CWE-190
Integer Overflow or Wraparound
The product performs a calculation that can produce an integer overflow or wraparound when the logic assumes that the resulting value will always be larger than the original value. This occurs when an integer value is incremented to a value that is too large to store in the associated representation. When this occurs, the value may become a very small or negative number.
CVE-2025-24528 (GCVE-0-2025-24528)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-01-16 00:00 – Updated: 2026-01-16 18:06
VLAI
Summary
In MIT Kerberos 5 (aka krb5) before 1.22 (with incremental propagation), there is an integer overflow for a large update size to resize() in kdb_log.c. An authenticated attacker can cause an out-of-bounds write and kadmind daemon crash.
Severity
7.1 (High)
CWE
- CWE-190 - Integer Overflow or Wraparound
Assigner
References
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| MIT | Kerberos 5 |
Affected:
1.7 , < 1.22
(custom)
|
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CVE-2025-24985 (GCVE-0-2025-24985)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-03-11 16:59 – Updated: 2026-02-26 19:09
VLAI
Title
Windows Fast FAT File System Driver Remote Code Execution Vulnerability
Summary
Integer overflow or wraparound in Windows Fast FAT Driver allows an unauthorized attacker to execute code locally.
Severity
Assigner
References
1 reference
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://msrc.microsoft.com/update-guide/vulnerabi… | vendor-advisorypatch |
Impacted products
25 products
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Microsoft | Windows 10 Version 1507 |
Affected:
10.0.10240.0 , < 10.0.10240.20947
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows 10 Version 1607 |
Affected:
10.0.14393.0 , < 10.0.14393.7876
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows 10 Version 1809 |
Affected:
10.0.17763.0 , < 10.0.17763.7009
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows 10 Version 21H2 |
Affected:
10.0.19044.0 , < 10.0.19044.5608
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows 10 Version 22H2 |
Affected:
10.0.19045.0 , < 10.0.19045.5608
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows 11 version 22H2 |
Affected:
10.0.22621.0 , < 10.0.22621.5039
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows 11 version 22H3 |
Affected:
10.0.22631.0 , < 10.0.22631.5039
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows 11 Version 23H2 |
Affected:
10.0.22631.0 , < 10.0.22631.5039
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows 11 Version 24H2 |
Affected:
10.0.26100.0 , < 10.0.26100.3476
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2008 R2 Service Pack 1 |
Affected:
6.1.7601.0 , < 6.1.7601.27618
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2008 R2 Service Pack 1 (Server Core installation) |
Affected:
6.1.7601.0 , < 6.1.7601.27618
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2008 Service Pack 2 |
Affected:
6.0.6003.0 , < 6.0.6003.23168
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2008 Service Pack 2 (Server Core installation) |
Affected:
6.0.6003.0 , < 6.0.6003.23168
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2012 |
Affected:
6.2.9200.0 , < 6.2.9200.25368
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2012 (Server Core installation) |
Affected:
6.2.9200.0 , < 6.2.9200.25368
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2012 R2 |
Affected:
6.3.9600.0 , < 6.3.9600.22470
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2012 R2 (Server Core installation) |
Affected:
6.3.9600.0 , < 6.3.9600.22470
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2016 |
Affected:
10.0.14393.0 , < 10.0.14393.7876
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2016 (Server Core installation) |
Affected:
10.0.14393.0 , < 10.0.14393.7876
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2019 |
Affected:
10.0.17763.0 , < 10.0.17763.7009
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2019 (Server Core installation) |
Affected:
10.0.17763.0 , < 10.0.17763.7009
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2022 |
Affected:
10.0.20348.0 , < 10.0.20348.3328
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2022, 23H2 Edition (Server Core installation) |
Affected:
10.0.25398.0 , < 10.0.25398.1486
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2025 |
Affected:
10.0.26100.0 , < 10.0.26100.3476
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2025 (Server Core installation) |
Affected:
10.0.26100.0 , < 10.0.26100.3476
(custom)
|
Date Public
2025-03-11 07:00
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CVE-2025-25248 (GCVE-0-2025-25248)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-08-12 18:59 – Updated: 2025-08-13 20:14
VLAI
Summary
An Integer Overflow or Wraparound vulnerability [CWE-190] in FortiOS version 7.6.2 and below, version 7.4.7 and below, version 7.2.10 and below, 7.2 all versions, 6.4 all versions, FortiProxy version 7.6.2 and below, version 7.4.3 and below, 7.2 all versions, 7.0 all versions, 2.0 all versions and FortiPAM version 1.5.0, version 1.4.2 and below, 1.3 all versions, 1.2 all versions, 1.1 all versions, 1.0 all versions SSL-VPN RDP and VNC bookmarks may allow an authenticated user to affect the device SSL-VPN availability via crafted requests.
Severity
CWE
- CWE-190 - Denial of service
Assigner
References
1 reference
Impacted products
3 products
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Fortinet | FortiOS |
Affected:
7.6.0 , ≤ 7.6.2
(semver)
Affected: 7.4.0 , ≤ 7.4.7 (semver) Affected: 7.2.0 , ≤ 7.2.10 (semver) Affected: 7.0.0 , ≤ 7.0.17 (semver) Affected: 6.4.0 , ≤ 6.4.16 (semver) cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:7.6.2:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:7.6.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:7.6.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:7.4.7:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:7.4.6:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:7.4.5:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:7.4.4:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:7.4.3:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:7.4.2:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:7.4.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:7.4.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:7.2.10:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:7.2.9:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:7.2.8:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:7.2.7:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:7.2.6:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:7.2.5:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:7.2.4:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:7.2.3:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:7.2.2:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:7.2.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:7.2.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:7.0.17:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:7.0.16:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:7.0.15:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:7.0.14:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:7.0.13:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:7.0.12:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:7.0.11:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:7.0.10:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:7.0.9:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:7.0.8:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:7.0.7:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:7.0.6:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:7.0.5:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:7.0.4:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:7.0.3:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:7.0.2:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:7.0.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:7.0.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:6.4.16:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:6.4.15:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:6.4.14:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:6.4.13:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:6.4.12:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:6.4.11:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:6.4.10:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:6.4.9:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:6.4.8:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:6.4.7:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:6.4.6:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:6.4.5:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:6.4.4:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:6.4.3:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:6.4.2:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:6.4.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:6.4.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
|
| Fortinet | FortiPAM |
Affected:
1.5.0
Affected: 1.4.0 , ≤ 1.4.2 (semver) Affected: 1.3.0 , ≤ 1.3.1 (semver) Affected: 1.2.0 Affected: 1.1.0 , ≤ 1.1.2 (semver) Affected: 1.0.0 , ≤ 1.0.3 (semver) cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortipam:1.5.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortipam:1.4.2:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortipam:1.4.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortipam:1.4.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortipam:1.3.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortipam:1.3.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortipam:1.2.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortipam:1.1.2:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortipam:1.1.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortipam:1.1.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortipam:1.0.3:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortipam:1.0.2:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortipam:1.0.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortipam:1.0.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
|
| Fortinet | FortiProxy |
Affected:
7.6.0 , ≤ 7.6.2
(semver)
Affected: 7.4.0 , ≤ 7.4.3 (semver) Affected: 7.2.0 , ≤ 7.2.14 (semver) Affected: 7.0.0 , ≤ 7.0.21 (semver) Affected: 2.0.0 , ≤ 2.0.14 (semver) |
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CVE-2025-2574 (GCVE-0-2025-2574)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-03-20 21:07 – Updated: 2025-10-06 22:32
VLAI
Title
Out-of-bounds array write in Xpdf 4.05 due to incorrect integer overflow checking
Summary
Out-of-bounds array write in Xpdf 4.05 and earlier, due to incorrect integer overflow checking in the PostScript function interpreter code.
Severity
CWE
- CWE-190 - Integer Overflow or Wraparound
Assigner
References
1 reference
Credits
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CVE-2025-26639 (GCVE-0-2025-26639)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-04-08 17:23 – Updated: 2026-02-13 19:33
VLAI
Title
Windows USB Print Driver Elevation of Privilege Vulnerability
Summary
Integer overflow or wraparound in Windows USB Print Driver allows an authorized attacker to elevate privileges locally.
Severity
Assigner
References
1 reference
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://msrc.microsoft.com/update-guide/vulnerabi… | vendor-advisorypatch |
Impacted products
10 products
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Microsoft | Windows 10 Version 21H2 |
Affected:
10.0.19044.0 , < 10.0.19044.5737
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows 10 Version 22H2 |
Affected:
10.0.19045.0 , < 10.0.19045.5737
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows 11 version 22H2 |
Affected:
10.0.22621.0 , < 10.0.22621.5189
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows 11 version 22H3 |
Affected:
10.0.22631.0 , < 10.0.22631.5189
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows 11 Version 23H2 |
Affected:
10.0.22631.0 , < 10.0.22631.5189
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows 11 Version 24H2 |
Affected:
10.0.26100.0 , < 10.0.26100.3775
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2022 |
Affected:
10.0.20348.0 , < 10.0.20348.3453
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2022, 23H2 Edition (Server Core installation) |
Affected:
10.0.25398.0 , < 10.0.25398.1551
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2025 |
Affected:
10.0.26100.0 , < 10.0.26100.3775
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2025 (Server Core installation) |
Affected:
10.0.26100.0 , < 10.0.26100.3775
(custom)
|
Date Public
2025-04-08 07:00
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CVE-2025-26642 (GCVE-0-2025-26642)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-04-08 17:23 – Updated: 2026-02-13 19:33
VLAI
Title
Microsoft Office Remote Code Execution Vulnerability
Summary
Out-of-bounds read in Microsoft Office allows an unauthorized attacker to execute code locally.
Severity
Assigner
References
1 reference
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://msrc.microsoft.com/update-guide/vulnerabi… | vendor-advisorypatch |
Impacted products
12 products
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Microsoft | Microsoft 365 Apps for Enterprise |
Affected:
16.0.1 , < https://aka.ms/OfficeSecurityReleases
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Microsoft Access 2016 |
Affected:
16.0.0 , < 16.0.5495.1000
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Microsoft Access 2016 (32-bit edition) |
Affected:
16.0.0 , < 16.0.5495.1000
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Microsoft Excel 2016 |
Affected:
16.0.0.0 , < 16.0.5495.1000
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Microsoft Office 2016 |
Affected:
16.0.0 , < 16.0.5495.1000
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Microsoft Office 2019 |
Affected:
19.0.0 , < https://aka.ms/OfficeSecurityReleases
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Microsoft Office LTSC 2021 |
Affected:
16.0.1 , < https://aka.ms/OfficeSecurityReleases
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Microsoft Office LTSC 2024 |
Affected:
16.0.0 , < https://aka.ms/OfficeSecurityReleases
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Microsoft Office LTSC for Mac 2021 |
Affected:
16.0.1 , < 16.96.25041326
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Microsoft Office LTSC for Mac 2024 |
Affected:
16.0.0 , < 16.96.25041326
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Microsoft SharePoint Server 2019 |
Affected:
16.0.0 , < 16.0.10417.20003
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Office Online Server |
Affected:
16.0.0.0 , < 16.0.10417.20003
(custom)
|
Date Public
2025-04-08 07:00
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CVE-2025-2760 (GCVE-0-2025-2760)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-04-23 16:47 – Updated: 2025-11-03 17:32
VLAI
Title
GIMP XWD File Parsing Integer Overflow Remote Code Execution Vulnerability
Summary
GIMP XWD File Parsing Integer Overflow Remote Code Execution Vulnerability. This vulnerability allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code on affected installations of GIMP. User interaction is required to exploit this vulnerability in that the target must visit a malicious page or open a malicious file.
The specific flaw exists within the parsing of XWD files. The issue results from the lack of proper validation of user-supplied data, which can result in an integer overflow before allocating a buffer. An attacker can leverage this vulnerability to execute code in the context of the current process. Was ZDI-CAN-25082.
Severity
7.8 (High)
CWE
- CWE-190 - Integer Overflow or Wraparound
Assigner
References
1 reference
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://www.zerodayinitiative.com/advisories/ZDI-… | x_research-advisory |
Date Public
2025-04-07 18:03
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CVE-2025-29087 (GCVE-0-2025-29087)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-04-07 00:00 – Updated: 2025-04-15 15:14
VLAI
Summary
In SQLite 3.44.0 through 3.49.0 before 3.49.1, the concat_ws() SQL function can cause memory to be written beyond the end of a malloc-allocated buffer. If the separator argument is attacker-controlled and has a large string (e.g., 2MB or more), an integer overflow occurs in calculating the size of the result buffer, and thus malloc may not allocate enough memory.
Severity
CWE
- CWE-190 - Integer Overflow or Wraparound
Assigner
References
Impacted products
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CVE-2025-29088 (GCVE-0-2025-29088)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-04-10 00:00 – Updated: 2025-08-26 19:27
VLAI
Summary
In SQLite 3.49.0 before 3.49.1, certain argument values to sqlite3_db_config (in the C-language API) can cause a denial of service (application crash). An sz*nBig multiplication is not cast to a 64-bit integer, and consequently some memory allocations may be incorrect.
Severity
5.6 (Medium)
CWE
- CWE-190 - Integer Overflow or Wraparound
Assigner
References
Impacted products
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CVE-2025-30325 (GCVE-0-2025-30325)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-05-13 17:29 – Updated: 2025-05-13 17:55
VLAI
Title
Photoshop Desktop | Integer Overflow or Wraparound (CWE-190)
Summary
Photoshop Desktop versions 26.5, 25.12.2 and earlier are affected by an Integer Overflow or Wraparound vulnerability that could result in arbitrary code execution in the context of the current user. Exploitation of this issue requires user interaction in that a victim must open a malicious file.
Severity
7.8 (High)
CWE
- CWE-190 - Integer Overflow or Wraparound (CWE-190)
Assigner
References
1 reference
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://helpx.adobe.com/security/products/photosh… | vendor-advisory |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Adobe | Photoshop Desktop |
Affected:
0 , ≤ 25.12.2
(semver)
|
Date Public
2025-05-13 17:00
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Mitigation
Phase: Requirements
Description:
- Ensure that all protocols are strictly defined, such that all out-of-bounds behavior can be identified simply, and require strict conformance to the protocol.
Mitigation ID: MIT-3
Phase: Requirements
Strategy: Language Selection
Description:
- Use a language that does not allow this weakness to occur or provides constructs that make this weakness easier to avoid.
- If possible, choose a language or compiler that performs automatic bounds checking.
Mitigation ID: MIT-4
Phase: Architecture and Design
Strategy: Libraries or Frameworks
Description:
- Use a vetted library or framework that does not allow this weakness to occur or provides constructs that make this weakness easier to avoid [REF-1482].
- Use libraries or frameworks that make it easier to handle numbers without unexpected consequences.
- Examples include safe integer handling packages such as SafeInt (C++) or IntegerLib (C or C++). [REF-106]
Mitigation ID: MIT-8
Phase: Implementation
Strategy: Input Validation
Description:
- Perform input validation on any numeric input by ensuring that it is within the expected range. Enforce that the input meets both the minimum and maximum requirements for the expected range.
- Use unsigned integers where possible. This makes it easier to perform validation for integer overflows. When signed integers are required, ensure that the range check includes minimum values as well as maximum values.
Mitigation ID: MIT-36
Phase: Implementation
Description:
- Understand the programming language's underlying representation and how it interacts with numeric calculation (CWE-681). Pay close attention to byte size discrepancies, precision, signed/unsigned distinctions, truncation, conversion and casting between types, "not-a-number" calculations, and how the language handles numbers that are too large or too small for its underlying representation. [REF-7]
- Also be careful to account for 32-bit, 64-bit, and other potential differences that may affect the numeric representation.
Mitigation ID: MIT-15
Phase: Architecture and Design
Description:
- For any security checks that are performed on the client side, ensure that these checks are duplicated on the server side, in order to avoid CWE-602. Attackers can bypass the client-side checks by modifying values after the checks have been performed, or by changing the client to remove the client-side checks entirely. Then, these modified values would be submitted to the server.
Mitigation ID: MIT-26
Phase: Implementation
Strategy: Compilation or Build Hardening
Description:
- Examine compiler warnings closely and eliminate problems with potential security implications, such as signed / unsigned mismatch in memory operations, or use of uninitialized variables. Even if the weakness is rarely exploitable, a single failure may lead to the compromise of the entire system.
CAPEC-92: Forced Integer Overflow
This attack forces an integer variable to go out of range. The integer variable is often used as an offset such as size of memory allocation or similarly. The attacker would typically control the value of such variable and try to get it out of range. For instance the integer in question is incremented past the maximum possible value, it may wrap to become a very small, or negative number, therefore providing a very incorrect value which can lead to unexpected behavior. At worst the attacker can execute arbitrary code.