CWE-119
Improper Restriction of Operations within the Bounds of a Memory Buffer
The product performs operations on a memory buffer, but it reads from or writes to a memory location outside the buffer's intended boundary. This may result in read or write operations on unexpected memory locations that could be linked to other variables, data structures, or internal program data.
CVE-2025-11339 (GCVE-0-2025-11339)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-10-06 16:32 – Updated: 2025-10-06 17:16
VLAI
Title
D-Link DI-7100G C1 jhttpd hi_block.asp sub_4BD4F8 buffer overflow
Summary
A vulnerability has been found in D-Link DI-7100G C1 up to 20250928. This issue affects the function sub_4BD4F8 of the file /webchat/hi_block.asp of the component jhttpd. The manipulation of the argument popupId leads to buffer overflow. The attack can be initiated remotely. The exploit has been disclosed to the public and may be used.
Severity
Assigner
References
6 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://vuldb.com/?id.327222 | vdb-entrytechnical-description |
| https://vuldb.com/?ctiid.327222 | signaturepermissions-required |
| https://vuldb.com/?submit.664635 | third-party-advisory |
| https://www.yuque.com/jh0ng/vmpda6/zr11zfssl8h74bn3 | related |
| https://www.yuque.com/jh0ng/vmpda6/zr11zfssl8h74b… | exploit |
| https://www.dlink.com/ | product |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| D-Link | DI-7100G C1 |
Affected:
20250928
|
Credits
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CVE-2025-11355 (GCVE-0-2025-11355)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-10-07 06:32 – Updated: 2025-10-07 18:12
VLAI
Title
UTT 1250GW aspChangeChannel strcpy buffer overflow
Summary
A vulnerability has been found in UTT 1250GW up to v2v3.2.2-200710. Affected by this vulnerability is the function strcpy of the file /goform/aspChangeChannel. The manipulation of the argument pvid leads to buffer overflow. It is possible to initiate the attack remotely. The exploit has been disclosed to the public and may be used. The vendor was contacted early about this disclosure but did not respond in any way.
Severity
Assigner
References
5 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://vuldb.com/?id.327240 | vdb-entrytechnical-description |
| https://vuldb.com/?ctiid.327240 | signaturepermissions-required |
| https://vuldb.com/?submit.664921 | third-party-advisory |
| https://github.com/cymiao1978/cve/blob/main/10.md | related |
| https://github.com/cymiao1978/cve/blob/main/10.md#poc | exploit |
Credits
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CVE-2025-11356 (GCVE-0-2025-11356)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-10-07 07:02 – Updated: 2026-02-24 06:47
VLAI
Title
Tenda AC23 SetStaticRouteCfg sscanf buffer overflow
Summary
A vulnerability was found in Tenda AC23 up to 16.03.07.52. Affected by this issue is the function sscanf of the file /goform/SetStaticRouteCfg. The manipulation of the argument list results in buffer overflow. It is possible to launch the attack remotely. The exploit has been made public and could be used.
Severity
Assigner
References
5 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://vuldb.com/?id.327241 | vdb-entrytechnical-description |
| https://vuldb.com/?ctiid.327241 | signaturepermissions-required |
| https://vuldb.com/?submit.664923 | third-party-advisory |
| https://github.com/cymiao1978/cve/blob/main/12.md | exploit |
| https://www.tenda.com.cn/ | product |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Tenda | AC23 |
Affected:
16.03.07.0
Affected: 16.03.07.1 Affected: 16.03.07.2 Affected: 16.03.07.3 Affected: 16.03.07.4 Affected: 16.03.07.5 Affected: 16.03.07.6 Affected: 16.03.07.7 Affected: 16.03.07.8 Affected: 16.03.07.9 Affected: 16.03.07.10 Affected: 16.03.07.11 Affected: 16.03.07.12 Affected: 16.03.07.13 Affected: 16.03.07.14 Affected: 16.03.07.15 Affected: 16.03.07.16 Affected: 16.03.07.17 Affected: 16.03.07.18 Affected: 16.03.07.19 Affected: 16.03.07.20 Affected: 16.03.07.21 Affected: 16.03.07.22 Affected: 16.03.07.23 Affected: 16.03.07.24 Affected: 16.03.07.25 Affected: 16.03.07.26 Affected: 16.03.07.27 Affected: 16.03.07.28 Affected: 16.03.07.29 Affected: 16.03.07.30 Affected: 16.03.07.31 Affected: 16.03.07.32 Affected: 16.03.07.33 Affected: 16.03.07.34 Affected: 16.03.07.35 Affected: 16.03.07.36 Affected: 16.03.07.37 Affected: 16.03.07.38 Affected: 16.03.07.39 Affected: 16.03.07.40 Affected: 16.03.07.41 Affected: 16.03.07.42 Affected: 16.03.07.43 Affected: 16.03.07.44 Affected: 16.03.07.45 Affected: 16.03.07.46 Affected: 16.03.07.47 Affected: 16.03.07.48 Affected: 16.03.07.49 Affected: 16.03.07.50 Affected: 16.03.07.51 Affected: 16.03.07.52 cpe:2.3:o:tenda:ac23_firmware:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
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CVE-2025-11385 (GCVE-0-2025-11385)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-10-07 09:32 – Updated: 2026-02-24 06:47
VLAI
Title
Tenda AC20 fast_setting_wifi_set sscanf buffer overflow
Summary
A vulnerability has been found in Tenda AC20 up to 16.03.08.12. The affected element is the function sscanf of the file /goform/fast_setting_wifi_set. The manipulation of the argument timeZone leads to buffer overflow. The attack can be initiated remotely. The exploit has been disclosed to the public and may be used.
Severity
Assigner
References
6 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://vuldb.com/?id.327312 | vdb-entrytechnical-description |
| https://vuldb.com/?ctiid.327312 | signaturepermissions-required |
| https://vuldb.com/?submit.664922 | third-party-advisory |
| https://github.com/cymiao1978/cve/blob/main/11.md | related |
| https://github.com/cymiao1978/cve/blob/main/11.md#poc | exploit |
| https://www.tenda.com.cn/ | product |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Tenda | AC20 |
Affected:
16.03.08.0
Affected: 16.03.08.1 Affected: 16.03.08.2 Affected: 16.03.08.3 Affected: 16.03.08.4 Affected: 16.03.08.5 Affected: 16.03.08.6 Affected: 16.03.08.7 Affected: 16.03.08.8 Affected: 16.03.08.9 Affected: 16.03.08.10 Affected: 16.03.08.11 Affected: 16.03.08.12 cpe:2.3:o:tenda:ac20_firmware:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
Credits
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CVE-2025-11386 (GCVE-0-2025-11386)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-10-07 10:02 – Updated: 2026-02-24 06:47
VLAI
Title
Tenda AC15 POST Parameter SetDDNSCfg stack-based overflow
Summary
A vulnerability was found in Tenda AC15 15.03.05.18. The impacted element is an unknown function of the file /goform/SetDDNSCfg of the component POST Parameter Handler. The manipulation of the argument ddnsEn results in stack-based buffer overflow. The attack can be launched remotely. The exploit has been made public and could be used.
Severity
Assigner
References
5 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://vuldb.com/?id.327313 | vdb-entrytechnical-description |
| https://vuldb.com/?ctiid.327313 | signaturepermissions-required |
| https://vuldb.com/?submit.664969 | third-party-advisory |
| https://github.com/noahze01/IoT-vulnerable/blob/m… | exploit |
| https://www.tenda.com.cn/ | product |
Impacted products
Credits
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CVE-2025-11387 (GCVE-0-2025-11387)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-10-07 10:32 – Updated: 2026-02-24 06:48
VLAI
Title
Tenda AC15 fast_setting_pppoe_set stack-based overflow
Summary
A vulnerability was determined in Tenda AC15 15.03.05.18. This affects an unknown function of the file /goform/fast_setting_pppoe_set. This manipulation of the argument Password causes stack-based buffer overflow. The attack may be initiated remotely. The exploit has been publicly disclosed and may be utilized.
Severity
Assigner
References
5 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://vuldb.com/?id.327314 | vdb-entrytechnical-description |
| https://vuldb.com/?ctiid.327314 | signaturepermissions-required |
| https://vuldb.com/?submit.664970 | third-party-advisory |
| https://github.com/noahze01/IoT-vulnerable/blob/m… | exploit |
| https://www.tenda.com.cn/ | product |
Impacted products
Credits
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CVE-2025-11388 (GCVE-0-2025-11388)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-10-07 11:02 – Updated: 2026-02-24 06:48
VLAI
Title
Tenda AC15 setNotUpgrade stack-based overflow
Summary
A vulnerability was identified in Tenda AC15 15.03.05.18. This impacts an unknown function of the file /goform/setNotUpgrade. Such manipulation of the argument newVersion leads to stack-based buffer overflow. The attack may be launched remotely. The exploit is publicly available and might be used.
Severity
Assigner
References
5 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://vuldb.com/?id.327315 | vdb-entrytechnical-description |
| https://vuldb.com/?ctiid.327315 | signaturepermissions-required |
| https://vuldb.com/?submit.664974 | third-party-advisory |
| https://github.com/noahze01/IoT-vulnerable/blob/m… | exploitpatch |
| https://www.tenda.com.cn/ | product |
Impacted products
Credits
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CVE-2025-11389 (GCVE-0-2025-11389)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-10-07 11:32 – Updated: 2026-02-24 06:48
VLAI
Title
Tenda AC15 saveAutoQos stack-based overflow
Summary
A security flaw has been discovered in Tenda AC15 15.03.05.18. Affected is an unknown function of the file /goform/saveAutoQos. Performing a manipulation of the argument enable results in stack-based buffer overflow. Remote exploitation of the attack is possible. The exploit has been released to the public and may be used for attacks.
Severity
Assigner
References
5 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://vuldb.com/?id.327316 | vdb-entrytechnical-description |
| https://vuldb.com/?ctiid.327316 | signaturepermissions-required |
| https://vuldb.com/?submit.664982 | third-party-advisory |
| https://github.com/noahze01/IoT-vulnerable/blob/m… | exploit |
| https://www.tenda.com.cn/ | product |
Impacted products
Credits
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CVE-2025-11408 (GCVE-0-2025-11408)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-10-07 20:32 – Updated: 2025-10-08 18:32
VLAI
Title
D-Link DI-7001 MINI dbsrv.asp buffer overflow
Summary
A security vulnerability has been detected in D-Link DI-7001 MINI 24.04.18B1. The affected element is an unknown function of the file /dbsrv.asp. Such manipulation of the argument str leads to buffer overflow. The attack may be launched remotely. The exploit has been disclosed publicly and may be used.
Severity
Assigner
References
5 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://vuldb.com/?id.327345 | vdb-entrytechnical-description |
| https://vuldb.com/?ctiid.327345 | signaturepermissions-required |
| https://vuldb.com/?submit.665474 | third-party-advisory |
| https://github.com/DavCloudz/cve/issues/5 | exploitissue-tracking |
| https://www.dlink.com/ | product |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| D-Link | DI-7001 MINI |
Affected:
24.04.18B1
|
Credits
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CVE-2025-11412 (GCVE-0-2025-11412)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-10-07 22:02 – Updated: 2026-05-12 12:02 X_Open Source
VLAI
Title
GNU Binutils Linker elflink.c bfd_elf_gc_record_vtentry out-of-bounds
Summary
A vulnerability has been found in GNU Binutils 2.45. This impacts the function bfd_elf_gc_record_vtentry of the file bfd/elflink.c of the component Linker. The manipulation leads to out-of-bounds read. Local access is required to approach this attack. The exploit has been disclosed to the public and may be used. The identifier of the patch is 047435dd988a3975d40c6626a8f739a0b2e154bc. To fix this issue, it is recommended to deploy a patch.
Severity
Assigner
References
7 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://vuldb.com/?id.327348 | vdb-entrytechnical-description |
| https://vuldb.com/?ctiid.327348 | signaturepermissions-required |
| https://sourceware.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=33452 | issue-tracking |
| https://sourceware.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=3… | issue-tracking |
| https://sourceware.org/bugzilla/attachment.cgi?id=16378 | exploit |
| https://sourceware.org/git/gitweb.cgi?p=binutils-… | patch |
| https://www.gnu.org/ | product |
Impacted products
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"versionType": "custom"
}
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"dateUpdated": "2026-05-12T12:02:48.410Z",
"orgId": "0b142b55-0307-4c5a-b3c9-f314f3fb7c5e",
"shortName": "siemens-SADP"
},
"references": [
{
"url": "https://cert-portal.siemens.com/productcert/html/ssa-082556.html"
}
],
"x_adpType": "supplier"
}
],
"cna": {
"affected": [
{
"cpes": [
"cpe:2.3:a:gnu:binutils:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*"
],
"modules": [
"Linker"
],
"product": "Binutils",
"vendor": "GNU",
"versions": [
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "2.45"
}
]
}
],
"descriptions": [
{
"lang": "en",
"value": "A vulnerability has been found in GNU Binutils 2.45. This impacts the function bfd_elf_gc_record_vtentry of the file bfd/elflink.c of the component Linker. The manipulation leads to out-of-bounds read. Local access is required to approach this attack. The exploit has been disclosed to the public and may be used. The identifier of the patch is 047435dd988a3975d40c6626a8f739a0b2e154bc. To fix this issue, it is recommended to deploy a patch."
}
],
"metrics": [
{
"cvssV4_0": {
"baseScore": 4.8,
"baseSeverity": "MEDIUM",
"vectorString": "CVSS:4.0/AV:L/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:L/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:P",
"version": "4.0"
}
},
{
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"baseSeverity": "LOW",
"vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:L/E:P/RL:O/RC:C",
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},
{
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"baseSeverity": "LOW",
"vectorString": "CVSS:3.0/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:L/E:P/RL:O/RC:C",
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"baseScore": 1.7,
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"version": "2.0"
}
}
],
"problemTypes": [
{
"descriptions": [
{
"cweId": "CWE-125",
"description": "Out-of-Bounds Read",
"lang": "en",
"type": "CWE"
}
]
},
{
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{
"cweId": "CWE-119",
"description": "Memory Corruption",
"lang": "en",
"type": "CWE"
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],
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"orgId": "1af790b2-7ee1-4545-860a-a788eba489b5",
"shortName": "VulDB"
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"references": [
{
"name": "VDB-327348 | GNU Binutils Linker elflink.c bfd_elf_gc_record_vtentry out-of-bounds",
"tags": [
"vdb-entry",
"technical-description"
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"url": "https://vuldb.com/?id.327348"
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{
"name": "VDB-327348 | CTI Indicators (IOB, IOC, IOA)",
"tags": [
"signature",
"permissions-required"
],
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?ctiid.327348"
},
{
"tags": [
"issue-tracking"
],
"url": "https://sourceware.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=33452"
},
{
"tags": [
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],
"url": "https://sourceware.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=33452#c8"
},
{
"tags": [
"exploit"
],
"url": "https://sourceware.org/bugzilla/attachment.cgi?id=16378"
},
{
"tags": [
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],
"url": "https://sourceware.org/git/gitweb.cgi?p=binutils-gdb.git;h=047435dd988a3975d40c6626a8f739a0b2e154bc"
},
{
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"url": "https://www.gnu.org/"
}
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"tags": [
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"timeline": [
{
"lang": "en",
"time": "2025-10-07T00:00:00.000Z",
"value": "Advisory disclosed"
},
{
"lang": "en",
"time": "2025-10-07T02:00:00.000Z",
"value": "VulDB entry created"
},
{
"lang": "en",
"time": "2025-11-17T21:46:40.000Z",
"value": "VulDB entry last update"
}
],
"title": "GNU Binutils Linker elflink.c bfd_elf_gc_record_vtentry out-of-bounds"
}
},
"cveMetadata": {
"assignerOrgId": "1af790b2-7ee1-4545-860a-a788eba489b5",
"assignerShortName": "VulDB",
"cveId": "CVE-2025-11412",
"datePublished": "2025-10-07T22:02:08.093Z",
"dateReserved": "2025-10-07T10:40:39.676Z",
"dateUpdated": "2026-05-12T12:02:48.410Z",
"state": "PUBLISHED"
},
"dataType": "CVE_RECORD",
"dataVersion": "5.2"
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Mitigation ID: MIT-3
Phase: Requirements
Strategy: Language Selection
Description:
- Use a language that does not allow this weakness to occur or provides constructs that make this weakness easier to avoid.
- For example, many languages that perform their own memory management, such as Java and Perl, are not subject to buffer overflows. Other languages, such as Ada and C#, typically provide overflow protection, but the protection can be disabled by the programmer.
- Be wary that a language's interface to native code may still be subject to overflows, even if the language itself is theoretically safe.
Mitigation ID: MIT-4.1
Phase: Architecture and Design
Strategy: Libraries or Frameworks
Description:
- Use a vetted library or framework that does not allow this weakness to occur or provides constructs that make this weakness easier to avoid.
- Examples include the Safe C String Library (SafeStr) by Messier and Viega [REF-57], and the Strsafe.h library from Microsoft [REF-56]. These libraries provide safer versions of overflow-prone string-handling functions.
Mitigation ID: MIT-10
Phases: Operation, Build and Compilation
Strategy: Environment Hardening
Description:
- Use automatic buffer overflow detection mechanisms that are offered by certain compilers or compiler extensions. Examples include: the Microsoft Visual Studio /GS flag, Fedora/Red Hat FORTIFY_SOURCE GCC flag, StackGuard, and ProPolice, which provide various mechanisms including canary-based detection and range/index checking.
- D3-SFCV (Stack Frame Canary Validation) from D3FEND [REF-1334] discusses canary-based detection in detail.
Mitigation ID: MIT-9
Phase: Implementation
Description:
- Consider adhering to the following rules when allocating and managing an application's memory:
- Double check that the buffer is as large as specified.
- When using functions that accept a number of bytes to copy, such as strncpy(), be aware that if the destination buffer size is equal to the source buffer size, it may not NULL-terminate the string.
- Check buffer boundaries if accessing the buffer in a loop and make sure there is no danger of writing past the allocated space.
- If necessary, truncate all input strings to a reasonable length before passing them to the copy and concatenation functions.
Mitigation ID: MIT-11
Phases: Operation, Build and Compilation
Strategy: Environment Hardening
Description:
- Run or compile the software using features or extensions that randomly arrange the positions of a program's executable and libraries in memory. Because this makes the addresses unpredictable, it can prevent an attacker from reliably jumping to exploitable code.
- Examples include Address Space Layout Randomization (ASLR) [REF-58] [REF-60] and Position-Independent Executables (PIE) [REF-64]. Imported modules may be similarly realigned if their default memory addresses conflict with other modules, in a process known as "rebasing" (for Windows) and "prelinking" (for Linux) [REF-1332] using randomly generated addresses. ASLR for libraries cannot be used in conjunction with prelink since it would require relocating the libraries at run-time, defeating the whole purpose of prelinking.
- For more information on these techniques see D3-SAOR (Segment Address Offset Randomization) from D3FEND [REF-1335].
Mitigation ID: MIT-12
Phase: Operation
Strategy: Environment Hardening
Description:
- Use a CPU and operating system that offers Data Execution Protection (using hardware NX or XD bits) or the equivalent techniques that simulate this feature in software, such as PaX [REF-60] [REF-61]. These techniques ensure that any instruction executed is exclusively at a memory address that is part of the code segment.
- For more information on these techniques see D3-PSEP (Process Segment Execution Prevention) from D3FEND [REF-1336].
Mitigation ID: MIT-13
Phase: Implementation
Description:
- Replace unbounded copy functions with analogous functions that support length arguments, such as strcpy with strncpy. Create these if they are not available.
CAPEC-10: Buffer Overflow via Environment Variables
This attack pattern involves causing a buffer overflow through manipulation of environment variables. Once the adversary finds that they can modify an environment variable, they may try to overflow associated buffers. This attack leverages implicit trust often placed in environment variables.
CAPEC-100: Overflow Buffers
Buffer Overflow attacks target improper or missing bounds checking on buffer operations, typically triggered by input injected by an adversary. As a consequence, an adversary is able to write past the boundaries of allocated buffer regions in memory, causing a program crash or potentially redirection of execution as per the adversaries' choice.
CAPEC-123: Buffer Manipulation
An adversary manipulates an application's interaction with a buffer in an attempt to read or modify data they shouldn't have access to. Buffer attacks are distinguished in that it is the buffer space itself that is the target of the attack rather than any code responsible for interpreting the content of the buffer. In virtually all buffer attacks the content that is placed in the buffer is immaterial. Instead, most buffer attacks involve retrieving or providing more input than can be stored in the allocated buffer, resulting in the reading or overwriting of other unintended program memory.
CAPEC-14: Client-side Injection-induced Buffer Overflow
This type of attack exploits a buffer overflow vulnerability in targeted client software through injection of malicious content from a custom-built hostile service. This hostile service is created to deliver the correct content to the client software. For example, if the client-side application is a browser, the service will host a webpage that the browser loads.
CAPEC-24: Filter Failure through Buffer Overflow
In this attack, the idea is to cause an active filter to fail by causing an oversized transaction. An attacker may try to feed overly long input strings to the program in an attempt to overwhelm the filter (by causing a buffer overflow) and hoping that the filter does not fail securely (i.e. the user input is let into the system unfiltered).
CAPEC-42: MIME Conversion
An attacker exploits a weakness in the MIME conversion routine to cause a buffer overflow and gain control over the mail server machine. The MIME system is designed to allow various different information formats to be interpreted and sent via e-mail. Attack points exist when data are converted to MIME compatible format and back.
CAPEC-44: Overflow Binary Resource File
An attack of this type exploits a buffer overflow vulnerability in the handling of binary resources. Binary resources may include music files like MP3, image files like JPEG files, and any other binary file. These attacks may pass unnoticed to the client machine through normal usage of files, such as a browser loading a seemingly innocent JPEG file. This can allow the adversary access to the execution stack and execute arbitrary code in the target process.
CAPEC-45: Buffer Overflow via Symbolic Links
This type of attack leverages the use of symbolic links to cause buffer overflows. An adversary can try to create or manipulate a symbolic link file such that its contents result in out of bounds data. When the target software processes the symbolic link file, it could potentially overflow internal buffers with insufficient bounds checking.
CAPEC-46: Overflow Variables and Tags
This type of attack leverages the use of tags or variables from a formatted configuration data to cause buffer overflow. The adversary crafts a malicious HTML page or configuration file that includes oversized strings, thus causing an overflow.
CAPEC-47: Buffer Overflow via Parameter Expansion
In this attack, the target software is given input that the adversary knows will be modified and expanded in size during processing. This attack relies on the target software failing to anticipate that the expanded data may exceed some internal limit, thereby creating a buffer overflow.
CAPEC-8: Buffer Overflow in an API Call
This attack targets libraries or shared code modules which are vulnerable to buffer overflow attacks. An adversary who has knowledge of known vulnerable libraries or shared code can easily target software that makes use of these libraries. All clients that make use of the code library thus become vulnerable by association. This has a very broad effect on security across a system, usually affecting more than one software process.
CAPEC-9: Buffer Overflow in Local Command-Line Utilities
This attack targets command-line utilities available in a number of shells. An adversary can leverage a vulnerability found in a command-line utility to escalate privilege to root.