Vulnerability-Lookup

CVE-2026-92747 (GCVE-0-2026-92747)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-09-18 17:53 – Updated: 2026-10-21 13:31

Title

Cockpit-machines: cockpit-machines: sensitive data exposure of guest credentials via json argument in process list

Summary

A flaw was found in `cockpit-machines`. This vulnerability allows a local attacker with the ability to inspect running processes to expose sensitive guest virtual machine (VM) credentials, such as `rootPassword` and `userPassword`. This occurs when the `install_machine.py` script passes these credentials as a JSON command-line argument during VM creation or installation. The exposure is limited to the period when the installation workflow is active and depends on host process-visibility policies.

Severity

5 (Medium)


                        
                          CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N

SSVC

Exploitation: poc Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial

CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)

Decision recorded 2026-09-18 18:02 UTC

CWE

CWE-214 - Invocation of Process Using Visible Sensitive Information

Assigner

redhat CNA under the redhat root

CNA scorecard B 82/100 over 1070 records in the last 180 days details

References

4 references

URL	Tags
https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:86970	vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT
https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:86971	vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT
https://access.redhat.com/security/cve/CVE-2026-92747	vdb-entryx_refsource_REDHAT
https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=2469260	issue-trackingx_refsource_REDHAT

Impacted products

2 products

Vendor	Product	Version	CPE status
Red Hat	Red Hat Enterprise Linux 10	Unaffected: 0:348.1-1.el10_2 , < * (rpm) cpe:/o:redhat:enterprise_linux:10.2
Red Hat	Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9	Unaffected: 0:348.1-1.el9_8 , < * (rpm) cpe:/a:redhat:enterprise_linux:9::appstream

Date Public

2026-09-18 16:35

Credits

This issue was discovered by Found by AISLE in partnership with Red Hat.

Show details on NVD website

JSON

To clipboard

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ALSA-2026:86970 (CVE-2026-92745)

Vulnerability from osv_almalinux – Published: 2026-10-21 00:00 – Updated: 2026-10-23 13:18 – Source website

Summary

Moderate: cockpit-machines security update

Details

Cockpit component for managing libvirt virtual machines.

Security Fix(es):

cockpit-machines: cockpit-machines: Sensitive data exposure via command-line arguments (CVE-2026-92768)
cockpit-machines: cockpit-machines: Sensitive Data Exposure of guest credentials via JSON argument in process list (CVE-2026-92747)
cockpit-machines: cockpit-machines: Information Disclosure of RHSM Offline Token via Process Arguments (CVE-2026-92745)

For more details about the security issue(s), including the impact, a CVSS score, acknowledgments, and other related information, refer to the CVE page(s) listed in the References section.

References

URL

Type

	https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:86970	ADVISORY
	https://access.redhat.com/security/cve/CVE-2026-92745	REPORT
	https://access.redhat.com/security/cve/CVE-2026-92747	REPORT
	https://access.redhat.com/security/cve/CVE-2026-92768	REPORT
	https://bugzilla.redhat.com/2469258	REPORT
	https://bugzilla.redhat.com/2469260	REPORT
	https://bugzilla.redhat.com/2476266	REPORT
	https://errata.almalinux.org/9/ALSA-2026-86970.html	ADVISORY

JSON

To clipboard

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  ],
  "details": "Cockpit component for managing libvirt virtual machines.  \n\nSecurity Fix(es):  \n\n  * cockpit-machines: cockpit-machines: Sensitive data exposure via command-line arguments (CVE-2026-92768)\n  * cockpit-machines: cockpit-machines: Sensitive Data Exposure of guest credentials via JSON argument in process list (CVE-2026-92747)\n  * cockpit-machines: cockpit-machines: Information Disclosure of RHSM Offline Token via Process Arguments (CVE-2026-92745)\n\n\nFor more details about the security issue(s), including the impact, a CVSS score, acknowledgments, and other related information, refer to the CVE page(s) listed in the References section.\n",
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    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:86970"
    },
    {
      "type": "REPORT",
      "url": "https://access.redhat.com/security/cve/CVE-2026-92745"
    },
    {
      "type": "REPORT",
      "url": "https://access.redhat.com/security/cve/CVE-2026-92747"
    },
    {
      "type": "REPORT",
      "url": "https://access.redhat.com/security/cve/CVE-2026-92768"
    },
    {
      "type": "REPORT",
      "url": "https://bugzilla.redhat.com/2469258"
    },
    {
      "type": "REPORT",
      "url": "https://bugzilla.redhat.com/2469260"
    },
    {
      "type": "REPORT",
      "url": "https://bugzilla.redhat.com/2476266"
    },
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://errata.almalinux.org/9/ALSA-2026-86970.html"
    }
  ],
  "related": [
    "CVE-2026-92745",
    "CVE-2026-92747",
    "CVE-2026-92768"
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.7.0",
  "summary": "Moderate: cockpit-machines security update",
  "upstream": [
    "CVE-2026-92745",
    "CVE-2026-92747",
    "CVE-2026-92768"
  ]
}

ALSA-2026:86971 (CVE-2026-92745)

Vulnerability from osv_almalinux – Published: 2026-10-21 00:00 – Updated: 2026-10-22 08:58 – Source website

Summary

Moderate: cockpit-machines security update

Details

Cockpit component for managing libvirt virtual machines.

Security Fix(es):

cockpit-machines: cockpit-machines: Sensitive data exposure via command-line arguments (CVE-2026-92768)
cockpit-machines: cockpit-machines: Sensitive Data Exposure of guest credentials via JSON argument in process list (CVE-2026-92747)
cockpit-machines: cockpit-machines: Information Disclosure of RHSM Offline Token via Process Arguments (CVE-2026-92745)

For more details about the security issue(s), including the impact, a CVSS score, acknowledgments, and other related information, refer to the CVE page(s) listed in the References section.

References

URL

Type

	https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:86971	ADVISORY
	https://access.redhat.com/security/cve/CVE-2026-92745	REPORT
	https://access.redhat.com/security/cve/CVE-2026-92747	REPORT
	https://access.redhat.com/security/cve/CVE-2026-92768	REPORT
	https://bugzilla.redhat.com/2469258	REPORT
	https://bugzilla.redhat.com/2469260	REPORT
	https://bugzilla.redhat.com/2476266	REPORT
	https://errata.almalinux.org/10/ALSA-2026-86971.html	ADVISORY

JSON

To clipboard

{
  "affected": [
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "AlmaLinux:10",
        "name": "cockpit-machines"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "348.1-1.el10_2"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "details": "Cockpit component for managing libvirt virtual machines.  \n\nSecurity Fix(es):  \n\n  * cockpit-machines: cockpit-machines: Sensitive data exposure via command-line arguments (CVE-2026-92768)\n  * cockpit-machines: cockpit-machines: Sensitive Data Exposure of guest credentials via JSON argument in process list (CVE-2026-92747)\n  * cockpit-machines: cockpit-machines: Information Disclosure of RHSM Offline Token via Process Arguments (CVE-2026-92745)\n\n\nFor more details about the security issue(s), including the impact, a CVSS score, acknowledgments, and other related information, refer to the CVE page(s) listed in the References section.\n",
  "id": "ALSA-2026:86971",
  "modified": "2026-10-22T08:58:51Z",
  "published": "2026-10-21T00:00:00Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:86971"
    },
    {
      "type": "REPORT",
      "url": "https://access.redhat.com/security/cve/CVE-2026-92745"
    },
    {
      "type": "REPORT",
      "url": "https://access.redhat.com/security/cve/CVE-2026-92747"
    },
    {
      "type": "REPORT",
      "url": "https://access.redhat.com/security/cve/CVE-2026-92768"
    },
    {
      "type": "REPORT",
      "url": "https://bugzilla.redhat.com/2469258"
    },
    {
      "type": "REPORT",
      "url": "https://bugzilla.redhat.com/2469260"
    },
    {
      "type": "REPORT",
      "url": "https://bugzilla.redhat.com/2476266"
    },
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://errata.almalinux.org/10/ALSA-2026-86971.html"
    }
  ],
  "related": [
    "CVE-2026-92745",
    "CVE-2026-92747",
    "CVE-2026-92768"
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.7.0",
  "summary": "Moderate: cockpit-machines security update",
  "upstream": [
    "CVE-2026-92745",
    "CVE-2026-92747",
    "CVE-2026-92768"
  ]
}

FKIE_CVE-2026-92747

Vulnerability from fkie_nvd - Published: 2026-09-18 18:18 - Updated: 2026-10-21 14:17

Severity

5.0 (Medium) - CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N

Summary

References

	URL	Tags
	secalert@redhat.com	https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:86970
	secalert@redhat.com	https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:86971
	secalert@redhat.com	https://access.redhat.com/security/cve/CVE-2026-92747
	secalert@redhat.com	https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=2469260
	134c704f-9b21-4f2e-91b3-4a467353bcc0	https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=2469260

Impacted products

	Vendor	Product	Version

JSON

To clipboard

{
  "affected": [
    {
      "affectedData": [
        {
          "collectionURL": "https://access.redhat.com/downloads/content/package-browser/",
          "cpes": [
            "cpe:/o:redhat:enterprise_linux:10.2"
          ],
          "defaultStatus": "affected",
          "packageName": "cockpit-machines",
          "product": "Red Hat Enterprise Linux 10",
          "vendor": "Red Hat",
          "versions": [
            {
              "lessThan": "*",
              "status": "unaffected",
              "version": "0:348.1-1.el10_2",
              "versionType": "rpm"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "collectionURL": "https://access.redhat.com/downloads/content/package-browser/",
          "cpes": [
            "cpe:/a:redhat:enterprise_linux:9::appstream"
          ],
          "defaultStatus": "affected",
          "packageName": "cockpit-machines",
          "product": "Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9",
          "vendor": "Red Hat",
          "versions": [
            {
              "lessThan": "*",
              "status": "unaffected",
              "version": "0:348.1-1.el9_8",
              "versionType": "rpm"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "source": "secalert@redhat.com"
    }
  ],
  "cveTags": [],
  "descriptions": [
    {
      "lang": "en",
      "value": "A flaw was found in `cockpit-machines`. This vulnerability allows a local attacker with the ability to inspect running processes to expose sensitive guest virtual machine (VM) credentials, such as `rootPassword` and `userPassword`. This occurs when the `install_machine.py` script passes these credentials as a JSON command-line argument during VM creation or installation. The exposure is limited to the period when the installation workflow is active and depends on host process-visibility policies."
    }
  ],
  "id": "CVE-2026-92747",
  "lastModified": "2026-10-21T14:17:22.270",
  "metrics": {
    "cvssMetricV31": [
      {
        "cvssData": {
          "attackComplexity": "LOW",
          "attackVector": "LOCAL",
          "availabilityImpact": "NONE",
          "baseScore": 5.0,
          "baseSeverity": "MEDIUM",
          "confidentialityImpact": "HIGH",
          "integrityImpact": "NONE",
          "privilegesRequired": "LOW",
          "scope": "UNCHANGED",
          "userInteraction": "REQUIRED",
          "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
          "version": "3.1"
        },
        "exploitabilityScore": 1.3,
        "impactScore": 3.6,
        "source": "secalert@redhat.com",
        "type": "Secondary"
      }
    ],
    "ssvcV203": [
      {
        "source": "134c704f-9b21-4f2e-91b3-4a467353bcc0",
        "ssvcData": {
          "id": "CVE-2026-92747",
          "options": [
            {
              "exploitation": "poc"
            },
            {
              "automatable": "no"
            },
            {
              "technicalImpact": "partial"
            }
          ],
          "role": "CISA Coordinator",
          "timestamp": "2026-09-18T18:02:26.653460Z",
          "version": "2.0.3"
        }
      }
    ]
  },
  "published": "2026-09-18T18:18:16.547",
  "references": [
    {
      "source": "secalert@redhat.com",
      "url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:86970"
    },
    {
      "source": "secalert@redhat.com",
      "url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:86971"
    },
    {
      "source": "secalert@redhat.com",
      "url": "https://access.redhat.com/security/cve/CVE-2026-92747"
    },
    {
      "source": "secalert@redhat.com",
      "url": "https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=2469260"
    },
    {
      "source": "134c704f-9b21-4f2e-91b3-4a467353bcc0",
      "url": "https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=2469260"
    }
  ],
  "sourceIdentifier": "secalert@redhat.com",
  "vulnStatus": "Awaiting Analysis",
  "weaknesses": [
    {
      "description": [
        {
          "lang": "en",
          "value": "CWE-214"
        }
      ],
      "source": "secalert@redhat.com",
      "type": "Secondary"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-8P9R-6652-9XC4

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-09-18 18:31 – Updated: 2026-10-21 15:41

Details

A flaw was found in cockpit-machines. This vulnerability allows a local attacker with the ability to inspect running processes to expose sensitive guest virtual machine (VM) credentials, such as rootPassword and userPassword. This occurs when the install_machine.py script passes these credentials as a JSON command-line argument during VM creation or installation. The exposure is limited to the period when the installation workflow is active and depends on host process-visibility policies.

Severity

5.0 (Medium)


                  
                    CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N

Show details on source website

JSON

To clipboard

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-92747"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-214"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-09-18T18:18:16Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "A flaw was found in `cockpit-machines`. This vulnerability allows a local attacker with the ability to inspect running processes to expose sensitive guest virtual machine (VM) credentials, such as `rootPassword` and `userPassword`. This occurs when the `install_machine.py` script passes these credentials as a JSON command-line argument during VM creation or installation. The exposure is limited to the period when the installation workflow is active and depends on host process-visibility policies.",
  "id": "GHSA-8p9r-6652-9xc4",
  "modified": "2026-10-21T15:41:29Z",
  "published": "2026-09-18T18:31:44Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-92747"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:86970"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:86971"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://access.redhat.com/security/cve/CVE-2026-92747"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=2469260"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

RHSA-2026:86970

Vulnerability from csaf_opensuse - Published: 2026-10-21 00:00 - Updated: 2026-10-22 17:08

Summary

security update for cockpit-machines

Severity

Moderate

Scope

3 vulnerabilities in this advisory, including CVE-2026-92747.

CVE-2026-92747

5 (Medium)


                
                  CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N

Recommended: 1 product

Open the full advisory

RHSA-2026:86971

Vulnerability from csaf_opensuse - Published: 2026-10-21 00:00 - Updated: 2026-10-23 09:39

Summary

security update for cockpit-machines

Severity

Moderate

Scope

3 vulnerabilities in this advisory, including CVE-2026-92747.

CVE-2026-92747

5 (Medium)


                
                  CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N

Recommended: 1 product

Open the full advisory

UBUNTU-CVE-2026-92747 (CVE-2026-92747)

Vulnerability from osv_ubuntu – Published: 2026-09-18 18:18 – Updated: 2026-10-17 09:57 – Source website

Details

Severity

5.0 (Medium)


                    
                      CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N

N/A (UNKNOWN)


                    
                      medium

References

URL

Type

	https://ubuntu.com/security/CVE-2026-92747	REPORT
	https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2026-92747	REPORT
	https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=2469260	REPORT
	https://access.redhat.com/security/cve/CVE-2026-92747	REPORT

JSON

To clipboard

{
  "affected": [
    {
      "ecosystem_specific": {
        "binaries": [
          {
            "binary_name": "cockpit-machines",
            "binary_version": "265-1"
          }
        ]
      },
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "Ubuntu:22.04:LTS",
        "name": "cockpit-machines",
        "purl": "pkg:deb/ubuntu/cockpit-machines@265-1?arch=source\u0026distro=jammy"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ],
      "versions": [
        "251-1",
        "254-1",
        "255-1",
        "256-1",
        "258-1",
        "259-1",
        "260-1",
        "261-1",
        "262-1",
        "263-1",
        "264-1",
        "265-1"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ecosystem_specific": {
        "binaries": [
          {
            "binary_name": "cockpit-machines",
            "binary_version": "310-1"
          }
        ]
      },
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "Ubuntu:24.04:LTS",
        "name": "cockpit-machines",
        "purl": "pkg:deb/ubuntu/cockpit-machines@310-1?arch=source\u0026distro=noble"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ],
      "versions": [
        "299-1",
        "300-1",
        "301-1",
        "302-1",
        "303-1",
        "304-1",
        "305-1",
        "306-1",
        "307-1",
        "310-1"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ecosystem_specific": {
        "binaries": [
          {
            "binary_name": "cockpit-machines",
            "binary_version": "356-1"
          }
        ]
      },
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "Ubuntu:26.10",
        "name": "cockpit-machines",
        "purl": "pkg:deb/ubuntu/cockpit-machines@356-1?arch=source\u0026distro=stonking"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ],
      "versions": [
        "351-1",
        "353-3",
        "355-1",
        "355-1ubuntu1",
        "356-1"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ecosystem_specific": {
        "binaries": [
          {
            "binary_name": "cockpit-machines",
            "binary_version": "351-1"
          }
        ]
      },
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "Ubuntu:26.04:LTS",
        "name": "cockpit-machines",
        "purl": "pkg:deb/ubuntu/cockpit-machines@351-1?arch=source\u0026distro=resolute"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ],
      "versions": [
        "339-1",
        "341-1",
        "343-1",
        "345-1",
        "346-1",
        "347-1",
        "348-1",
        "351-1"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [],
  "details": "A flaw was found in `cockpit-machines`. This vulnerability allows a local attacker with the ability to inspect running processes to expose sensitive guest virtual machine (VM) credentials, such as `rootPassword` and `userPassword`. This occurs when the `install_machine.py` script passes these credentials as a JSON command-line argument during VM creation or installation. The exposure is limited to the period when the installation workflow is active and depends on host process-visibility policies.",
  "id": "UBUNTU-CVE-2026-92747",
  "modified": "2026-10-17T09:57:17Z",
  "published": "2026-09-18T18:18:00Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "REPORT",
      "url": "https://ubuntu.com/security/CVE-2026-92747"
    },
    {
      "type": "REPORT",
      "url": "https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2026-92747"
    },
    {
      "type": "REPORT",
      "url": "https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=2469260"
    },
    {
      "type": "REPORT",
      "url": "https://access.redhat.com/security/cve/CVE-2026-92747"
    }
  ],
  "related": [],
  "schema_version": "1.7.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    },
    {
      "score": "medium",
      "type": "Ubuntu"
    }
  ],
  "upstream": [
    "CVE-2026-92747"
  ]
}

Sightings

Author	Source	Type	Date	Other

Nomenclature

Seen: The vulnerability was mentioned, discussed, or observed by the user.
Confirmed: The vulnerability has been validated from an analyst's perspective.
Published Proof of Concept: A public proof of concept is available for this vulnerability.
Exploited: The vulnerability was observed as exploited by the user who reported the sighting.
Patched: The vulnerability was observed as successfully patched by the user who reported the sighting.
Not exploited: The vulnerability was not observed as exploited by the user who reported the sighting.
Not confirmed: The user expressed doubt about the validity of the vulnerability.
Not patched: The vulnerability was not observed as successfully patched by the user who reported the sighting.

Vulnerability timeline

Sightings and recorded dates, grouped by day · UTC

Order JSON

Publication & reservation Sightings KEV catalogs Other timestamps

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The MITRE ATT&CK techniques below are AI-generated suggestions, inferred from the description of the vulnerability by the CIRCL/vulnerability-attack-technique-classification-roberta-base model, served locally by ML-Gateway. They have not been verified by an analyst and are provided for guidance only.
The approach is described in our paper Mapping CVEs to MITRE ATT&CK Techniques: A Curated Gold-Set Classifier and the Limits of LLM-Assisted Label Expansion.
Browse all ATT&CK techniques and the vulnerabilities related to each.

Related by attack behaviour

Vulnerabilities whose description is nearest to this one in the vector space of the CIRCL/vulnerability-attack-technique-biencoder model. This is a similarity search over the bi-encoder space (plain cosine), not a classification, and it has no measured accuracy.

Action not permitted

CVE-2026-92747 (GCVE-0-2026-92747)

ALSA-2026:86970 (CVE-2026-92745)

ALSA-2026:86971 (CVE-2026-92745)

FKIE_CVE-2026-92747

GHSA-8P9R-6652-9XC4

RHSA-2026:86970

RHSA-2026:86971

UBUNTU-CVE-2026-92747 (CVE-2026-92747)

Tags

Sightings

Nomenclature

Vulnerability timeline

Related by attack behaviour