{
  "affected": [
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "Hex",
        "name": "ewe"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0.6.0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "3.0.5"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-32881"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-183"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2026-03-16T20:49:36Z",
    "nvd_published_at": null,
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "## Summary\n\newe\u0027s chunked transfer encoding trailer handling merges declared trailer fields into `req.headers` after body parsing, but the denylist only blocks 9 header names. Security-sensitive headers like `authorization`, `cookie`, and `x-forwarded-for` can be injected or overwritten by a malicious client via trailers, potentially bypassing authentication or spoofing proxy-trust headers.\n\n## Impact\n\nWhen `ewe.read_body` processes a chunked request with a `Trailer` header, it calls `handle_trailers` (`ewe/internal/http1.gleam:493`), which merges declared trailer fields into `req.headers` via `request.set_header` (line 517). The `is_forbidden_trailer` denylist (line 534) only blocks 9 header names: `transfer-encoding`, `content-length`, `host`, `cache-control`, `expect`, `max-forwards`, `pragma`, `range`, and `te`.\n\nSecurity-sensitive headers are not blocked, including:\n\n- `authorization` \u2014 attacker can inject or overwrite Bearer tokens\n- `cookie` / `set-cookie` \u2014 attacker can inject session cookies\n- `proxy-authorization` \u2014 attacker can inject proxy credentials\n- `x-forwarded-for`, `x-forwarded-host`, `x-forwarded-proto` \u2014 attacker can spoof proxy-trust headers\n- `x-real-ip` \u2014 attacker can spoof client IP\n\nA malicious client can inject these headers by declaring them in the `Trailer` request header and including them after the final `0\\r\\n` chunk. If the header already exists (e.g., set by a reverse proxy), `request.set_header` overwrites it. Any application logic that reads these headers after calling `ewe.read_body` \u2014 such as authentication middleware, IP-based rate limiting, or session validation \u2014 will see the attacker-controlled values.\n\n### Proof of Concept\n\n**Inject an `authorization` header that didn\u0027t exist:**\n\n```sh\nprintf \u0027POST / HTTP/1.1\\r\\nHost: localhost:8080\\r\\nTransfer-Encoding: chunked\\r\\nTrailer: authorization\\r\\n\\r\\n4\\r\\ntest\\r\\n0\\r\\nauthorization: Bearer injected-token\\r\\n\\r\\n\u0027 | nc -w 2 localhost 8080\n```\n\n**Overwrite a legitimate `authorization` header set by a proxy:**\n\n```sh\nprintf \u0027POST / HTTP/1.1\\r\\nHost: localhost:8080\\r\\nAuthorization: Bearer legitimate-token\\r\\nTransfer-Encoding: chunked\\r\\nTrailer: authorization\\r\\n\\r\\n4\\r\\ntest\\r\\n0\\r\\nauthorization: Bearer evil-token\\r\\n\\r\\n\u0027 | nc -w 2 localhost 8080\n```\n\n**Inject `x-forwarded-for` to spoof client IP:**\n\n```sh\nprintf \u0027POST / HTTP/1.1\\r\\nHost: localhost:8080\\r\\nTransfer-Encoding: chunked\\r\\nTrailer: x-forwarded-for\\r\\n\\r\\n4\\r\\ntest\\r\\n0\\r\\nx-forwarded-for: 10.0.0.1\\r\\n\\r\\n\u0027 | nc -w 2 localhost 8080\n```\n\n## Patches\n\n- Expand the denylist in `is_forbidden_trailer` to include `authorization`, `cookie`, `set-cookie`, `proxy-authorization`, `x-forwarded-for`, `x-forwarded-host`, `x-forwarded-proto`, `x-real-ip`, and other security-sensitive headers.\n- Alternatively, switch to an allowlist model that only permits explicitly safe trailer field names.",
  "id": "GHSA-9w88-79f8-m3vp",
  "modified": "2026-03-18T21:44:03Z",
  "published": "2026-03-16T20:49:36Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/vshakitskiy/ewe/security/advisories/GHSA-9w88-79f8-m3vp"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/vshakitskiy/ewe/commit/07dcfd2135fc95f38c17a9d030de3d7efee1ee39"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/vshakitskiy/ewe/commit/94ab6e7bf7293e987ae98b4daa51ea131c2671ba"
    },
    {
      "type": "PACKAGE",
      "url": "https://github.com/vshakitskiy/ewe"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/vshakitskiy/ewe/releases/tag/v3.0.5"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "Permissive List of Allowed Inputs in ewe"
}

{
  "cveTags": [],
  "descriptions": [
    {
      "lang": "en",
      "value": "ewe is a Gleam web server. ewe is a Gleam web server. Versions 0.6.0 through 3.0.4 are vulnerable to authentication bypass or spoofed proxy-trust headers. Chunked transfer encoding trailer handling merges declared trailer fields into req.headers after body parsing, but the denylist only blocks 9 header names.  A malicious client can exploit this by declaring these headers in the Trailer field and appending them after the final chunk, causing request.set_header to overwrite legitimate values (e.g., those set by a reverse proxy). This enables attackers to forge authentication credentials, hijack sessions, bypass IP-based rate limiting, or spoof proxy-trust headers in any downstream middleware that reads headers after ewe.read_body is called. This issue has been fixed in version 3.0.5."
    }
  ],
  "id": "CVE-2026-32881",
  "lastModified": "2026-03-20T02:16:36.237",
  "metrics": {
    "cvssMetricV31": [
      {
        "cvssData": {
          "attackComplexity": "LOW",
          "attackVector": "NETWORK",
          "availabilityImpact": "NONE",
          "baseScore": 5.3,
          "baseSeverity": "MEDIUM",
          "confidentialityImpact": "NONE",
          "integrityImpact": "LOW",
          "privilegesRequired": "NONE",
          "scope": "UNCHANGED",
          "userInteraction": "NONE",
          "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N",
          "version": "3.1"
        },
        "exploitabilityScore": 3.9,
        "impactScore": 1.4,
        "source": "security-advisories@github.com",
        "type": "Secondary"
      }
    ]
  },
  "published": "2026-03-20T02:16:36.237",
  "references": [
    {
      "source": "security-advisories@github.com",
      "url": "https://github.com/vshakitskiy/ewe/commit/07dcfd2135fc95f38c17a9d030de3d7efee1ee39"
    },
    {
      "source": "security-advisories@github.com",
      "url": "https://github.com/vshakitskiy/ewe/commit/94ab6e7bf7293e987ae98b4daa51ea131c2671ba"
    },
    {
      "source": "security-advisories@github.com",
      "url": "https://github.com/vshakitskiy/ewe/releases/tag/v3.0.5"
    },
    {
      "source": "security-advisories@github.com",
      "url": "https://github.com/vshakitskiy/ewe/security/advisories/GHSA-9w88-79f8-m3vp"
    }
  ],
  "sourceIdentifier": "security-advisories@github.com",
  "vulnStatus": "Received",
  "weaknesses": [
    {
      "description": [
        {
          "lang": "en",
          "value": "CWE-183"
        }
      ],
      "source": "security-advisories@github.com",
      "type": "Primary"
    }
  ]
}