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CWE-776
Improper Restriction of Recursive Entity References in DTDs ('XML Entity Expansion')
The product uses XML documents and allows their structure to be defined with a Document Type Definition (DTD), but it does not properly control the number of recursive definitions of entities.
CVE-2026-12993 (GCVE-0-2026-12993)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-06-25 23:23 – Updated: 2026-06-29 18:12
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Apicurio/apicurio-registry: apicurio-registry: xml entity-expansion denial of service via internal dtd subset
Summary
A flaw was found in Apicurio Registry. The DocumentBuilderAccessor correctly blocks external DTD and schema access but does not disable DOCTYPE declarations or enable FEATURE_SECURE_PROCESSING. An attacker with artifact-write permission can upload XML documents with internal entity-expansion payloads (billion-laughs variant) that cause CPU and heap exhaustion, partially mitigated by the JAXP default 64,000 entity-expansion limit.
Severity
6.5 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-776 - Improper Restriction of Recursive Entity References in DTDs ('XML Entity Expansion')
Assigner
References
2 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://access.redhat.com/security/cve/CVE-2026-12993 | vdb-entryx_refsource_REDHAT |
| https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=2491692 | issue-trackingx_refsource_REDHAT |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Red Hat | Red Hat build of Apicurio Registry 3 |
cpe:/a:redhat:apicurio_registry:3 |
Date Public
2026-06-10 13:00
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CVE-2026-26278 (GCVE-0-2026-26278)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-02-19 19:40 – Updated: 2026-07-02 12:04
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
fast-xml-parser affected by DoS through entity expansion in DOCTYPE (no expansion limit)
Summary
fast-xml-parser allows users to validate XML, parse XML to JS object, or build XML from JS object without C/C++ based libraries and no callback. In versions 4.1.3 through 5.3.5, the XML parser can be forced to do an unlimited amount of entity expansion. With a very small XML input, it’s possible to make the parser spend seconds or even minutes processing a single request, effectively freezing the application. Version 5.3.6 fixes the issue. As a workaround, avoid using DOCTYPE parsing by `processEntities: false` option.
Severity
7.5 (High)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-776 - Improper Restriction of Recursive Entity References in DTDs ('XML Entity Expansion')
Assigner
References
10 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/NaturalIntelligence/fast-xml-p… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/NaturalIntelligence/fast-xml-p… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/NaturalIntelligence/fast-xml-p… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://access.redhat.com/security/cve/CVE-2026-26278 | vdb-entryx_refsource_REDHAT |
| https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=2441120 | issue-trackingx_refsource_REDHAT |
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| https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:7110 | vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT |
| https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:7128 | vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT |
| https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:6174 | vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT |
| https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:6802 | vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT |
Impacted products
11 products
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| NaturalIntelligence | fast-xml-parser |
Affected:
>= 5.0.0, < 5.3.6
Affected: >= 4.1.3, < 4.5.4 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Advanced Cluster Security for Kubernetes 4.8 |
cpe:/a:redhat:advanced_cluster_security:4.8::el8 |
|
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cpe:/a:redhat:advanced_cluster_security:4.9::el8 |
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cpe:/a:redhat:rhdh:1.8::el9 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Developer Hub 1.9 |
cpe:/a:redhat:rhdh:1.9::el9 |
|
| Red Hat | Migration Toolkit for Applications 8 |
cpe:/a:redhat:migration_toolkit_applications:8 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Openshift Data Foundation 4 |
cpe:/a:redhat:openshift_data_foundation:4 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat OpenShift GitOps |
cpe:/a:redhat:openshift_gitops:1 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat OpenShift Virtualization 4 |
cpe:/a:redhat:container_native_virtualization:4 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Satellite 6 |
cpe:/a:redhat:satellite:6 |
|
| Red Hat | Self-service automation portal 2 |
cpe:/a:redhat:ansible_portal:2 |
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CVE-2026-27807 (GCVE-0-2026-27807)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-03-06 02:48 – Updated: 2026-03-06 16:10
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
MarkUs: YAML alias (‘billion laughs’) DoS in config upload
Summary
MarkUs is a web application for the submission and grading of student assignments. Prior to version 2.9.4, MarkUs allows course instructors to upload YAML files to create/update various entities (e.g., assignment settings). These YAML files are parsed with aliases enabled. This issue has been patched in version 2.9.4.
Severity
4.9 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-776 - Improper Restriction of Recursive Entity References in DTDs ('XML Entity Expansion')
Assigner
References
2 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/MarkUsProject/Markus/security/… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/MarkUsProject/Markus/releases/… | x_refsource_MISC |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| MarkUsProject | Markus |
Affected:
< 2.9.4
|
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"description": "CWE-776: Improper Restriction of Recursive Entity References in DTDs (\u0027XML Entity Expansion\u0027)",
"lang": "en",
"type": "CWE"
}
]
}
],
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"name": "https://github.com/MarkUsProject/Markus/security/advisories/GHSA-m9rx-85mx-q9h6",
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"x_refsource_CONFIRM"
],
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"title": "MarkUs: YAML alias (\u2018billion laughs\u2019) DoS in config upload"
}
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CVE-2026-29074 (GCVE-0-2026-29074)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-03-06 07:23 – Updated: 2026-07-01 12:04
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
SVGO: DoS through entity expansion in DOCTYPE (Billion Laughs)
Summary
SVGO, short for SVG Optimizer, is a Node.js library and command-line application for optimizing SVG files. From version 2.1.0 to before version 2.8.1, from version 3.0.0 to before version 3.3.3, and before version 4.0.1, SVGO accepts XML with custom entities, without guards against entity expansion or recursion. This can result in a small XML file (811 bytes) stalling the application and even crashing the Node.js process with JavaScript heap out of memory. This issue has been patched in versions 2.8.1, 3.3.3, and 4.0.1.
Severity
7.5 (High)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-776 - Improper Restriction of Recursive Entity References in DTDs ('XML Entity Expansion')
Assigner
References
28 references
Impacted products
48 products
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| svg | svgo |
Affected:
>= 2.1.0, < 2.8.1
Affected: >= 3.0.0, < 3.3.3 Affected: = 4.0.0 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Ansible Automation Platform 2.5 for RHEL 8 |
cpe:/a:redhat:ansible_automation_platform:2.5::el8 cpe:/a:redhat:ansible_automation_platform_developer:2.5::el8 cpe:/a:redhat:ansible_automation_platform_inside:2.5::el8 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Ansible Automation Platform 2.5 for RHEL 9 |
cpe:/a:redhat:ansible_automation_platform:2.5::el9 cpe:/a:redhat:ansible_automation_platform_developer:2.5::el9 cpe:/a:redhat:ansible_automation_platform_inside:2.5::el9 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Ansible Automation Platform 2.6 for RHEL 9 |
cpe:/a:redhat:ansible_automation_platform:2.6::el9 cpe:/a:redhat:ansible_automation_platform_developer:2.6::el9 cpe:/a:redhat:ansible_automation_platform_inside:2.6::el9 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Advanced Cluster Security for Kubernetes 4.8 |
cpe:/a:redhat:advanced_cluster_security:4.8::el8 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Ansible Automation Platform 2.5 |
cpe:/a:redhat:ansible_automation_platform:2.5::el8 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Ansible Automation Platform 2.6 |
cpe:/a:redhat:ansible_automation_platform:2.6::el9 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Developer Hub 1.8 |
cpe:/a:redhat:rhdh:1.8::el9 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Developer Hub 1.9 |
cpe:/a:redhat:rhdh:1.9::el9 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat OpenShift AI 2.16 |
cpe:/a:redhat:openshift_ai:2.16::el8 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat OpenShift AI 2.25 |
cpe:/a:redhat:openshift_ai:2.25::el9 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat OpenShift AI 3.3 |
cpe:/a:redhat:openshift_ai:3.3::el9 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat OpenShift Dev Spaces 3.28 |
cpe:/a:redhat:openshift_devspaces:3.28::el9 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat OpenShift Service Mesh 2.6 |
cpe:/a:redhat:service_mesh:2.6::el8 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat OpenShift Service Mesh 3.0 |
cpe:/a:redhat:service_mesh:3.0::el9 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat OpenShift Service Mesh 3.1 |
cpe:/a:redhat:service_mesh:3.1::el9 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat OpenShift Service Mesh 3.2 |
cpe:/a:redhat:service_mesh:3.2::el9 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat OpenShift Service Mesh 3.3 |
cpe:/a:redhat:service_mesh:3.3::el9 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Quay 3.10 |
cpe:/a:redhat:quay:3.10::el8 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Quay 3.12 |
cpe:/a:redhat:quay:3.12::el8 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Quay 3.14 |
cpe:/a:redhat:quay:3.14::el8 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Quay 3.15 |
cpe:/a:redhat:quay:3.15::el8 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Quay 3.16 |
cpe:/a:redhat:quay:3.16::el9 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Quay 3.17 |
cpe:/a:redhat:quay:3.17::el9 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Quay 3.9 |
cpe:/a:redhat:quay:3.9::el8 |
|
| Red Hat | Cryostat 4 |
cpe:/a:redhat:cryostat:4 |
|
| Red Hat | OpenShift Pipelines |
cpe:/a:redhat:openshift_pipelines:1 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat 3scale API Management Platform 2 |
cpe:/a:redhat:red_hat_3scale_amp:2 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Ansible Automation Platform 2 |
cpe:/a:redhat:ansible_automation_platform:2 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat build of Apicurio Registry 2 |
cpe:/a:redhat:service_registry:2 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Data Grid 8 |
cpe:/a:redhat:jboss_data_grid:8 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Enterprise Linux AI (RHEL AI) 3 |
cpe:/a:redhat:enterprise_linux_ai:3 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Fuse 7 |
cpe:/a:redhat:jboss_fuse:7 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat OpenShift Dev Spaces |
cpe:/a:redhat:openshift_devspaces:3 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat OpenShift distributed tracing 3 |
cpe:/a:redhat:openshift_distributed_tracing:3 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Single Sign-On 7 |
cpe:/a:redhat:red_hat_single_sign_on:7 |
|
| Red Hat | Self-service automation portal 2 |
cpe:/a:redhat:ansible_portal:2 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Ansible Automation Platform 2.6 for RHEL 10 |
cpe:/a:redhat:ansible_automation_platform:2.6::el10 cpe:/a:redhat:ansible_automation_platform_developer:2.6::el10 |
|
| Red Hat | Gatekeeper 3 |
cpe:/a:redhat:gatekeeper:3 |
|
| Red Hat | Multicluster Engine for Kubernetes |
cpe:/a:redhat:multicluster_engine |
|
| Red Hat | OpenShift Service Mesh 3 |
cpe:/a:redhat:service_mesh:3 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Advanced Cluster Management for Kubernetes 2 |
cpe:/a:redhat:acm:2 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat build of OptaPlanner 8 |
cpe:/a:redhat:optaplanner:::el6 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8 |
cpe:/o:redhat:enterprise_linux:8 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9 |
cpe:/o:redhat:enterprise_linux:9 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat JBoss Enterprise Application Platform 8 |
cpe:/a:redhat:jboss_enterprise_application_platform:8 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat JBoss Enterprise Application Platform Expansion Pack |
cpe:/a:redhat:jbosseapxp |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat OpenShift Container Platform 4 |
cpe:/a:redhat:openshift:4 |
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CVE-2026-33036 (GCVE-0-2026-33036)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-03-20 05:17 – Updated: 2026-03-25 13:57
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
fast-xml-parser affected by numeric entity expansion bypassing all entity expansion limits (incomplete fix for CVE-2026-26278)
Summary
fast-xml-parser allows users to process XML from JS object without C/C++ based libraries or callbacks. Versions 4.0.0-beta.3 through 5.5.5 contain a bypass vulnerability where numeric character references (&#NNN;, &#xHH;) and standard XML entities completely evade the entity expansion limits (e.g., maxTotalExpansions, maxExpandedLength) added to fix CVE-2026-26278, enabling XML entity expansion Denial of Service. The root cause is that replaceEntitiesValue() in OrderedObjParser.js only enforces expansion counting on DOCTYPE-defined entities while the lastEntities loop handling numeric/standard entities performs no counting at all. An attacker supplying 1M numeric entity references like A can force ~147MB of memory allocation and heavy CPU usage, potentially crashing the process—even when developers have configured strict limits. This issue has been fixed in version 5.5.6.
Severity
7.5 (High)
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-776 - Improper Restriction of Recursive Entity References in DTDs ('XML Entity Expansion')
Assigner
References
3 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/NaturalIntelligence/fast-xml-p… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/NaturalIntelligence/fast-xml-p… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/NaturalIntelligence/fast-xml-p… | x_refsource_MISC |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| NaturalIntelligence | fast-xml-parser |
Affected:
>= 4.0.0-beta.3, < 5.5.6
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CVE-2026-40260 (GCVE-0-2026-40260)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-04-16 23:18 – Updated: 2026-04-17 18:42
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
pypdf: Manipulated XMP metadata entity declarations can exhaust RAM
Summary
pypdf is a free and open-source pure-python PDF library. In versions prior to 6.10.0, manipulated XMP metadata entity declarations can exhaust RAM. An attacker who exploits this vulnerability can craft a PDF which leads to large memory usage. This requires parsing the XMP metadata. This issue has been fixed in version 6.10.0.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-776 - Improper Restriction of Recursive Entity References in DTDs ('XML Entity Expansion')
Assigner
References
4 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/py-pdf/pypdf/security/advisori… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/py-pdf/pypdf/pull/3724 | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/py-pdf/pypdf/commit/b15a374e5c… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/py-pdf/pypdf/releases/tag/6.10.0 | x_refsource_MISC |
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CVE-2026-42212 (GCVE-0-2026-42212)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-05-08 21:35 – Updated: 2026-05-11 14:26
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
SolidCAM-GPPL-IDE: XML External Entity (XXE) and billion-laughs DoS in VMID parser
Summary
SolidCAM-GPPL-IDE is an unofficial, independently developed extension, Postprocessor IDE for SolidCAM. From version 1.0.0 to before version 1.0.2, Opening a .gpp file in the SolidCAM Postprocessor IDE extension causes the language server to parse a companion .vmid file from the same directory (naming convention: foo.gpp to foo.vmid). The VMID parser called XDocument.Load(path) without any XmlReaderSettings, inheriting the framework defaults which in .NET 8 allow DTD processing. A malicious .vmid file could therefore: disclose local files via external entity references, exhaust memory via recursive entity expansion, and cause denial of service via oversized or deeply nested XML. This issue has been patched in version 1.0.2.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
Assigner
References
4 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/anzory/SolidCAM-GPPL-IDE/secur… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/anzory/SolidCAM-GPPL-IDE/commi… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/anzory/SolidCAM-GPPL-IDE/blob/… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/anzory/SolidCAM-GPPL-IDE/relea… | x_refsource_MISC |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| anzory | SolidCAM-GPPL-IDE |
Affected:
>= 1.0.0, < 1.0.2
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CVE-2026-44018 (GCVE-0-2026-44018)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-06-26 15:40 – Updated: 2026-06-26 19:13
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Docling: Unsafe Archive Extraction and XML Parsing in METS-GBS Backend
Summary
Docling simplifies document processing by parsing diverse formats and providing integrations with the generative AI ecosystem. From 2.45.0 until 2.91.0, the METS-GBS backend's XML parsing and the input document format detection lacked security controls. An attacker could craft malicious METS-GBS archives that, when processed, could read sensitive files, exhaust system resources, or cause application crashes. This vulnerability is fixed in 2.91.0.
Severity
5.5 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
Assigner
References
2 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/docling-project/docling/securi… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/docling-project/docling/releas… | x_refsource_MISC |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| docling-project | docling |
Affected:
>= 2.45.0, < 2.91.0
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CVE-2026-44020 (GCVE-0-2026-44020)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-06-24 17:45 – Updated: 2026-06-30 12:08
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Docling: Unsafe XML Entity Expansion in USPTO Patent Backend
Summary
Docling simplifies document processing by parsing diverse formats and providing integrations with the generative AI ecosystem. From 2.13.0 until 2.74.0, the USPTO patent XML parser used the standard xml.sax.parseString() without protection against XML External Entity (XXE) attacks. An attacker could craft malicious USPTO patent XML files with external entity references that could read arbitrary files from the server filesystem, perform Server-Side Request Forgery (SSRF) attacks, or cause denial of service through entity expansion (Billion Laughs attack). The vulnerability affects three USPTO patent format parsers: ICE (v4.x), Grant v2.5, and Application v1.x. This vulnerability is fixed in 2.74.0.
Severity
7.5 (High)
9.4 (Critical)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
Assigner
References
4 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/docling-project/docling/securi… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://access.redhat.com/security/cve/CVE-2026-44020 | vdb-entryx_refsource_REDHAT |
| https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=2492456 | issue-trackingx_refsource_REDHAT |
| https://security.access.redhat.com/data/csaf/v2/v… | x_sadp-csaf-vex |
Impacted products
2 products
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| docling-project | docling |
Affected:
>= 2.13.0, < 2.74.0
|
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat OpenShift AI (RHOAI) |
cpe:/a:redhat:openshift_ai |
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CVE-2026-45771 (GCVE-0-2026-45771)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-06-09 15:51 – Updated: 2026-06-09 18:24
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Freeswitch Denial-of-Service in SIP PUBLISH Requests via XML Entity Expansion
Summary
FreeSWITCH is a Software Defined Telecom Stack enabling the digital transformation from proprietary telecom switches to a software implementation that runs on any commodity hardware. Prior to version 1.11.0, FreeSWITCH's bundled XML parser expands nested <!ENTITY> declarations without a depth or count bound, so a small DTD can describe a body that expands exponentially ("billion laughs"). The PIDF body of a SIP PUBLISH is fed to this parser before any digest check, letting an unauthenticated network attacker force unbounded CPU and memory consumption with a single request. This issue has been patched in version 1.11.0.
Severity
7.5 (High)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-776 - Improper Restriction of Recursive Entity References in DTDs ('XML Entity Expansion')
Assigner
References
2 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/signalwire/freeswitch/security… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/signalwire/freeswitch/releases… | x_refsource_MISC |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| signalwire | freeswitch |
Affected:
< 1.11.0
|
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Mitigation
Phase: Operation
Description:
- If possible, prohibit the use of DTDs or use an XML parser that limits the expansion of recursive DTD entities.
Mitigation
Phase: Implementation
Description:
- Before parsing XML files with associated DTDs, scan for recursive entity declarations and do not continue parsing potentially explosive content.
CAPEC-197: Exponential Data Expansion
An adversary submits data to a target application which contains nested exponential data expansion to produce excessively large output. Many data format languages allow the definition of macro-like structures that can be used to simplify the creation of complex structures. However, this capability can be abused to create excessive demands on a processor's CPU and memory. A small number of nested expansions can result in an exponential growth in demands on memory.