Consensus Divergence in V5 Transparent SIGHASH_SINGLE With No Corresponding Output

{
  "affected": [
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "crates.io",
        "name": "zebrad"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "4.4.1"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "crates.io",
        "name": "zebra-script"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "6.0.1"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-573",
      "CWE-354"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2026-05-08T18:27:26Z",
    "nvd_published_at": null,
    "severity": "CRITICAL"
  },
  "details": "# Consensus Divergence in V5 Transparent SIGHASH_SINGLE With No Corresponding Output\n\n## Summary\n\nZebra failed to enforce a ZIP-244 consensus rule for V5 transparent transactions: when an input is signed with `SIGHASH_SINGLE` and there is no transparent output at the same index as that input, validation must fail. Zebra instead asked the underlying sighash library to compute a digest, and that library produced a digest over an empty output set rather than failing. An attacker could craft a V5 transaction with more transparent inputs than outputs that Zebra accepts but `zcashd` rejects, creating a consensus split between Zebra and `zcashd` nodes.\n\nA previous fix ([`GHSA-cwfq-rfcr-8hmp`](https://github.com/ZcashFoundation/zebra/security/advisories/GHSA-cwfq-rfcr-8hmp)) addressed a closely related case in the same area of the code, but did not cover this specific one. \n\n## Severity\n\n**Critical** - This is a Consensus Vulnerability that could allow a malicious party to induce network partitioning, service disruption, and potential double-spend attacks against affected nodes.\n\nNote that the impact is currently alleviated by the fact that currently most miners run `zcashd`.\n\n## Affected Versions\n\nZebra 4.4.0.\n\n## Description\n\nVerification of transparent transactions inherits the Bitcoin Script verification code in C++. Since it is consensus-critical, this code is called from Zebra through a foreign function interface (FFI), with a Rust callback that computes the sighash for each input being verified.\n\nZIP-244 \u00a7S.2a marks two situations as consensus failure for V5 transparent signatures:\n\n1. The signed hash type is not one of the six canonical values; and\n2. The hash type is `SIGHASH_SINGLE` (alone or combined with `ANYONECANPAY`) and the input has no transparent output at the same index.\n\n`zcashd` enforces both rules: its `SignatureHash` raises an exception, and `CheckSig` catches it and fails the script. A previous fix (`GHSA-cwfq-rfcr-8hmp`) added the first rule to Zebra\u0027s V5 sighash callback. The second rule, however, was not added \u2014 Zebra\u0027s callback forwarded the request to `librustzcash`\u0027s ZIP-244 implementation, which handles an out-of-range `SIGHASH_SINGLE` output index by hashing an empty output set rather than refusing to produce a digest. As a result, Zebra would compute a well-defined sighash for the missing-output case and accept any signature that verified against it.\n\nAn attacker could exploit this by:\n\n- Constructing a V5 transaction with two or more transparent inputs and fewer transparent outputs;\n- Signing an input whose index has no matching `vout` entry with `SIGHASH_SINGLE` (`0x03`) or `SIGHASH_SINGLE|ANYONECANPAY` (`0x83`), using the digest Zebra computes;\n- Broadcasting the transaction, or a block containing it, to the network.\n\nZebra would verify the transaction\u0027s transparent script and accept the transaction (and any block containing it), while `zcashd` would reject both, splitting Zebra nodes from the rest of the network.\n\n## Impact\n\n**Consensus Failure**\n\n- **Attack Vector:** Network.\n- **Effect:** Network partition/consensus split.\n- **Scope:** Any affected Zebra node.\n\n## Fixed Versions\n\nThis issue is fixed in Zebra 4.4.1.\n\n## Mitigation\n\nUsers should upgrade to Zebra 4.4.1 or later immediately.\n\nThere are no known workarounds for this issue. Immediate upgrade is the only way to ensure the node remains on the correct consensus path and is protected against malicious chain forks.\n\n## Credits\n\nZebra thanks @sangsoo-osec, @zmanian, and @fivelittleducks for finding and reporting the issue.",
  "id": "GHSA-pvmv-cwg8-v6c8",
  "modified": "2026-05-08T18:27:26Z",
  "published": "2026-05-08T18:27:26Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/ZcashFoundation/zebra/security/advisories/GHSA-pvmv-cwg8-v6c8"
    },
    {
      "type": "PACKAGE",
      "url": "https://github.com/ZcashFoundation/zebra"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:H/VA:H/SC:N/SI:H/SA:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V4"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "Zebra v4.4.0 still accepts V5 SIGHASH_SINGLE without a corresponding output"
}