CWE-120
Buffer Copy without Checking Size of Input ('Classic Buffer Overflow')
The product copies an input buffer to an output buffer without verifying that the size of the input buffer is less than the size of the output buffer.
CVE-2022-39121 (GCVE-0-2022-39121)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2022-10-14 00:00 – Updated: 2025-05-14 15:48
VLAI
Summary
In sensor driver, there is a possible out of bounds write due to a missing bounds check. This could lead to local denial of service in kernel.
Severity
5.5 (Medium)
CWE
- CWE-120 - Buffer Overflow
Assigner
References
1 reference
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Unisoc (Shanghai) Technologies Co., Ltd. | SC9863A/SC9832E/SC7731E/T610/T310/T606/T760/T610/T618/T606/T612/T616/T760/T770/T820/S8000 |
Affected:
Android10/Android11/Android12
|
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CVE-2022-39122 (GCVE-0-2022-39122)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2022-10-14 00:00 – Updated: 2025-05-14 15:47
VLAI
Summary
In sensor driver, there is a possible out of bounds write due to a missing bounds check. This could lead to local denial of service in kernel.
Severity
5.5 (Medium)
CWE
- CWE-120 - Buffer Overflow
Assigner
References
1 reference
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Unisoc (Shanghai) Technologies Co., Ltd. | SC9863A/SC9832E/SC7731E/T610/T310/T606/T760/T610/T618/T606/T612/T616/T760/T770/T820/S8000 |
Affected:
Android10/Android11/Android12
|
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CVE-2022-39244 (GCVE-0-2022-39244)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2022-10-06 00:00 – Updated: 2025-11-04 16:09
VLAI
Title
Buffer overflow in pjlib scanner and pjmedia
Summary
PJSIP is a free and open source multimedia communication library written in C. In versions of PJSIP prior to 2.13 the PJSIP parser, PJMEDIA RTP decoder, and PJMEDIA SDP parser are affeced by a buffer overflow vulnerability. Users connecting to untrusted clients are at risk. This issue has been patched and is available as commit c4d3498 in the master branch and will be included in releases 2.13 and later. Users are advised to upgrade. There are no known workarounds for this issue.
Severity
7.5 (High)
CWE
- CWE-120 - Buffer Copy without Checking Size of Input ('Classic Buffer Overflow')
Assigner
References
6 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/pjsip/pjproject/security/advis… | |
| https://github.com/pjsip/pjproject/commit/c4d3498… | |
| https://security.gentoo.org/glsa/202210-37 | vendor-advisory |
| https://lists.debian.org/debian-lts-announce/2023… | mailing-list |
| https://www.debian.org/security/2023/dsa-5358 | vendor-advisory |
| https://lists.debian.org/debian-lts-announce/2023… | mailing-list |
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CVE-2022-39274 (GCVE-0-2022-39274)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2022-10-06 00:00 – Updated: 2025-04-22 17:19
VLAI
Title
Buffer Overflow in `ProcessRadioRxDone` in LoRaMac-node
Summary
LoRaMac-node is a reference implementation and documentation of a LoRa network node. Versions of LoRaMac-node prior to 4.7.0 are vulnerable to a buffer overflow. Improper size validation of the incoming radio frames can lead to an 65280-byte out-of-bounds write. The function `ProcessRadioRxDone` implicitly expects incoming radio frames to have at least a payload of one byte or more. An empty payload leads to a 1-byte out-of-bounds read of user controlled content when the payload buffer is reused. This allows an attacker to craft a FRAME_TYPE_PROPRIETARY frame with size -1 which results in an 65280-byte out-of-bounds memcopy likely with partially controlled attacker data. Corrupting a large part if the data section is likely to cause a DoS. If the large out-of-bounds write does not immediately crash the attacker may gain control over the execution due to now controlling large parts of the data section. Users are advised to upgrade either by updating their package or by manually applying the patch commit `e851b079`.
Severity
7.5 (High)
CWE
- CWE-120 - Buffer Copy without Checking Size of Input ('Classic Buffer Overflow')
Assigner
References
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Lora-net | LoRaMac-node |
Affected:
< 4.7.0
|
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CVE-2022-39343 (GCVE-0-2022-39343)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2022-11-08 00:00 – Updated: 2025-04-22 16:08
VLAI
Title
Azure RTOS FileX vulnerable to Buffer Offerflow
Summary
Azure RTOS FileX is a FAT-compatible file system that’s fully integrated with Azure RTOS ThreadX. In versions before 6.2.0, the Fault Tolerant feature of Azure RTOS FileX includes integer under and overflows which may be exploited to achieve buffer overflow and modify memory contents. When a valid log file with correct ID and checksum is detected by the `_fx_fault_tolerant_enable` function an attempt to recover the previous failed write operation is taken by call of `_fx_fault_tolerant_apply_logs`. This function iterates through the log entries and performs required recovery operations. When properly crafted a log including entries of type `FX_FAULT_TOLERANT_DIR_LOG_TYPE` may be utilized to introduce unexpected behavior. This issue has been patched in version 6.2.0. A workaround to fix line 218 in fx_fault_tolerant_apply_logs.c is documented in the GHSA.
Severity
5.6 (Medium)
CWE
- CWE-120 - Buffer Copy without Checking Size of Input ('Classic Buffer Overflow')
Assigner
References
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| azure-rtos | filex |
Affected:
< 6.2.0
|
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CVE-2022-39344 (GCVE-0-2022-39344)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2022-11-04 00:00 – Updated: 2025-04-22 16:08
VLAI
Title
Azure RTOS USBX vulnerable to buffer overflow
Summary
Azure RTOS USBX is a USB host, device, and on-the-go (OTG) embedded stack, that is fully integrated with Azure RTOS ThreadX. Prior to version 6.1.12, the USB DFU UPLOAD functionality may be utilized to introduce a buffer overflow resulting in overwrite of memory contents. In particular cases this may allow an attacker to bypass security features or execute arbitrary code. The implementation of `ux_device_class_dfu_control_request` function prevents buffer overflow during handling of DFU UPLOAD command when current state is `UX_SYSTEM_DFU_STATE_DFU_IDLE`. This issue has been patched, please upgrade to version 6.1.12. As a workaround, add the `UPLOAD_LENGTH` check in all possible states.
Severity
9.8 (Critical)
CWE
- CWE-120 - Buffer Copy without Checking Size of Input ('Classic Buffer Overflow')
Assigner
References
1 reference
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| azure-rtos | usbx |
Affected:
< 6.1.12
|
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CVE-2022-39377 (GCVE-0-2022-39377)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2022-11-08 00:00 – Updated: 2025-11-03 17:31
VLAI
Title
sysstat Incorrect Buffer Size calculation on 32-bit systems results in RCE via buffer overflow
Summary
sysstat is a set of system performance tools for the Linux operating system. On 32 bit systems, in versions 9.1.16 and newer but prior to 12.7.1, allocate_structures contains a size_t overflow in sa_common.c. The allocate_structures function insufficiently checks bounds before arithmetic multiplication, allowing for an overflow in the size allocated for the buffer representing system activities. This issue may lead to Remote Code Execution (RCE). This issue has been patched in version 12.7.1.
Severity
CWE
Assigner
References
6 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/sysstat/sysstat/security/advis… | |
| https://lists.debian.org/debian-lts-announce/2022… | mailing-list |
| https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/pac… | vendor-advisory |
| https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/pac… | vendor-advisory |
| https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/pac… | vendor-advisory |
| https://security.gentoo.org/glsa/202211-07 | vendor-advisory |
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CVE-2022-40137 (GCVE-0-2022-40137)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2023-01-30 21:26 – Updated: 2025-03-27 15:20
VLAI
Summary
A buffer overflow in the WMI SMI Handler in some Lenovo models may allow an attacker with local access and elevated privileges to execute arbitrary code.
Severity
6.7 (Medium)
CWE
- CWE-120 - Buffer Copy without Checking Size of Input ('Classic Buffer Overflow')
Assigner
References
1 reference
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CVE-2022-40261 (GCVE-0-2022-40261)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2022-09-20 17:35 – Updated: 2025-05-28 18:06
VLAI
Title
SMM memory corruption vulnerability in OverClockSmiHandler SMM driver
Summary
An attacker can exploit this vulnerability to elevate privileges from ring 0 to ring -2, execute arbitrary code in System Management Mode - an environment more privileged than operating system (OS) and completely isolated from it. Running arbitrary code in SMM additionally bypasses SMM-based SPI flash protections against modifications, which can help an attacker to install a firmware backdoor/implant into BIOS. Such a malicious firmware code in BIOS could persist across operating system re-installs. Additionally, this vulnerability potentially could be used by malicious actors to bypass security mechanisms provided by UEFI firmware (for example, Secure Boot and some types of memory isolation for hypervisors). This issue affects: Module name: OverClockSmiHandler SHA256: a204699576e1a48ce915d9d9423380c8e4c197003baf9d17e6504f0265f3039c Module GUID: 4698C2BD-A903-410E-AD1F-5EEF3A1AE422
Severity
8.2 (High)
CWE
- CWE-120 - Buffer Overflow
Assigner
References
2 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://www.ami.com/security-center/ | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://www.binarly.io/advisories/BRLY-2022-003 | x_refsource_MISC |
Date Public
2022-08-11 00:00
Credits
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CVE-2022-40514 (GCVE-0-2022-40514)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2023-02-09 06:58 – Updated: 2024-08-03 12:21
VLAI
Title
Buffer copy without checking size of input in WLAN Firmware
Summary
Memory corruption due to buffer copy without checking the size of input in WLAN Firmware while processing CCKM IE in reassoc response frame.
Severity
9.8 (Critical)
CWE
- CWE-120 - Buffer Copy Without Checking Size of Input ('Classic Buffer Overflow')
Assigner
References
1 reference
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Qualcomm, Inc. | Snapdragon |
Affected:
AQT1000
Affected: AR8031 Affected: AR8035 Affected: AR9380 Affected: CSR8811 Affected: CSRA6620 Affected: CSRA6640 Affected: CSRB31024 Affected: IPQ5010 Affected: IPQ5018 Affected: IPQ5028 Affected: IPQ6000 Affected: IPQ6010 Affected: IPQ6018 Affected: IPQ6028 Affected: IPQ8064 Affected: IPQ8065 Affected: IPQ8068 Affected: IPQ8070A Affected: IPQ8071A Affected: IPQ8072A Affected: IPQ8074A Affected: IPQ8076 Affected: IPQ8076A Affected: IPQ8078 Affected: IPQ8078A Affected: IPQ8173 Affected: IPQ8174 Affected: IPQ9574 Affected: QAM8295P Affected: QCA1062 Affected: QCA1064 Affected: QCA2062 Affected: QCA2064 Affected: QCA2065 Affected: QCA2066 Affected: QCA4024 Affected: QCA6310 Affected: QCA6320 Affected: QCA6335 Affected: QCA6390 Affected: QCA6391 Affected: QCA6420 Affected: QCA6421 Affected: QCA6426 Affected: QCA6430 Affected: QCA6431 Affected: QCA6436 Affected: QCA6554A Affected: QCA6564A Affected: QCA6564AU Affected: QCA6574 Affected: QCA6574A Affected: QCA6574AU Affected: QCA6584AU Affected: QCA6595 Affected: QCA6595AU Affected: QCA6678AQ Affected: QCA6696 Affected: QCA6698AQ Affected: QCA8072 Affected: QCA8075 Affected: QCA8081 Affected: QCA8082 Affected: QCA8084 Affected: QCA8085 Affected: QCA8337 Affected: QCA8386 Affected: QCA9886 Affected: QCA9888 Affected: QCA9889 Affected: QCA9980 Affected: QCA9984 Affected: QCA9985 Affected: QCA9986 Affected: QCA9990 Affected: QCA9992 Affected: QCA9994 Affected: QCC5100 Affected: QCM2290 Affected: QCM4290 Affected: QCM4325 Affected: QCM6125 Affected: QCM6490 Affected: QCN5022 Affected: QCN5024 Affected: QCN5052 Affected: QCN5054 Affected: QCN5122 Affected: QCN5124 Affected: QCN5152 Affected: QCN5154 Affected: QCN5164 Affected: QCN6023 Affected: QCN6024 Affected: QCN6100 Affected: QCN6102 Affected: QCN6112 Affected: QCN6122 Affected: QCN6132 Affected: QCN9000 Affected: QCN9011 Affected: QCN9012 Affected: QCN9022 Affected: QCN9024 Affected: QCN9070 Affected: QCN9072 Affected: QCN9074 Affected: QCN9100 Affected: QCN9274 Affected: QCS2290 Affected: QCS405 Affected: QCS410 Affected: QCS4290 Affected: QCS603 Affected: QCS605 Affected: QCS610 Affected: QCS6125 Affected: QCS6490 Affected: QRB5165 Affected: QRB5165M Affected: QRB5165N Affected: QSM8250 Affected: QSM8350 Affected: SA4150P Affected: SA415M Affected: SA515M Affected: SA6145P Affected: SA6150P Affected: SA6155 Affected: SA6155P Affected: SA8145P Affected: SA8150P Affected: SA8155 Affected: SA8155P Affected: SA8195P Affected: SA8295P Affected: SC8180X+SDX55 Affected: SD 455 Affected: SD 636 Affected: SD 675 Affected: SD 8 Gen1 5G Affected: SD 8CX Affected: SD 8cx Gen2 Affected: SD 8cx Gen3 Affected: SD460 Affected: SD480 Affected: SD660 Affected: SD662 Affected: SD665 Affected: SD670 Affected: SD675 Affected: SD678 Affected: SD680 Affected: SD690 5G Affected: SD695 Affected: SD710 Affected: SD712 Affected: SD720G Affected: SD730 Affected: SD750G Affected: SD765 Affected: SD765G Affected: SD768G Affected: SD778G Affected: SD780G Affected: SD7c Affected: SD835 Affected: SD845 Affected: SD850 Affected: SD855 Affected: SD865 5G Affected: SD870 Affected: SD888 Affected: SD888 5G Affected: SDM630 Affected: SDX50M Affected: SDX55 Affected: SDX55M Affected: SDX65 Affected: SDXR1 Affected: SDXR2 5G Affected: SG4150P Affected: SM4125 Affected: SM6250 Affected: SM6250P Affected: SM7250P Affected: SM7315 Affected: SM7325P Affected: Snapdragon 4 Gen 1 Affected: SSG2115P Affected: SSG2125P Affected: SW5100 Affected: SW5100P Affected: SXR1230P Affected: SXR2150P Affected: SXR2230P Affected: WCD9326 Affected: WCD9335 Affected: WCD9340 Affected: WCD9341 Affected: WCD9360 Affected: WCD9370 Affected: WCD9371 Affected: WCD9375 Affected: WCD9380 Affected: WCD9385 Affected: WCN3910 Affected: WCN3950 Affected: WCN3980 Affected: WCN3988 Affected: WCN3990 Affected: WCN3991 Affected: WCN3998 Affected: WCN3999 Affected: WCN6740 Affected: WCN6750 Affected: WCN6850 Affected: WCN6851 Affected: WCN6855 Affected: WCN6856 Affected: WCN7850 Affected: WCN7851 Affected: WSA8810 Affected: WSA8815 Affected: WSA8830 Affected: WSA8832 Affected: WSA8835 |
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"status": "affected",
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"status": "affected",
"version": "QCA8386"
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"status": "affected",
"version": "QCA9886"
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"version": "QCA9888"
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"status": "affected",
"version": "QCA9889"
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"version": "QCA9980"
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"status": "affected",
"version": "QCA9984"
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"version": "QCA9985"
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"version": "QCA9986"
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"version": "QCA9990"
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"version": "QCA9992"
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"version": "QCA9994"
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{
"status": "affected",
"version": "SD670"
},
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "SD675"
},
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "SD678"
},
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "SD680"
},
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "SD690 5G"
},
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "SD695"
},
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "SD710"
},
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "SD712"
},
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "SD720G"
},
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "SD730"
},
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "SD750G"
},
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "SD765"
},
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "SD765G"
},
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "SD768G"
},
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "SD778G"
},
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "SD780G"
},
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "SD7c"
},
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "SD835"
},
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "SD845"
},
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "SD850"
},
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "SD855"
},
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "SD865 5G"
},
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "SD870"
},
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "SD888"
},
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "SD888 5G"
},
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "SDM630"
},
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "SDX50M"
},
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "SDX55"
},
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "SDX55M"
},
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "SDX65"
},
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "SDXR1"
},
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "SDXR2 5G"
},
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "SG4150P"
},
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "SM4125"
},
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "SM6250"
},
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "SM6250P"
},
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "SM7250P"
},
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "SM7315"
},
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "SM7325P"
},
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "Snapdragon 4 Gen 1"
},
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "SSG2115P"
},
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "SSG2125P"
},
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "SW5100"
},
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "SW5100P"
},
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "SXR1230P"
},
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "SXR2150P"
},
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "SXR2230P"
},
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "WCD9326"
},
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "WCD9335"
},
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "WCD9340"
},
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "WCD9341"
},
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "WCD9360"
},
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "WCD9370"
},
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "WCD9371"
},
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "WCD9375"
},
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "WCD9380"
},
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "WCD9385"
},
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "WCN3910"
},
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "WCN3950"
},
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "WCN3980"
},
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "WCN3988"
},
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "WCN3990"
},
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "WCN3991"
},
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "WCN3998"
},
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "WCN3999"
},
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "WCN6740"
},
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "WCN6750"
},
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "WCN6850"
},
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "WCN6851"
},
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "WCN6855"
},
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "WCN6856"
},
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "WCN7850"
},
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "WCN7851"
},
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "WSA8810"
},
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "WSA8815"
},
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "WSA8830"
},
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "WSA8832"
},
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "WSA8835"
}
]
}
],
"descriptions": [
{
"lang": "en",
"value": "Memory corruption due to buffer copy without checking the size of input in WLAN Firmware while processing CCKM IE in reassoc response frame."
}
],
"metrics": [
{
"cvssV3_1": {
"attackComplexity": "LOW",
"attackVector": "NETWORK",
"availabilityImpact": "HIGH",
"baseScore": 9.8,
"baseSeverity": "CRITICAL",
"confidentialityImpact": "HIGH",
"integrityImpact": "HIGH",
"privilegesRequired": "NONE",
"scope": "UNCHANGED",
"userInteraction": "NONE",
"vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"version": "3.1"
},
"format": "CVSS",
"scenarios": [
{
"lang": "en",
"value": "GENERAL"
}
]
}
],
"problemTypes": [
{
"descriptions": [
{
"cweId": "CWE-120",
"description": "CWE-120 Buffer Copy Without Checking Size of Input (\u0027Classic Buffer Overflow\u0027)",
"lang": "en",
"type": "CWE"
}
]
}
],
"providerMetadata": {
"dateUpdated": "2024-04-12T16:33:02.314Z",
"orgId": "2cfc7d3e-20d3-47ac-8db7-1b7285aff15f",
"shortName": "qualcomm"
},
"references": [
{
"url": "https://www.qualcomm.com/company/product-security/bulletins/february-2023-bulletin"
}
],
"title": "Buffer copy without checking size of input in WLAN Firmware"
}
},
"cveMetadata": {
"assignerOrgId": "2cfc7d3e-20d3-47ac-8db7-1b7285aff15f",
"assignerShortName": "qualcomm",
"cveId": "CVE-2022-40514",
"datePublished": "2023-02-09T06:58:54.343Z",
"dateReserved": "2022-09-12T09:37:28.415Z",
"dateUpdated": "2024-08-03T12:21:46.130Z",
"state": "PUBLISHED"
},
"dataType": "CVE_RECORD",
"dataVersion": "5.1"
}
Mitigation ID: MIT-3
Phase: Requirements
Strategy: Language Selection
Description:
- Use a language that does not allow this weakness to occur or provides constructs that make this weakness easier to avoid.
- For example, many languages that perform their own memory management, such as Java and Perl, are not subject to buffer overflows. Other languages, such as Ada and C#, typically provide overflow protection, but the protection can be disabled by the programmer.
- Be wary that a language's interface to native code may still be subject to overflows, even if the language itself is theoretically safe.
Mitigation ID: MIT-4.1
Phase: Architecture and Design
Strategy: Libraries or Frameworks
Description:
- Use a vetted library or framework that does not allow this weakness to occur or provides constructs that make this weakness easier to avoid.
- Examples include the Safe C String Library (SafeStr) by Messier and Viega [REF-57], and the Strsafe.h library from Microsoft [REF-56]. These libraries provide safer versions of overflow-prone string-handling functions.
Mitigation ID: MIT-10
Phases: Operation, Build and Compilation
Strategy: Environment Hardening
Description:
- Use automatic buffer overflow detection mechanisms that are offered by certain compilers or compiler extensions. Examples include: the Microsoft Visual Studio /GS flag, Fedora/Red Hat FORTIFY_SOURCE GCC flag, StackGuard, and ProPolice, which provide various mechanisms including canary-based detection and range/index checking.
- D3-SFCV (Stack Frame Canary Validation) from D3FEND [REF-1334] discusses canary-based detection in detail.
Mitigation ID: MIT-9
Phase: Implementation
Description:
- Consider adhering to the following rules when allocating and managing an application's memory:
- Double check that your buffer is as large as you specify.
- When using functions that accept a number of bytes to copy, such as strncpy(), be aware that if the destination buffer size is equal to the source buffer size, it may not NULL-terminate the string.
- Check buffer boundaries if accessing the buffer in a loop and make sure there is no danger of writing past the allocated space.
- If necessary, truncate all input strings to a reasonable length before passing them to the copy and concatenation functions.
Mitigation ID: MIT-5
Phase: Implementation
Strategy: Input Validation
Description:
- Assume all input is malicious. Use an "accept known good" input validation strategy, i.e., use a list of acceptable inputs that strictly conform to specifications. Reject any input that does not strictly conform to specifications, or transform it into something that does.
- When performing input validation, consider all potentially relevant properties, including length, type of input, the full range of acceptable values, missing or extra inputs, syntax, consistency across related fields, and conformance to business rules. As an example of business rule logic, "boat" may be syntactically valid because it only contains alphanumeric characters, but it is not valid if the input is only expected to contain colors such as "red" or "blue."
- Do not rely exclusively on looking for malicious or malformed inputs. This is likely to miss at least one undesirable input, especially if the code's environment changes. This can give attackers enough room to bypass the intended validation. However, denylists can be useful for detecting potential attacks or determining which inputs are so malformed that they should be rejected outright.
Mitigation ID: MIT-15
Phase: Architecture and Design
Description:
- For any security checks that are performed on the client side, ensure that these checks are duplicated on the server side, in order to avoid CWE-602. Attackers can bypass the client-side checks by modifying values after the checks have been performed, or by changing the client to remove the client-side checks entirely. Then, these modified values would be submitted to the server.
Mitigation ID: MIT-11
Phases: Operation, Build and Compilation
Strategy: Environment Hardening
Description:
- Run or compile the software using features or extensions that randomly arrange the positions of a program's executable and libraries in memory. Because this makes the addresses unpredictable, it can prevent an attacker from reliably jumping to exploitable code.
- Examples include Address Space Layout Randomization (ASLR) [REF-58] [REF-60] and Position-Independent Executables (PIE) [REF-64]. Imported modules may be similarly realigned if their default memory addresses conflict with other modules, in a process known as "rebasing" (for Windows) and "prelinking" (for Linux) [REF-1332] using randomly generated addresses. ASLR for libraries cannot be used in conjunction with prelink since it would require relocating the libraries at run-time, defeating the whole purpose of prelinking.
- For more information on these techniques see D3-SAOR (Segment Address Offset Randomization) from D3FEND [REF-1335].
Mitigation ID: MIT-12
Phase: Operation
Strategy: Environment Hardening
Description:
- Use a CPU and operating system that offers Data Execution Protection (using hardware NX or XD bits) or the equivalent techniques that simulate this feature in software, such as PaX [REF-60] [REF-61]. These techniques ensure that any instruction executed is exclusively at a memory address that is part of the code segment.
- For more information on these techniques see D3-PSEP (Process Segment Execution Prevention) from D3FEND [REF-1336].
Mitigation
Phases: Build and Compilation, Operation
Description:
- Most mitigating technologies at the compiler or OS level to date address only a subset of buffer overflow problems and rarely provide complete protection against even that subset. It is good practice to implement strategies to increase the workload of an attacker, such as leaving the attacker to guess an unknown value that changes every program execution.
Mitigation ID: MIT-13
Phase: Implementation
Description:
- Replace unbounded copy functions with analogous functions that support length arguments, such as strcpy with strncpy. Create these if they are not available.
Mitigation ID: MIT-21
Phase: Architecture and Design
Strategy: Enforcement by Conversion
Description:
- When the set of acceptable objects, such as filenames or URLs, is limited or known, create a mapping from a set of fixed input values (such as numeric IDs) to the actual filenames or URLs, and reject all other inputs.
Mitigation ID: MIT-17
Phases: Architecture and Design, Operation
Strategy: Environment Hardening
Description:
- Run your code using the lowest privileges that are required to accomplish the necessary tasks [REF-76]. If possible, create isolated accounts with limited privileges that are only used for a single task. That way, a successful attack will not immediately give the attacker access to the rest of the software or its environment. For example, database applications rarely need to run as the database administrator, especially in day-to-day operations.
Mitigation ID: MIT-22
Phases: Architecture and Design, Operation
Strategy: Sandbox or Jail
Description:
- Run the code in a "jail" or similar sandbox environment that enforces strict boundaries between the process and the operating system. This may effectively restrict which files can be accessed in a particular directory or which commands can be executed by the software.
- OS-level examples include the Unix chroot jail, AppArmor, and SELinux. In general, managed code may provide some protection. For example, java.io.FilePermission in the Java SecurityManager allows the software to specify restrictions on file operations.
- This may not be a feasible solution, and it only limits the impact to the operating system; the rest of the application may still be subject to compromise.
- Be careful to avoid CWE-243 and other weaknesses related to jails.
CAPEC-10: Buffer Overflow via Environment Variables
This attack pattern involves causing a buffer overflow through manipulation of environment variables. Once the adversary finds that they can modify an environment variable, they may try to overflow associated buffers. This attack leverages implicit trust often placed in environment variables.
CAPEC-100: Overflow Buffers
Buffer Overflow attacks target improper or missing bounds checking on buffer operations, typically triggered by input injected by an adversary. As a consequence, an adversary is able to write past the boundaries of allocated buffer regions in memory, causing a program crash or potentially redirection of execution as per the adversaries' choice.
CAPEC-14: Client-side Injection-induced Buffer Overflow
This type of attack exploits a buffer overflow vulnerability in targeted client software through injection of malicious content from a custom-built hostile service. This hostile service is created to deliver the correct content to the client software. For example, if the client-side application is a browser, the service will host a webpage that the browser loads.
CAPEC-24: Filter Failure through Buffer Overflow
In this attack, the idea is to cause an active filter to fail by causing an oversized transaction. An attacker may try to feed overly long input strings to the program in an attempt to overwhelm the filter (by causing a buffer overflow) and hoping that the filter does not fail securely (i.e. the user input is let into the system unfiltered).
CAPEC-42: MIME Conversion
An attacker exploits a weakness in the MIME conversion routine to cause a buffer overflow and gain control over the mail server machine. The MIME system is designed to allow various different information formats to be interpreted and sent via e-mail. Attack points exist when data are converted to MIME compatible format and back.
CAPEC-44: Overflow Binary Resource File
An attack of this type exploits a buffer overflow vulnerability in the handling of binary resources. Binary resources may include music files like MP3, image files like JPEG files, and any other binary file. These attacks may pass unnoticed to the client machine through normal usage of files, such as a browser loading a seemingly innocent JPEG file. This can allow the adversary access to the execution stack and execute arbitrary code in the target process.
CAPEC-45: Buffer Overflow via Symbolic Links
This type of attack leverages the use of symbolic links to cause buffer overflows. An adversary can try to create or manipulate a symbolic link file such that its contents result in out of bounds data. When the target software processes the symbolic link file, it could potentially overflow internal buffers with insufficient bounds checking.
CAPEC-46: Overflow Variables and Tags
This type of attack leverages the use of tags or variables from a formatted configuration data to cause buffer overflow. The adversary crafts a malicious HTML page or configuration file that includes oversized strings, thus causing an overflow.
CAPEC-47: Buffer Overflow via Parameter Expansion
In this attack, the target software is given input that the adversary knows will be modified and expanded in size during processing. This attack relies on the target software failing to anticipate that the expanded data may exceed some internal limit, thereby creating a buffer overflow.
CAPEC-67: String Format Overflow in syslog()
This attack targets applications and software that uses the syslog() function insecurely. If an application does not explicitely use a format string parameter in a call to syslog(), user input can be placed in the format string parameter leading to a format string injection attack. Adversaries can then inject malicious format string commands into the function call leading to a buffer overflow. There are many reported software vulnerabilities with the root cause being a misuse of the syslog() function.
CAPEC-8: Buffer Overflow in an API Call
This attack targets libraries or shared code modules which are vulnerable to buffer overflow attacks. An adversary who has knowledge of known vulnerable libraries or shared code can easily target software that makes use of these libraries. All clients that make use of the code library thus become vulnerable by association. This has a very broad effect on security across a system, usually affecting more than one software process.
CAPEC-9: Buffer Overflow in Local Command-Line Utilities
This attack targets command-line utilities available in a number of shells. An adversary can leverage a vulnerability found in a command-line utility to escalate privilege to root.
CAPEC-92: Forced Integer Overflow
This attack forces an integer variable to go out of range. The integer variable is often used as an offset such as size of memory allocation or similarly. The attacker would typically control the value of such variable and try to get it out of range. For instance the integer in question is incremented past the maximum possible value, it may wrap to become a very small, or negative number, therefore providing a very incorrect value which can lead to unexpected behavior. At worst the attacker can execute arbitrary code.