CVE-2023-53439 (GCVE-0-2023-53439)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-09-18 16:04 – Updated: 2026-05-11 19:45
VLAI
Title
net: skb_partial_csum_set() fix against transport header magic value
Summary
In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: net: skb_partial_csum_set() fix against transport header magic value skb->transport_header uses the special 0xFFFF value to mark if the transport header was set or not. We must prevent callers to accidentaly set skb->transport_header to 0xFFFF. Note that only fuzzers can possibly do this today. syzbot reported: WARNING: CPU: 0 PID: 2340 at include/linux/skbuff.h:2847 skb_transport_offset include/linux/skbuff.h:2956 [inline] WARNING: CPU: 0 PID: 2340 at include/linux/skbuff.h:2847 virtio_net_hdr_to_skb+0xbcc/0x10c0 include/linux/virtio_net.h:103 Modules linked in: CPU: 0 PID: 2340 Comm: syz-executor.0 Not tainted 6.3.0-syzkaller #0 Hardware name: Google Google Compute Engine/Google Compute Engine, BIOS Google 04/14/2023 RIP: 0010:skb_transport_header include/linux/skbuff.h:2847 [inline] RIP: 0010:skb_transport_offset include/linux/skbuff.h:2956 [inline] RIP: 0010:virtio_net_hdr_to_skb+0xbcc/0x10c0 include/linux/virtio_net.h:103 Code: 41 39 df 0f 82 c3 04 00 00 48 8b 7c 24 10 44 89 e6 e8 08 6e 59 ff 48 85 c0 74 54 e8 ce 36 7e fc e9 37 f8 ff ff e8 c4 36 7e fc <0f> 0b e9 93 f8 ff ff 44 89 f7 44 89 e6 e8 32 38 7e fc 45 39 e6 0f RSP: 0018:ffffc90004497880 EFLAGS: 00010293 RAX: ffffffff84fea55c RBX: 000000000000ffff RCX: ffff888120be2100 RDX: 0000000000000000 RSI: 000000000000ffff RDI: 000000000000ffff RBP: ffffc90004497990 R08: ffffffff84fe9de5 R09: 0000000000000034 R10: ffffea00048ebd80 R11: 0000000000000034 R12: ffff88811dc2d9c8 R13: dffffc0000000000 R14: ffff88811dc2d9ae R15: 1ffff11023b85b35 FS: 00007f9211a59700(0000) GS:ffff8881f6c00000(0000) knlGS:0000000000000000 CS: 0010 DS: 0000 ES: 0000 CR0: 0000000080050033 CR2: 00000000200002c0 CR3: 00000001215a5000 CR4: 00000000003506f0 DR0: 0000000000000000 DR1: 0000000000000000 DR2: 0000000000000000 DR3: 0000000000000000 DR6: 00000000fffe0ff0 DR7: 0000000000000400 Call Trace: <TASK> packet_snd net/packet/af_packet.c:3076 [inline] packet_sendmsg+0x4590/0x61a0 net/packet/af_packet.c:3115 sock_sendmsg_nosec net/socket.c:724 [inline] sock_sendmsg net/socket.c:747 [inline] __sys_sendto+0x472/0x630 net/socket.c:2144 __do_sys_sendto net/socket.c:2156 [inline] __se_sys_sendto net/socket.c:2152 [inline] __x64_sys_sendto+0xe5/0x100 net/socket.c:2152 do_syscall_x64 arch/x86/entry/common.c:50 [inline] do_syscall_64+0x2f/0x50 arch/x86/entry/common.c:80 entry_SYSCALL_64_after_hwframe+0x63/0xcd RIP: 0033:0x7f9210c8c169 Code: 28 00 00 00 75 05 48 83 c4 28 c3 e8 f1 19 00 00 90 48 89 f8 48 89 f7 48 89 d6 48 89 ca 4d 89 c2 4d 89 c8 4c 8b 4c 24 08 0f 05 <48> 3d 01 f0 ff ff 73 01 c3 48 c7 c1 b8 ff ff ff f7 d8 64 89 01 48 RSP: 002b:00007f9211a59168 EFLAGS: 00000246 ORIG_RAX: 000000000000002c RAX: ffffffffffffffda RBX: 00007f9210dabf80 RCX: 00007f9210c8c169 RDX: 000000000000ffed RSI: 00000000200000c0 RDI: 0000000000000003 RBP: 00007f9210ce7ca1 R08: 0000000020000540 R09: 0000000000000014 R10: 0000000000000000 R11: 0000000000000246 R12: 0000000000000000 R13: 00007ffe135d65cf R14: 00007f9211a59300 R15: 0000000000022000
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-01-14 19:17 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-401 - Missing Release of Memory after Effective Lifetime
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version CPE status
Linux Linux Affected: 66e4c8d950083df8e12981babca788e1635c92b6 , < 3e785c8deb046305c61b9fa02265d0cb900c4a45 (git)
Affected: 66e4c8d950083df8e12981babca788e1635c92b6 , < 70a76d6816148819d0464f71aafa126c84826628 (git)
Affected: 66e4c8d950083df8e12981babca788e1635c92b6 , < 424f8416bb39936df6365442d651ee729b283460 (git)
guessed Create a notification for this product.
Linux Linux Affected: 5.19
Unaffected: 0 , < 5.19 (semver)
Unaffected: 6.1.30 , ≤ 6.1.* (semver)
Unaffected: 6.3.4 , ≤ 6.3.* (semver)
Unaffected: 6.4 , ≤ * (original_commit_for_fix)
guessed Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website

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            "value": "In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:\n\nnet: skb_partial_csum_set() fix against transport header magic value\n\nskb-\u003etransport_header uses the special 0xFFFF value\nto mark if the transport header was set or not.\n\nWe must prevent callers to accidentaly set skb-\u003etransport_header\nto 0xFFFF. Note that only fuzzers can possibly do this today.\n\nsyzbot reported:\n\nWARNING: CPU: 0 PID: 2340 at include/linux/skbuff.h:2847 skb_transport_offset include/linux/skbuff.h:2956 [inline]\nWARNING: CPU: 0 PID: 2340 at include/linux/skbuff.h:2847 virtio_net_hdr_to_skb+0xbcc/0x10c0 include/linux/virtio_net.h:103\nModules linked in:\nCPU: 0 PID: 2340 Comm: syz-executor.0 Not tainted 6.3.0-syzkaller #0\nHardware name: Google Google Compute Engine/Google Compute Engine, BIOS Google 04/14/2023\nRIP: 0010:skb_transport_header include/linux/skbuff.h:2847 [inline]\nRIP: 0010:skb_transport_offset include/linux/skbuff.h:2956 [inline]\nRIP: 0010:virtio_net_hdr_to_skb+0xbcc/0x10c0 include/linux/virtio_net.h:103\nCode: 41 39 df 0f 82 c3 04 00 00 48 8b 7c 24 10 44 89 e6 e8 08 6e 59 ff 48 85 c0 74 54 e8 ce 36 7e fc e9 37 f8 ff ff e8 c4 36 7e fc \u003c0f\u003e 0b e9 93 f8 ff ff 44 89 f7 44 89 e6 e8 32 38 7e fc 45 39 e6 0f\nRSP: 0018:ffffc90004497880 EFLAGS: 00010293\nRAX: ffffffff84fea55c RBX: 000000000000ffff RCX: ffff888120be2100\nRDX: 0000000000000000 RSI: 000000000000ffff RDI: 000000000000ffff\nRBP: ffffc90004497990 R08: ffffffff84fe9de5 R09: 0000000000000034\nR10: ffffea00048ebd80 R11: 0000000000000034 R12: ffff88811dc2d9c8\nR13: dffffc0000000000 R14: ffff88811dc2d9ae R15: 1ffff11023b85b35\nFS: 00007f9211a59700(0000) GS:ffff8881f6c00000(0000) knlGS:0000000000000000\nCS: 0010 DS: 0000 ES: 0000 CR0: 0000000080050033\nCR2: 00000000200002c0 CR3: 00000001215a5000 CR4: 00000000003506f0\nDR0: 0000000000000000 DR1: 0000000000000000 DR2: 0000000000000000\nDR3: 0000000000000000 DR6: 00000000fffe0ff0 DR7: 0000000000000400\nCall Trace:\n\u003cTASK\u003e\npacket_snd net/packet/af_packet.c:3076 [inline]\npacket_sendmsg+0x4590/0x61a0 net/packet/af_packet.c:3115\nsock_sendmsg_nosec net/socket.c:724 [inline]\nsock_sendmsg net/socket.c:747 [inline]\n__sys_sendto+0x472/0x630 net/socket.c:2144\n__do_sys_sendto net/socket.c:2156 [inline]\n__se_sys_sendto net/socket.c:2152 [inline]\n__x64_sys_sendto+0xe5/0x100 net/socket.c:2152\ndo_syscall_x64 arch/x86/entry/common.c:50 [inline]\ndo_syscall_64+0x2f/0x50 arch/x86/entry/common.c:80\nentry_SYSCALL_64_after_hwframe+0x63/0xcd\nRIP: 0033:0x7f9210c8c169\nCode: 28 00 00 00 75 05 48 83 c4 28 c3 e8 f1 19 00 00 90 48 89 f8 48 89 f7 48 89 d6 48 89 ca 4d 89 c2 4d 89 c8 4c 8b 4c 24 08 0f 05 \u003c48\u003e 3d 01 f0 ff ff 73 01 c3 48 c7 c1 b8 ff ff ff f7 d8 64 89 01 48\nRSP: 002b:00007f9211a59168 EFLAGS: 00000246 ORIG_RAX: 000000000000002c\nRAX: ffffffffffffffda RBX: 00007f9210dabf80 RCX: 00007f9210c8c169\nRDX: 000000000000ffed RSI: 00000000200000c0 RDI: 0000000000000003\nRBP: 00007f9210ce7ca1 R08: 0000000020000540 R09: 0000000000000014\nR10: 0000000000000000 R11: 0000000000000246 R12: 0000000000000000\nR13: 00007ffe135d65cf R14: 00007f9211a59300 R15: 0000000000022000"
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        "id": "CVE-2023-53439",
        "lastModified": "2026-06-17T06:45:20.353",
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                "scope": "UNCHANGED",
                "userInteraction": "NONE",
                "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H",
                "version": "3.1"
              },
              "exploitabilityScore": 1.8,
              "impactScore": 3.6,
              "source": "134c704f-9b21-4f2e-91b3-4a467353bcc0",
              "type": "Secondary"
            }
          ],
          "ssvcV203": [
            {
              "source": "134c704f-9b21-4f2e-91b3-4a467353bcc0",
              "ssvcData": {
                "id": "CVE-2023-53439",
                "options": [
                  {
                    "exploitation": "none"
                  },
                  {
                    "automatable": "no"
                  },
                  {
                    "technicalImpact": "partial"
                  }
                ],
                "role": "CISA Coordinator",
                "timestamp": "2026-01-14T19:17:30.734680Z",
                "version": "2.0.3"
              }
            }
          ]
        },
        "published": "2025-09-18T16:15:48.087",
        "references": [
          {
            "source": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67",
            "tags": [
              "Patch"
            ],
            "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/3e785c8deb046305c61b9fa02265d0cb900c4a45"
          },
          {
            "source": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67",
            "tags": [
              "Patch"
            ],
            "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/424f8416bb39936df6365442d651ee729b283460"
          },
          {
            "source": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67",
            "tags": [
              "Patch"
            ],
            "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/70a76d6816148819d0464f71aafa126c84826628"
          }
        ],
        "sourceIdentifier": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67",
        "vulnStatus": "Modified",
        "weaknesses": [
          {
            "description": [
              {
                "lang": "en",
                "value": "CWE-401"
              }
            ],
            "source": "nvd@nist.gov",
            "type": "Primary"
          },
          {
            "description": [
              {
                "lang": "en",
                "value": "CWE-401"
              }
            ],
            "source": "134c704f-9b21-4f2e-91b3-4a467353bcc0",
            "type": "Secondary"
          }
        ]
      }
    },
    "redhat_vex": {
      "aggregate_severity": "Moderate",
      "current_release_date": "2026-06-29T22:23:02+00:00",
      "cve": "CVE-2023-53439",
      "id": "CVE-2023-53439",
      "initial_release_date": "2023-01-01T00:00:00+00:00",
      "product_status:known_not_affected": "274",
      "source": "Red Hat CSAF VEX",
      "status": "final",
      "title": "kernel: net: skb_partial_csum_set() fix against transport header magic value",
      "url": "https://security.access.redhat.com/data/csaf/v2/vex/2023/cve-2023-53439.json",
      "version": "3"
    },
    "vulnrichment": {
      "containers": {
        "adp": [
          {
            "metrics": [
              {
                "cvssV3_1": {
                  "attackComplexity": "LOW",
                  "attackVector": "LOCAL",
                  "availabilityImpact": "HIGH",
                  "baseScore": 5.5,
                  "baseSeverity": "MEDIUM",
                  "confidentialityImpact": "NONE",
                  "integrityImpact": "NONE",
                  "privilegesRequired": "LOW",
                  "scope": "UNCHANGED",
                  "userInteraction": "NONE",
                  "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H",
                  "version": "3.1"
                }
              },
              {
                "other": {
                  "content": {
                    "id": "CVE-2023-53439",
                    "options": [
                      {
                        "Exploitation": "none"
                      },
                      {
                        "Automatable": "no"
                      },
                      {
                        "Technical Impact": "partial"
                      }
                    ],
                    "role": "CISA Coordinator",
                    "timestamp": "2026-01-14T19:17:30.734680Z",
                    "version": "2.0.3"
                  },
                  "type": "ssvc"
                }
              }
            ],
            "problemTypes": [
              {
                "descriptions": [
                  {
                    "cweId": "CWE-401",
                    "description": "CWE-401 Missing Release of Memory after Effective Lifetime",
                    "lang": "en",
                    "type": "CWE"
                  }
                ]
              }
            ],
            "providerMetadata": {
              "dateUpdated": "2026-01-14T19:17:25.629Z",
              "orgId": "134c704f-9b21-4f2e-91b3-4a467353bcc0",
              "shortName": "CISA-ADP"
            },
            "title": "CISA ADP Vulnrichment"
          }
        ],
        "cna": {
          "affected": [
            {
              "defaultStatus": "unaffected",
              "product": "Linux",
              "programFiles": [
                "net/core/skbuff.c"
              ],
              "repo": "https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/stable/linux.git",
              "vendor": "Linux",
              "versions": [
                {
                  "lessThan": "3e785c8deb046305c61b9fa02265d0cb900c4a45",
                  "status": "affected",
                  "version": "66e4c8d950083df8e12981babca788e1635c92b6",
                  "versionType": "git"
                },
                {
                  "lessThan": "70a76d6816148819d0464f71aafa126c84826628",
                  "status": "affected",
                  "version": "66e4c8d950083df8e12981babca788e1635c92b6",
                  "versionType": "git"
                },
                {
                  "lessThan": "424f8416bb39936df6365442d651ee729b283460",
                  "status": "affected",
                  "version": "66e4c8d950083df8e12981babca788e1635c92b6",
                  "versionType": "git"
                }
              ]
            },
            {
              "defaultStatus": "affected",
              "product": "Linux",
              "programFiles": [
                "net/core/skbuff.c"
              ],
              "repo": "https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/stable/linux.git",
              "vendor": "Linux",
              "versions": [
                {
                  "status": "affected",
                  "version": "5.19"
                },
                {
                  "lessThan": "5.19",
                  "status": "unaffected",
                  "version": "0",
                  "versionType": "semver"
                },
                {
                  "lessThanOrEqual": "6.1.*",
                  "status": "unaffected",
                  "version": "6.1.30",
                  "versionType": "semver"
                },
                {
                  "lessThanOrEqual": "6.3.*",
                  "status": "unaffected",
                  "version": "6.3.4",
                  "versionType": "semver"
                },
                {
                  "lessThanOrEqual": "*",
                  "status": "unaffected",
                  "version": "6.4",
                  "versionType": "original_commit_for_fix"
                }
              ]
            }
          ],
          "cpeApplicability": [
            {
              "nodes": [
                {
                  "cpeMatch": [
                    {
                      "criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*",
                      "versionEndExcluding": "6.1.30",
                      "versionStartIncluding": "5.19",
                      "vulnerable": true
                    },
                    {
                      "criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*",
                      "versionEndExcluding": "6.3.4",
                      "versionStartIncluding": "5.19",
                      "vulnerable": true
                    },
                    {
                      "criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*",
                      "versionEndExcluding": "6.4",
                      "versionStartIncluding": "5.19",
                      "vulnerable": true
                    }
                  ],
                  "negate": false,
                  "operator": "OR"
                }
              ]
            }
          ],
          "descriptions": [
            {
              "lang": "en",
              "value": "In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:\n\nnet: skb_partial_csum_set() fix against transport header magic value\n\nskb-\u003etransport_header uses the special 0xFFFF value\nto mark if the transport header was set or not.\n\nWe must prevent callers to accidentaly set skb-\u003etransport_header\nto 0xFFFF. Note that only fuzzers can possibly do this today.\n\nsyzbot reported:\n\nWARNING: CPU: 0 PID: 2340 at include/linux/skbuff.h:2847 skb_transport_offset include/linux/skbuff.h:2956 [inline]\nWARNING: CPU: 0 PID: 2340 at include/linux/skbuff.h:2847 virtio_net_hdr_to_skb+0xbcc/0x10c0 include/linux/virtio_net.h:103\nModules linked in:\nCPU: 0 PID: 2340 Comm: syz-executor.0 Not tainted 6.3.0-syzkaller #0\nHardware name: Google Google Compute Engine/Google Compute Engine, BIOS Google 04/14/2023\nRIP: 0010:skb_transport_header include/linux/skbuff.h:2847 [inline]\nRIP: 0010:skb_transport_offset include/linux/skbuff.h:2956 [inline]\nRIP: 0010:virtio_net_hdr_to_skb+0xbcc/0x10c0 include/linux/virtio_net.h:103\nCode: 41 39 df 0f 82 c3 04 00 00 48 8b 7c 24 10 44 89 e6 e8 08 6e 59 ff 48 85 c0 74 54 e8 ce 36 7e fc e9 37 f8 ff ff e8 c4 36 7e fc \u003c0f\u003e 0b e9 93 f8 ff ff 44 89 f7 44 89 e6 e8 32 38 7e fc 45 39 e6 0f\nRSP: 0018:ffffc90004497880 EFLAGS: 00010293\nRAX: ffffffff84fea55c RBX: 000000000000ffff RCX: ffff888120be2100\nRDX: 0000000000000000 RSI: 000000000000ffff RDI: 000000000000ffff\nRBP: ffffc90004497990 R08: ffffffff84fe9de5 R09: 0000000000000034\nR10: ffffea00048ebd80 R11: 0000000000000034 R12: ffff88811dc2d9c8\nR13: dffffc0000000000 R14: ffff88811dc2d9ae R15: 1ffff11023b85b35\nFS: 00007f9211a59700(0000) GS:ffff8881f6c00000(0000) knlGS:0000000000000000\nCS: 0010 DS: 0000 ES: 0000 CR0: 0000000080050033\nCR2: 00000000200002c0 CR3: 00000001215a5000 CR4: 00000000003506f0\nDR0: 0000000000000000 DR1: 0000000000000000 DR2: 0000000000000000\nDR3: 0000000000000000 DR6: 00000000fffe0ff0 DR7: 0000000000000400\nCall Trace:\n\u003cTASK\u003e\npacket_snd net/packet/af_packet.c:3076 [inline]\npacket_sendmsg+0x4590/0x61a0 net/packet/af_packet.c:3115\nsock_sendmsg_nosec net/socket.c:724 [inline]\nsock_sendmsg net/socket.c:747 [inline]\n__sys_sendto+0x472/0x630 net/socket.c:2144\n__do_sys_sendto net/socket.c:2156 [inline]\n__se_sys_sendto net/socket.c:2152 [inline]\n__x64_sys_sendto+0xe5/0x100 net/socket.c:2152\ndo_syscall_x64 arch/x86/entry/common.c:50 [inline]\ndo_syscall_64+0x2f/0x50 arch/x86/entry/common.c:80\nentry_SYSCALL_64_after_hwframe+0x63/0xcd\nRIP: 0033:0x7f9210c8c169\nCode: 28 00 00 00 75 05 48 83 c4 28 c3 e8 f1 19 00 00 90 48 89 f8 48 89 f7 48 89 d6 48 89 ca 4d 89 c2 4d 89 c8 4c 8b 4c 24 08 0f 05 \u003c48\u003e 3d 01 f0 ff ff 73 01 c3 48 c7 c1 b8 ff ff ff f7 d8 64 89 01 48\nRSP: 002b:00007f9211a59168 EFLAGS: 00000246 ORIG_RAX: 000000000000002c\nRAX: ffffffffffffffda RBX: 00007f9210dabf80 RCX: 00007f9210c8c169\nRDX: 000000000000ffed RSI: 00000000200000c0 RDI: 0000000000000003\nRBP: 00007f9210ce7ca1 R08: 0000000020000540 R09: 0000000000000014\nR10: 0000000000000000 R11: 0000000000000246 R12: 0000000000000000\nR13: 00007ffe135d65cf R14: 00007f9211a59300 R15: 0000000000022000"
            }
          ],
          "providerMetadata": {
            "dateUpdated": "2026-05-11T19:45:00.352Z",
            "orgId": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67",
            "shortName": "Linux"
          },
          "references": [
            {
              "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/3e785c8deb046305c61b9fa02265d0cb900c4a45"
            },
            {
              "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/70a76d6816148819d0464f71aafa126c84826628"
            },
            {
              "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/424f8416bb39936df6365442d651ee729b283460"
            }
          ],
          "title": "net: skb_partial_csum_set() fix against transport header magic value",
          "x_generator": {
            "engine": "bippy-1.2.0"
          }
        }
      },
      "cveMetadata": {
        "assignerOrgId": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67",
        "assignerShortName": "Linux",
        "cveId": "CVE-2023-53439",
        "datePublished": "2025-09-18T16:04:17.166Z",
        "dateReserved": "2025-09-17T14:54:09.751Z",
        "dateUpdated": "2026-05-11T19:45:00.352Z",
        "state": "PUBLISHED"
      },
      "dataType": "CVE_RECORD",
      "dataVersion": "5.2"
    }
  }
}



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Forecast uses a logistic model when the trend is rising, or an exponential decay model when the trend is falling. Fitted via linearized least squares.

Sightings

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Nomenclature

  • Seen: The vulnerability was mentioned, discussed, or observed by the user.
  • Confirmed: The vulnerability has been validated from an analyst's perspective.
  • Published Proof of Concept: A public proof of concept is available for this vulnerability.
  • Exploited: The vulnerability was observed as exploited by the user who reported the sighting.
  • Patched: The vulnerability was observed as successfully patched by the user who reported the sighting.
  • Not exploited: The vulnerability was not observed as exploited by the user who reported the sighting.
  • Not confirmed: The user expressed doubt about the validity of the vulnerability.
  • Not patched: The vulnerability was not observed as successfully patched by the user who reported the sighting.

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Related by attack behaviour

Vulnerabilities whose description is nearest to this one in the vector space of the CIRCL/vulnerability-attack-technique-biencoder model. This is a similarity search over the bi-encoder space (plain cosine), not a classification, and it has no measured accuracy.


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