomically."
    }
  ],
  "id": "CVE-2025-39826",
  "lastModified": "2026-07-30T06:23:49.050",
  "metrics": {
    "cvssMetricV31": [
      {
        "cvssData": {
          "attackComplexity": "LOW",
          "attackVector": "ADJACENT_NETWORK",
          "availabilityImpact": "HIGH",
          "baseScore": 8.8,
          "baseSeverity": "HIGH",
          "confidentialityImpact": "HIGH",
          "integrityImpact": "HIGH",
          "privilegesRequired": "NONE",
          "scope": "UNCHANGED",
          "userInteraction": "NONE",
          "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:A/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
          "version": "3.1"
        },
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        "impactScore": 5.9,
        "source": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67",
        "type": "Secondary"
      },
      {
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          "attackVector": "LOCAL",
          "availabilityImpact": "HIGH",
          "baseScore": 7.0,
          "baseSeverity": "HIGH",
          "confidentialityImpact": "HIGH",
          "integrityImpact": "HIGH",
          "privilegesRequired": "LOW",
          "scope": "UNCHANGED",
          "userInteraction": "NONE",
          "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:H/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
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        "source": "nvd@nist.gov",
        "type": "Primary"
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  "published": "2025-09-16T13:16:02.290",
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  ]
}

CVE-2025-39826 (GCVE-0-2025-39826)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-09-16 13:00 – Updated: 2026-09-08 08:42

Title

net: rose: convert 'use' field to refcount_t

Summary

Severity

8.8 (High)


                        
                          CVSS:3.1/AV:A/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H

Assigner

Linux CNA under the mitre root

CNA scorecard D 53/100 over 6665 records in the last 180 days details

References

8 references

URL	Tags
https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/fb07156cc0742ba4e…
https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/f8c29fc437d03a98f…
https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/0085b250fcc79f900…
https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/203e4f42596ede314…
https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/d860d1faa6b2ce3be…
https://lists.debian.org/debian-lts-announce/2025…
https://cert-portal.siemens.com/productcert/html/…
https://cert-portal.siemens.com/productcert/html/…

Impacted products

6 products

Vendor	Product	Version
Linux	Linux	Affected: 1da177e4c3f41524e886b7f1b8a0c1fc7321cac2 , < fb07156cc0742ba4e93dfcc84280c011d05b301f (git) Affected: 1da177e4c3f41524e886b7f1b8a0c1fc7321cac2 , < f8c29fc437d03a98fb075c31c5be761cc8326284 (git) Affected: 1da177e4c3f41524e886b7f1b8a0c1fc7321cac2 , < 0085b250fcc79f900c82a69980ec2f3e1871823b (git) Affected: 1da177e4c3f41524e886b7f1b8a0c1fc7321cac2 , < 203e4f42596ede31498744018716a3db6dbb7f51 (git) Affected: 1da177e4c3f41524e886b7f1b8a0c1fc7321cac2 , < d860d1faa6b2ce3becfdb8b0c2b048ad31800061 (git)
Linux	Linux	Affected: 2.6.12 Unaffected: 0 , < 2.6.12 (semver) Unaffected: 6.1.150 , ≤ 6.1.* (semver) Unaffected: 6.6.104 , ≤ 6.6.* (semver) Unaffected: 6.12.45 , ≤ 6.12.* (semver) Unaffected: 6.16.5 , ≤ 6.16.* (semver) Unaffected: 6.17 , ≤ * (original_commit_for_fix)
Siemens	SIMATIC CN 4100	Affected: 0 , < V5.0 (custom)
Siemens	SIMATIC S7-1500 CPU 1518-4 PN/DP MFP	Affected: V3.1.6 , < * (custom)
Siemens	SIMATIC S7-1500 CPU 1518F-4 PN/DP MFP	Affected: V3.1.6 , < * (custom)
Siemens	SIPLUS S7-1500 CPU 1518-4 PN/DP MFP	Affected: V3.1.6 , < * (custom)

Show details on NVD website

JSON

To clipboard

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        "title": "CVE Program Container"
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    "cna": {
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          "programFiles": [
            "include/net/rose.h",
            "net/rose/af_rose.c",
            "net/rose/rose_in.c",
            "net/rose/rose_route.c",
            "net/rose/rose_timer.c"
          ],
          "repo": "https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/stable/linux.git",
          "vendor": "Linux",
          "versions": [
            {
              "lessThan": "fb07156cc0742ba4e93dfcc84280c011d05b301f",
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "1da177e4c3f41524e886b7f1b8a0c1fc7321cac2",
              "versionType": "git"
            },
            {
              "lessThan": "f8c29fc437d03a98fb075c31c5be761cc8326284",
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "1da177e4c3f41524e886b7f1b8a0c1fc7321cac2",
              "versionType": "git"
            },
            {
              "lessThan": "0085b250fcc79f900c82a69980ec2f3e1871823b",
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "1da177e4c3f41524e886b7f1b8a0c1fc7321cac2",
              "versionType": "git"
            },
            {
              "lessThan": "203e4f42596ede31498744018716a3db6dbb7f51",
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "1da177e4c3f41524e886b7f1b8a0c1fc7321cac2",
              "versionType": "git"
            },
            {
              "lessThan": "d860d1faa6b2ce3becfdb8b0c2b048ad31800061",
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "1da177e4c3f41524e886b7f1b8a0c1fc7321cac2",
              "versionType": "git"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "defaultStatus": "affected",
          "product": "Linux",
          "programFiles": [
            "include/net/rose.h",
            "net/rose/af_rose.c",
            "net/rose/rose_in.c",
            "net/rose/rose_route.c",
            "net/rose/rose_timer.c"
          ],
          "repo": "https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/stable/linux.git",
          "vendor": "Linux",
          "versions": [
            {
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "2.6.12"
            },
            {
              "lessThan": "2.6.12",
              "status": "unaffected",
              "version": "0",
              "versionType": "semver"
            },
            {
              "lessThanOrEqual": "6.1.*",
              "status": "unaffected",
              "version": "6.1.150",
              "versionType": "semver"
            },
            {
              "lessThanOrEqual": "6.6.*",
              "status": "unaffected",
              "version": "6.6.104",
              "versionType": "semver"
            },
            {
              "lessThanOrEqual": "6.12.*",
              "status": "unaffected",
              "version": "6.12.45",
              "versionType": "semver"
            },
            {
              "lessThanOrEqual": "6.16.*",
              "status": "unaffected",
              "version": "6.16.5",
              "versionType": "semver"
            },
            {
              "lessThanOrEqual": "*",
              "status": "unaffected",
              "version": "6.17",
              "versionType": "original_commit_for_fix"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "cpeApplicability": [
        {
          "nodes": [
            {
              "cpeMatch": [
                {
                  "criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*",
                  "versionEndExcluding": "6.1.150",
                  "versionStartIncluding": "2.6.12",
                  "vulnerable": true
                },
                {
                  "criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*",
                  "versionEndExcluding": "6.6.104",
                  "versionStartIncluding": "2.6.12",
                  "vulnerable": true
                },
                {
                  "criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*",
                  "versionEndExcluding": "6.12.45",
                  "versionStartIncluding": "2.6.12",
                  "vulnerable": true
                },
                {
                  "criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*",
                  "versionEndExcluding": "6.16.5",
                  "versionStartIncluding": "2.6.12",
                  "vulnerable": true
                },
                {
                  "criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*",
                  "versionEndExcluding": "6.17",
                  "versionStartIncluding": "2.6.12",
                  "vulnerable": true
                }
              ],
              "negate": false,
              "operator": "OR"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "descriptions": [
        {
          "lang": "en",
          "value": "In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:\n\nnet: rose: convert \u0027use\u0027 field to refcount_t\n\nThe \u0027use\u0027 field in struct rose_neigh is used as a reference counter but\nlacks atomicity. This can lead to race conditions where a rose_neigh\nstructure is freed while still being referenced by other code paths.\n\nFor example, when rose_neigh-\u003euse becomes zero during an ioctl operation\nvia rose_rt_ioctl(), the structure may be removed while its timer is\nstill active, potentially causing use-after-free issues.\n\nThis patch changes the type of \u0027use\u0027 from unsigned short to refcount_t and\nupdates all code paths to use rose_neigh_hold() and rose_neigh_put() which\noperate reference counts atomically."
        }
      ],
      "metrics": [
        {
          "cvssV3_1": {
            "baseScore": 8.8,
            "baseSeverity": "HIGH",
            "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:A/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
            "version": "3.1"
          },
          "scenarios": [
            {
              "lang": "en",
              "value": "AV:A - The `use` counter is manipulated from `rose_route_frame()` and `rose_rx_call_request()`, which process ROSE frames received from unauthenticated AX.25 peers on the same radio link or LAN segment (AX.25 also rides Ethernet via ETH_P_BPQ/bpqether). This is link-layer, not internet-routable, so Adjacent rather than Network.\nAC:L - The attacker controls both sides of the race by flooding CALL_REQUEST/CLEAR_REQUEST frames that concurrently drive locked increments in softirq and unlocked decrements in `rose_timer_expiry()`/`rose_kill_by_neigh()`, and the `rose_get_neigh()` window in `rose_connect()` is wide (includes a GFP_KERNEL allocation). Per guidance, races the attacker creates and UAFs are Low.\nPR:N - ROSE/AX.25 provides no authentication, so a peer injecting frames on the segment needs no credentials to reach `rose_route_frame()`/`rose_rx_call_request()` and drive the non-atomic counter. The CAP_NET_ADMIN route ioctls are the admin/victim side of the race, not a privilege the attacker must hold.\nUI:N - Exploitation requires only received frames and ordinary ROSE connection churn on a system with ROSE routing configured; no action by any local user is needed.\nS:U - The corruption is confined to kernel heap objects within the same security authority; there is no crossing of a VM, IOMMU, or sandbox boundary.\nC:H - The use-after-free lets the attacker reclaim the freed `rose_neigh` with controlled data and have the kernel read it back through socket, route, timer and skb-queue references, enabling kernel memory disclosure.\nI:H - Stale `rose-\u003eneighbour`, `rose_route-\u003eneigh1/neigh2` and `rose_neigh_put()` on the freed object give arbitrary write and double-free primitives, and the embedded `timer_list` function pointers make control-flow hijack plausible.\nA:H - The freed `rose_neigh` still has armed `ftimer`/`t0timer` and live pointers from sockets and routes, so the UAF reliably produces kernel oops/panic and can be re-triggered at will."
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "providerMetadata": {
        "dateUpdated": "2026-08-05T12:05:28.135Z",
        "orgId": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67",
        "shortName": "Linux"
      },
      "references": [
        {
          "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/fb07156cc0742ba4e93dfcc84280c011d05b301f"
        },
        {
          "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/f8c29fc437d03a98fb075c31c5be761cc8326284"
        },
        {
          "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/0085b250fcc79f900c82a69980ec2f3e1871823b"
        },
        {
          "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/203e4f42596ede31498744018716a3db6dbb7f51"
        },
        {
          "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/d860d1faa6b2ce3becfdb8b0c2b048ad31800061"
        }
      ],
      "title": "net: rose: convert \u0027use\u0027 field to refcount_t",
      "x_generator": {
        "engine": "bippy-1.2.0"
      }
    }
  },
  "cveMetadata": {
    "assignerOrgId": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67",
    "assignerShortName": "Linux",
    "cveId": "CVE-2025-39826",
    "datePublished": "2025-09-16T13:00:24.618Z",
    "dateReserved": "2025-04-16T07:20:57.140Z",
    "dateUpdated": "2026-09-08T08:42:21.594Z",
    "state": "PUBLISHED"
  },
  "dataType": "CVE_RECORD",
  "dataVersion": "5.2"
}

Sightings

Author	Source	Type	Date	Other

Nomenclature

Seen: The vulnerability was mentioned, discussed, or observed by the user.
Confirmed: The vulnerability has been validated from an analyst's perspective.
Published Proof of Concept: A public proof of concept is available for this vulnerability.
Exploited: The vulnerability was observed as exploited by the user who reported the sighting.
Patched: The vulnerability was observed as successfully patched by the user who reported the sighting.
Not exploited: The vulnerability was not observed as exploited by the user who reported the sighting.
Not confirmed: The user expressed doubt about the validity of the vulnerability.
Not patched: The vulnerability was not observed as successfully patched by the user who reported the sighting.

Vulnerability timeline

Sightings and recorded dates, grouped by day · UTC

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The MITRE ATT&CK techniques below are AI-generated suggestions, inferred from the description of the vulnerability by the CIRCL/vulnerability-attack-technique-classification-roberta-base model, served locally by ML-Gateway. They have not been verified by an analyst and are provided for guidance only.
The approach is described in our paper Mapping CVEs to MITRE ATT&CK Techniques: A Curated Gold-Set Classifier and the Limits of LLM-Assisted Label Expansion.
Browse all ATT&CK techniques and the vulnerabilities related to each.

Related by attack behaviour

Vulnerabilities whose description is nearest to this one in the vector space of the CIRCL/vulnerability-attack-technique-biencoder model. This is a similarity search over the bi-encoder space (plain cosine), not a classification, and it has no measured accuracy.

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