Common Weakness Enumeration

CWE-294

Authentication Bypass by Capture-replay

A capture-replay flaw exists when the design of the product makes it possible for a malicious user to sniff network traffic and bypass authentication by replaying it to the server in question to the same effect as the original message (or with minor changes).

CVE-2026-32053 (GCVE-0-2026-32053)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-03-21 00:42 – Updated: 2026-06-23 16:15 X_Open Source
VLAI
Title
OpenClaw < 2026.2.23 - Twilio Webhook Replay Bypass via Randomized Event ID Normalization
Summary
OpenClaw versions prior to 2026.2.23 contain a vulnerability in Twilio webhook event deduplication where normalized event IDs are randomized per parse, allowing replay events to bypass manager dedupe checks. Attackers can replay Twilio webhook events to trigger duplicate or stale call-state transitions, potentially causing incorrect call handling and state corruption.
Severity
6.9 (Medium)
CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:L/VA:L/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N
6.5 (Medium)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:L
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: yes Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
  • CWE-294 - Authentication Bypass by Capture-replay
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
OpenClaw OpenClaw Affected: 0 , < 2026.2.23 (semver)
Unaffected: 2026.2.23 (semver)
Create a notification for this product.
Date Public
2026-02-24 00:00
Credits
Jisung (@jiseoung)
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2026-32987 (GCVE-0-2026-32987)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-03-29 12:44 – Updated: 2026-06-23 16:15
VLAI
Title
OpenClaw < 2026.3.13 - Bootstrap Setup Code Replay via Device Pairing
Summary
OpenClaw before 2026.3.13 allows bootstrap setup codes to be replayed during device pairing verification in src/infra/device-bootstrap.ts. Attackers can verify a valid bootstrap code multiple times before approval to escalate pending pairing scopes, including privilege escalation to operator.admin.
Severity
9.3 (Critical)
CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N
9.8 (Critical)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: yes Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
  • CWE-294 - Authentication Bypass by Capture-replay
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
OpenClaw OpenClaw Affected: 0 , < 2026.3.13 (semver)
Unaffected: 2026.3.13 (semver)
Create a notification for this product.
Date Public
2026-03-14 00:00
Credits
tdjackey
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2026-34021 (GCVE-0-2026-34021)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-06-15 10:02 – Updated: 2026-06-15 13:10
VLAI
Title
Lack of cryptographic protection in Wertheim SafeController 5400 enables RS-485 message sniffing and replay
Summary
The Wertheim SafeController 5400, Controller 5400 - AssemblyVersion 6.11.8130.22320, uses RS-485 communication between the server and the microcontroller without cryptographic protection. An attacker with access to the communication path between the server and the microcontroller can sniff RS-485 messages and replay previously observed messages. This can be used, for example, to spoof a "quit alarm" message and continuously deactivate the safe alarm.
Severity
8.6 (High)
CVSS:4.0/AV:A/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N
SSVC
Exploitation: poc Automatable: no Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
  • CWE-294 - Authentication bypass by capture-replay
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
Wertheim GmbH Wertheim SafeController 5400 Hardware for VAULT ROOMS (Safe Deposit Locker System - Microcontroller) Affected: Wertheim SafeController 5400, Controller 5400 - AssemblyVersion 6.11.8130.22320
Create a notification for this product.
Credits
Gorazd Jank, SEC Consult Vulnerability Lab Christian Hager, SEC Consult Vulnerability Lab Philipp Espernberger, SEC Consult Vulnerability Lab
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2026-34209 (GCVE-0-2026-34209)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-03-31 14:10 – Updated: 2026-04-02 15:13
VLAI
Title
mppx: Tempo has a session close voucher bypass vulnerability due to settled amount equality
Summary
mppx is a TypeScript interface for machine payments protocol. Prior to version 0.4.11, the tempo/session cooperative close handler validated the close voucher amount using "<" instead of "<=" against the on-chain settled amount. An attacker could submit a close voucher exactly equal to the settled amount, which would be accepted without committing any new funds, effectively closing or griefing the channel for free. This issue has been patched in version 0.4.11.
Severity
7.5 (High)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:N
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: yes Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
  • CWE-294 - Authentication Bypass by Capture-replay
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
wevm mppx Affected: < 0.4.11
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2026-35618 (GCVE-0-2026-35618)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-04-09 21:26 – Updated: 2026-06-23 16:15 X_Open Source
VLAI
Title
OpenClaw < 2026.3.23 - Replay Identity Drift via Query-Only Variants in Plivo V2 Verification
Summary
OpenClaw before 2026.3.23 contains a replay identity vulnerability in Plivo V2 signature verification that allows attackers to bypass replay protection by modifying query parameters. The verification path derives replay keys from the full URL including query strings instead of the canonicalized base URL, enabling attackers to mint new verified request keys through unsigned query-only changes to signed requests.
Severity
8.3 (High)
CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:H/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:L/VI:H/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N
6.5 (Medium)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:H/A:N
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
  • CWE-294 - Authentication Bypass by Capture-replay
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
OpenClaw OpenClaw Affected: 0 , < 2026.3.23 (semver)
Unaffected: 2026.3.23 (semver)
Create a notification for this product.
Date Public
2026-03-24 00:00
Credits
smaeljaish771 KeenSecurityLab
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2026-41000 (GCVE-0-2026-41000)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-06-11 05:04 – Updated: 2026-06-23 19:53
VLAI
Title
WSS4J validation does not use configured replay cache
Summary
Wss4jSecurityInterceptor did not consistently wire Apache WSS4J ReplayCache instances into RequestData for validation-time checks. As a result, protections against replay of UsernameToken nonces and creation timestamps, Timestamp elements, and certain SAML one-time-use semantics could be ineffective even when operators configured a replay cache on the interceptor. Affected versions: Spring Web Services 5.0.0 through 5.0.1; 4.1.0 through 4.1.3; 4.0.0 through 4.0.18; 3.1.0 through 3.1.8.
Severity
3.7 (Low)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
  • CWE-294 - Authentication Bypass by Capture-replay
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
Spring Spring Web Services Affected: 5.0.0 , < 5.0.1.1 (custom)
Affected: 4.1.0 , < 4.1.3.1 (custom)
Affected: 4.0.0 , < 4.0.19 (custom)
Affected: 3.1.0 , < 3.1.9 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2026-41351 (GCVE-0-2026-41351)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-04-23 21:58 – Updated: 2026-04-24 13:33 X_Open Source
VLAI
Title
OpenClaw < 2026.3.31 - Webhook Replay Detection Bypass via Base64 Signature Re-encoding
Summary
OpenClaw before 2026.3.31 contains a replay detection bypass vulnerability in webhook signature handling that treats Base64 and Base64URL encoded signatures as distinct requests. Attackers can re-encode Telnyx webhook signatures to bypass replay detection while maintaining valid signature verification.
Severity
6.3 (Medium)
CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:P/PR:N/UI:N/VC:L/VI:N/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N
5.3 (Medium)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: yes Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
  • CWE-294 - Authentication Bypass by Capture-replay
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
OpenClaw OpenClaw Affected: 0 , < 2026.3.31 (semver)
Unaffected: 2026.3.31 (semver)
Create a notification for this product.
Date Public
2026-03-31 00:00
Credits
AntAISecurityLab
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2026-42602 (GCVE-0-2026-42602)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-05-13 20:12 – Updated: 2026-05-14 12:52
VLAI
Title
azureauthextension Authenticate method does not validate bearer tokens, allowing auth bypass via replay
Summary
azureauthextension is the Azure Authenticator Extension. From 0.124.0 to 0.150.0, a server-side authentication bypass in azureauthextension allows any party who holds a single valid Azure access token for any scope the collector's configured identity can mint for to authenticate to any OpenTelemetry receiver that uses auth: azure_auth. The extension's Authenticate method does not validate incoming bearer tokens as JWTs. Instead, it calls its own configured credential to obtain an access token and compares the client's token to the result with string equality — and the scope for that server-side token request is taken from the client-supplied Host header. As a result, a token minted for any Azure resource the service principal has ever been issued a token for (ARM, Graph, Key Vault, Storage, etc.) will authenticate to the collector if the attacker picks a matching Host. Tokens are replayable for the full issued lifetime (commonly several hours for managed identity tokens).
Severity
8.1 (High)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:H
SSVC
Exploitation: poc Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
  • CWE-208 - Observable Timing Discrepancy
  • CWE-287 - Improper Authentication
  • CWE-290 - Authentication Bypass by Spoofing
  • CWE-294 - Authentication Bypass by Capture-replay
  • CWE-347 - Improper Verification of Cryptographic Signature
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
open-telemetry opentelemetry-collector-contrib Affected: >= 0.124.0, <= 0.150.0
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2026-44946 (GCVE-0-2026-44946)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-06-30 12:14 – Updated: 2026-07-01 03:55
VLAI
Title
SAML Authentication Replay in Rancher
Summary
A SAML authentication replay vulnerability in Rancher's Assertion Consumer Service (ACS) handler did not enforce one-time use of SAML assertion, potentially allowing person in the middle attacks against Rancher, affecting Rancher 2.14.0 before 2.14.3,
Severity
9.5 (Critical)
CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:H/AT:P/PR:N/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:N/SC:H/SI:H/SA:H
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
  • CWE-294 - Authentication bypass by capture-replay
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
SUSE Rancher Affected: 2.14.0 , < 2.14.3 (semver)
Affected: 2.13.0 , < 2.13.7 (semver)
Affected: 2.12.0 , < 2.12.11 (semver)
Affected: 2.11.0 , < 2.11.15 (semver)
Create a notification for this product.
Date Public
2026-06-29 12:07
Credits
Corban Villa corban.villa@berkeley.edu of a U.C. Berkeley security research project by: Austin Chu, Sohee Kim, and Corban Villa
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2026-4583 (GCVE-0-2026-4583)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-03-23 10:31 – Updated: 2026-03-25 14:04
VLAI
Title
Shenzhen HCC Technology MPOS M6 PLUS Bluetooth authentication replay
Summary
A vulnerability was detected in Shenzhen HCC Technology MPOS M6 PLUS 1V.31-N. Affected by this issue is some unknown functionality of the component Bluetooth Handler. Performing a manipulation results in authentication bypass by capture-replay. The attack must originate from the local network. The attack is considered to have high complexity. The exploitation is known to be difficult. The vendor was contacted early about this disclosure but did not respond in any way.
Severity
2.3 (Low)
CVSS:4.0/AV:A/AC:H/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:L/VI:L/VA:L/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:P
5 (Medium)
CVSS:3.1/AV:A/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:L/E:P/RL:X/RC:R
5 (Medium)
CVSS:3.0/AV:A/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:L/E:P/RL:X/RC:R
SSVC
Exploitation: poc Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
  • CWE-294 - Authentication Bypass by Capture-replay
  • CWE-287 - Improper Authentication
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Credits
davimo (VulDB User) VulDB
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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            "vectorString": "AV:A/AC:H/Au:N/C:P/I:P/A:P/E:POC/RL:ND/RC:UR",
            "version": "2.0"
          }
        }
      ],
      "problemTypes": [
        {
          "descriptions": [
            {
              "cweId": "CWE-294",
              "description": "Authentication Bypass by Capture-replay",
              "lang": "en",
              "type": "CWE"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "descriptions": [
            {
              "cweId": "CWE-287",
              "description": "Improper Authentication",
              "lang": "en",
              "type": "CWE"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "providerMetadata": {
        "dateUpdated": "2026-03-23T10:31:32.192Z",
        "orgId": "1af790b2-7ee1-4545-860a-a788eba489b5",
        "shortName": "VulDB"
      },
      "references": [
        {
          "name": "VDB-352420 | Shenzhen HCC Technology MPOS M6 PLUS Bluetooth authentication replay",
          "tags": [
            "vdb-entry"
          ],
          "url": "https://vuldb.com/?id.352420"
        },
        {
          "name": "VDB-352420 | CTI Indicators (IOB, IOC, TTP)",
          "tags": [
            "signature",
            "permissions-required"
          ],
          "url": "https://vuldb.com/?ctiid.352420"
        },
        {
          "name": "Submit #775434 | Shenzhen HCC Technology Co., Ltd M6PLUS MPOS M6PLUS-FW-1V.31-N Missing Anti-Replay Protection",
          "tags": [
            "third-party-advisory"
          ],
          "url": "https://vuldb.com/?submit.775434"
        },
        {
          "tags": [
            "exploit"
          ],
          "url": "https://github.com/Davim09/m6plusexploit/blob/main/docs/CVE-2-Replay.md"
        }
      ],
      "timeline": [
        {
          "lang": "en",
          "time": "2026-03-22T00:00:00.000Z",
          "value": "Advisory disclosed"
        },
        {
          "lang": "en",
          "time": "2026-03-22T01:00:00.000Z",
          "value": "VulDB entry created"
        },
        {
          "lang": "en",
          "time": "2026-03-22T10:04:13.000Z",
          "value": "VulDB entry last update"
        }
      ],
      "title": "Shenzhen HCC Technology MPOS M6 PLUS Bluetooth authentication replay"
    }
  },
  "cveMetadata": {
    "assignerOrgId": "1af790b2-7ee1-4545-860a-a788eba489b5",
    "assignerShortName": "VulDB",
    "cveId": "CVE-2026-4583",
    "datePublished": "2026-03-23T10:31:32.192Z",
    "dateReserved": "2026-03-22T08:59:02.251Z",
    "dateUpdated": "2026-03-25T14:04:39.752Z",
    "state": "PUBLISHED"
  },
  "dataType": "CVE_RECORD",
  "dataVersion": "5.2"
}
Mitigation

Phase: Architecture and Design

Description:

  • Utilize some sequence or time stamping functionality along with a checksum which takes this into account in order to ensure that messages can be parsed only once.
Mitigation

Phase: Architecture and Design

Description:

  • Since any attacker who can listen to traffic can see sequence numbers, it is necessary to sign messages with some kind of cryptography to ensure that sequence numbers are not simply doctored along with content.
CAPEC-102: Session Sidejacking

Session sidejacking takes advantage of an unencrypted communication channel between a victim and target system. The attacker sniffs traffic on a network looking for session tokens in unencrypted traffic. Once a session token is captured, the attacker performs malicious actions by using the stolen token with the targeted application to impersonate the victim. This attack is a specific method of session hijacking, which is exploiting a valid session token to gain unauthorized access to a target system or information. Other methods to perform a session hijacking are session fixation, cross-site scripting, or compromising a user or server machine and stealing the session token.

CAPEC-509: Kerberoasting

Through the exploitation of how service accounts leverage Kerberos authentication with Service Principal Names (SPNs), the adversary obtains and subsequently cracks the hashed credentials of a service account target to exploit its privileges. The Kerberos authentication protocol centers around a ticketing system which is used to request/grant access to services and to then access the requested services. As an authenticated user, the adversary may request Active Directory and obtain a service ticket with portions encrypted via RC4 with the private key of the authenticated account. By extracting the local ticket and saving it disk, the adversary can brute force the hashed value to reveal the target account credentials.

CAPEC-555: Remote Services with Stolen Credentials

This pattern of attack involves an adversary that uses stolen credentials to leverage remote services such as RDP, telnet, SSH, and VNC to log into a system. Once access is gained, any number of malicious activities could be performed.

CAPEC-561: Windows Admin Shares with Stolen Credentials

An adversary guesses or obtains (i.e. steals or purchases) legitimate Windows administrator credentials (e.g. userID/password) to access Windows Admin Shares on a local machine or within a Windows domain.

CAPEC-60: Reusing Session IDs (aka Session Replay)

This attack targets the reuse of valid session ID to spoof the target system in order to gain privileges. The attacker tries to reuse a stolen session ID used previously during a transaction to perform spoofing and session hijacking. Another name for this type of attack is Session Replay.

CAPEC-644: Use of Captured Hashes (Pass The Hash)

An adversary obtains (i.e. steals or purchases) legitimate Windows domain credential hash values to access systems within the domain that leverage the Lan Man (LM) and/or NT Lan Man (NTLM) authentication protocols.

CAPEC-645: Use of Captured Tickets (Pass The Ticket)

An adversary uses stolen Kerberos tickets to access systems/resources that leverage the Kerberos authentication protocol. The Kerberos authentication protocol centers around a ticketing system which is used to request/grant access to services and to then access the requested services. An adversary can obtain any one of these tickets (e.g. Service Ticket, Ticket Granting Ticket, Silver Ticket, or Golden Ticket) to authenticate to a system/resource without needing the account's credentials. Depending on the ticket obtained, the adversary may be able to access a particular resource or generate TGTs for any account within an Active Directory Domain.

CAPEC-652: Use of Known Kerberos Credentials

An adversary obtains (i.e. steals or purchases) legitimate Kerberos credentials (e.g. Kerberos service account userID/password or Kerberos Tickets) with the goal of achieving authenticated access to additional systems, applications, or services within the domain.

CAPEC-701: Browser in the Middle (BiTM)

An adversary exploits the inherent functionalities of a web browser, in order to establish an unnoticed remote desktop connection in the victim's browser to the adversary's system. The adversary must deploy a web client with a remote desktop session that the victim can access.

CAPEC-94: Adversary in the Middle (AiTM)

An adversary targets the communication between two components (typically client and server), in order to alter or obtain data from transactions. A general approach entails the adversary placing themself within the communication channel between the two components.

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