CWE-94
Allowed-with-ReviewImproper Control of Generation of Code ('Code Injection')
Abstraction: Base · Status: Draft
The product constructs all or part of a code segment using externally-influenced input from an upstream component, but it does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes special elements that could modify the syntax or behavior of the intended code segment.
8301 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
GHSA-W273-Q2JX-GWWP
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-01-09 18:31 – Updated: 2026-01-09 18:31AccessAlly WordPress plugin versions prior to 3.3.2 contain an unauthenticated arbitrary PHP code execution vulnerability in the Login Widget. The plugin processes the login_error parameter as PHP code, allowing an attacker to supply and execute arbitrary PHP in the context of the WordPress web server process, resulting in remote code execution.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2020-36875"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-94"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-01-09T17:15:50Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "AccessAlly WordPress plugin versions prior to\u00a03.3.2 contain an unauthenticated arbitrary PHP code execution vulnerability in the Login Widget. The plugin processes the login_error parameter as PHP code, allowing an attacker to supply and execute arbitrary PHP in the context of the WordPress web server process, resulting in remote code execution.",
"id": "GHSA-w273-q2jx-gwwp",
"modified": "2026-01-09T18:31:36Z",
"published": "2026-01-09T18:31:36Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2020-36875"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://accessally.com/software-release/accessally-3-3-2"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://wpscan.com/vulnerability/c644de6d-098d-4889-b75d-53fd2b89ff4d"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/accessally-unauthenticated-arbitrary-php-code-execution"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
]
}
GHSA-W28C-PRR6-33RC
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-14 02:52 – Updated: 2022-05-14 02:52EGroupware Enterprise Line (EPL) before 1.1.20140505, EGroupware Community Edition before 1.8.007.20140506, and EGroupware before 14.1 beta allows remote authenticated administrators to execute arbitrary PHP code via crafted callback values to the call_user_func PHP function, as demonstrated using the newsettings[system] parameter. NOTE: this can be exploited by remote attackers by leveraging CVE-2014-2987.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2014-2988"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-94"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2014-10-27T01:55:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "EGroupware Enterprise Line (EPL) before 1.1.20140505, EGroupware Community Edition before 1.8.007.20140506, and EGroupware before 14.1 beta allows remote authenticated administrators to execute arbitrary PHP code via crafted callback values to the call_user_func PHP function, as demonstrated using the newsettings[system] parameter. NOTE: this can be exploited by remote attackers by leveraging CVE-2014-2987.",
"id": "GHSA-w28c-prr6-33rc",
"modified": "2022-05-14T02:52:47Z",
"published": "2022-05-14T02:52:47Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2014-2988"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.htbridge.com/advisory/HTB23212"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://advisories.mageia.org/MGASA-2014-0221.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.mandriva.com/security/advisories?name=MDVSA-2015:087"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/archive/1/532103/100/0/threaded"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": []
}
GHSA-W2F2-PJ25-M2W4
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-02-05 18:30 – Updated: 2026-02-05 18:30PHP-Fusion 9.03.50 contains a remote code execution vulnerability in the 'add_panel_form()' function that allows attackers to execute arbitrary code through an eval() function with unsanitized POST data. Attackers can exploit the vulnerability by sending crafted panel_content POST parameters to the panels.php administration endpoint to execute malicious code.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2020-37137"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-94",
"CWE-95"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-02-05T17:16:09Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "PHP-Fusion 9.03.50 contains a remote code execution vulnerability in the \u0027add_panel_form()\u0027 function that allows attackers to execute arbitrary code through an eval() function with unsanitized POST data. Attackers can exploit the vulnerability by sending crafted panel_content POST parameters to the panels.php administration endpoint to execute malicious code.",
"id": "GHSA-w2f2-pj25-m2w4",
"modified": "2026-02-05T18:30:32Z",
"published": "2026-02-05T18:30:31Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2020-37137"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.exploit-db.com/exploits/48278"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.php-fusion.co.uk"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/php-fusion-panelsphp-eval-injection"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:H/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
]
}
GHSA-W2FF-2C56-HVHG
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-01 23:31 – Updated: 2022-05-01 23:31** DISPUTED ** PHP remote file inclusion vulnerability in cforms-css.php in Oliver Seidel cforms (contactforms), a Wordpress plugin, allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary PHP code via a URL in the tm parameter. NOTE: CVE disputes this issue for 7.3, since there is no tm parameter, and the code exits with a fatal error due to a call to an undefined function.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2008-0560"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-94"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2008-02-04T23:00:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "** DISPUTED ** PHP remote file inclusion vulnerability in cforms-css.php in Oliver Seidel cforms (contactforms), a Wordpress plugin, allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary PHP code via a URL in the tm parameter. NOTE: CVE disputes this issue for 7.3, since there is no tm parameter, and the code exits with a fatal error due to a call to an undefined function.",
"id": "GHSA-w2ff-2c56-hvhg",
"modified": "2022-05-01T23:31:28Z",
"published": "2022-05-01T23:31:28Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2008-0560"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://exchange.xforce.ibmcloud.com/vulnerabilities/40143"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://securityreason.com/securityalert/3605"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.attrition.org/pipermail/vim/2008-January/001895.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/archive/1/487347/100/0/threaded"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": []
}
GHSA-W2GC-MPJH-J7Q4
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-17 00:40 – Updated: 2022-05-17 00:40PHP remote file inclusion vulnerability in init.php in Free Directory Script 1.1.1, when register_globals is enabled, allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary PHP code via a URL in the API_HOME_DIR parameter.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2008-6305"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-94"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2009-02-26T23:30:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "PHP remote file inclusion vulnerability in init.php in Free Directory Script 1.1.1, when register_globals is enabled, allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary PHP code via a URL in the API_HOME_DIR parameter.",
"id": "GHSA-w2gc-mpjh-j7q4",
"modified": "2022-05-17T00:40:21Z",
"published": "2022-05-17T00:40:21Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2008-6305"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://exchange.xforce.ibmcloud.com/vulnerabilities/46699"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.exploit-db.com/exploits/7155"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://osvdb.org/49923"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://secunia.com/advisories/32745"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": []
}
GHSA-W2H9-VX32-MW67
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-17 00:56 – Updated: 2025-04-11 04:08The Java Runtime Environment (JRE) component in Oracle Java SE 7 Update 17 and earlier, 6 Update 43 and earlier, 5.0 Update 41 and earlier, and JavaFX 2.2.7 and earlier allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code via vectors related to 2D, as demonstrated by Joshua Drake during a Pwn2Own competition at CanSecWest 2013.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2013-1491"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-94"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2013-03-08T18:55:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "The Java Runtime Environment (JRE) component in Oracle Java SE 7 Update 17 and earlier, 6 Update 43 and earlier, 5.0 Update 41 and earlier, and JavaFX 2.2.7 and earlier allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code via vectors related to 2D, as demonstrated by Joshua Drake during a Pwn2Own competition at CanSecWest 2013.",
"id": "GHSA-w2h9-vx32-mw67",
"modified": "2025-04-11T04:08:11Z",
"published": "2022-05-17T00:56:27Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2013-1491"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://oval.cisecurity.org/repository/search/definition/oval%3Aorg.mitre.oval%3Adef%3A16663"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://oval.cisecurity.org/repository/search/definition/oval%3Aorg.mitre.oval%3Adef%3A19482"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://oval.cisecurity.org/repository/search/definition/oval%3Aorg.mitre.oval%3Adef%3A19553"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://twitter.com/thezdi/status/309438311112507392"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://h20000.www2.hp.com/bizsupport/TechSupport/Document.jsp?objectID=c03898880"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://h30499.www3.hp.com/t5/HP-Security-Research-Blog/Pwn2Own-2013/ba-p/5981157"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://lists.apple.com/archives/security-announce/2013/Apr/msg00001.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://lists.opensuse.org/opensuse-security-announce/2013-05/msg00013.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://lists.opensuse.org/opensuse-security-announce/2013-06/msg00001.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://lists.opensuse.org/opensuse-security-announce/2013-06/msg00007.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://marc.info/?l=bugtraq\u0026m=137283787217316\u0026w=2"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://rhn.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2013-0757.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://rhn.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2013-0758.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://rhn.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2013-1455.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://rhn.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2013-1456.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/topics/security/javacpuapr2013-1928497.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.us-cert.gov/ncas/alerts/TA13-107A"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.zdnet.com/pwn2own-down-go-all-the-browsers-7000012283"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": []
}
GHSA-W2HP-W5JG-2493
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-17 05:32 – Updated: 2025-04-11 03:53RealNetworks RealPlayer before 15.0.0 allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code via a crafted RTSP SETUP request.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2011-4254"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-94"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2011-11-24T11:55:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "RealNetworks RealPlayer before 15.0.0 allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code via a crafted RTSP SETUP request.",
"id": "GHSA-w2hp-w5jg-2493",
"modified": "2025-04-11T03:53:01Z",
"published": "2022-05-17T05:32:25Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2011-4254"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://service.real.com/realplayer/security/11182011_player/en"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": []
}
GHSA-W2J7-CQVR-H9J4
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 17:22 – Updated: 2022-05-24 17:22An issue was discovered in Mods for HESK 3.1.0 through 2019.1.0. A privileged user can achieve code execution on the server via a ticket because of improper access control of uploaded resources. This might be exploitable in conjunction with CVE-2020-13992 by an unauthenticated attacker.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2020-13994"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-94"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2020-07-09T15:15:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "An issue was discovered in Mods for HESK 3.1.0 through 2019.1.0. A privileged user can achieve code execution on the server via a ticket because of improper access control of uploaded resources. This might be exploitable in conjunction with CVE-2020-13992 by an unauthenticated attacker.",
"id": "GHSA-w2j7-cqvr-h9j4",
"modified": "2022-05-24T17:22:42Z",
"published": "2022-05-24T17:22:42Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2020-13994"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://loca1gh0s7.github.io/MFH-from-XSS-to-RCE-loca1gh0st-exercise"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": []
}
GHSA-W2P4-P4RH-QCM3
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-11-13 15:30 – Updated: 2025-11-13 17:39pgAdmin versions up to 9.9 are affected by a Remote Code Execution (RCE) vulnerability that occurs when running in server mode and performing restores from PLAIN-format dump files. This issue allows attackers to inject and execute arbitrary commands on the server hosting pgAdmin, posing a critical risk to the integrity and security of the database management system and underlying data.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "PyPI",
"name": "pgadmin4"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "9.10"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-12762"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-94"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2025-11-13T17:39:17Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2025-11-13T13:15:44Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "pgAdmin versions up to 9.9 are affected by a Remote Code Execution (RCE) vulnerability that occurs when running in server mode and performing restores from PLAIN-format dump files. This issue allows attackers to inject and execute arbitrary commands on the server hosting pgAdmin, posing a critical risk to the integrity and security of the database management system and underlying data.",
"id": "GHSA-w2p4-p4rh-qcm3",
"modified": "2025-11-13T17:39:17Z",
"published": "2025-11-13T15:30:30Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-12762"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/pgadmin-org/pgadmin4/issues/9320"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/pgadmin-org/pgadmin4/commit/1d397395f75320ca1d4ed5e9ca721c603415e836"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/pgadmin-org/pgadmin4"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:L/A:L",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "pgAdmin4 vulnerable to Remote Code Execution (RCE) when running in server mode"
}
GHSA-W2P4-PWH6-FG6P
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-01 18:00 – Updated: 2022-05-01 18:00PHP remote file inclusion vulnerability in includes/CAltInstaller.php in the JoomlaPack (com_jpack) 1.0.4a2 RE component for Joomla! allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary PHP code via a URL in the mosConfig_absolute_path parameter.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2007-2144"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-94"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2007-04-19T10:19:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "PHP remote file inclusion vulnerability in includes/CAltInstaller.php in the JoomlaPack (com_jpack) 1.0.4a2 RE component for Joomla! allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary PHP code via a URL in the mosConfig_absolute_path parameter.",
"id": "GHSA-w2p4-pwh6-fg6p",
"modified": "2022-05-01T18:00:38Z",
"published": "2022-05-01T18:00:38Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2007-2144"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://exchange.xforce.ibmcloud.com/vulnerabilities/33702"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.exploit-db.com/exploits/3753"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://osvdb.org/37573"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/23529"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.vupen.com/english/advisories/2007/1429"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": []
}
Mitigation
Strategy: Refactoring
Refactor your program so that you do not have to dynamically generate code.
Mitigation
- Run your code in a "jail" or similar sandbox environment that enforces strict boundaries between the process and the operating system. This may effectively restrict which code can be executed by your product.
- Examples include the Unix chroot jail and AppArmor. In general, managed code may provide some protection.
- This may not be a feasible solution, and it only limits the impact to the operating system; the rest of your application may still be subject to compromise.
- Be careful to avoid CWE-243 and other weaknesses related to jails.
Mitigation MIT-5
Strategy: Input Validation
- Assume all input is malicious. Use an "accept known good" input validation strategy, i.e., use a list of acceptable inputs that strictly conform to specifications. Reject any input that does not strictly conform to specifications, or transform it into something that does.
- When performing input validation, consider all potentially relevant properties, including length, type of input, the full range of acceptable values, missing or extra inputs, syntax, consistency across related fields, and conformance to business rules. As an example of business rule logic, "boat" may be syntactically valid because it only contains alphanumeric characters, but it is not valid if the input is only expected to contain colors such as "red" or "blue."
- Do not rely exclusively on looking for malicious or malformed inputs. This is likely to miss at least one undesirable input, especially if the code's environment changes. This can give attackers enough room to bypass the intended validation. However, denylists can be useful for detecting potential attacks or determining which inputs are so malformed that they should be rejected outright.
- To reduce the likelihood of code injection, use stringent allowlists that limit which constructs are allowed. If you are dynamically constructing code that invokes a function, then verifying that the input is alphanumeric might be insufficient. An attacker might still be able to reference a dangerous function that you did not intend to allow, such as system(), exec(), or exit().
Mitigation
Use dynamic tools and techniques that interact with the product using large test suites with many diverse inputs, such as fuzz testing (fuzzing), robustness testing, and fault injection. The product's operation may slow down, but it should not become unstable, crash, or generate incorrect results.
Mitigation MIT-32
Strategy: Compilation or Build Hardening
Run the code in an environment that performs automatic taint propagation and prevents any command execution that uses tainted variables, such as Perl's "-T" switch. This will force the program to perform validation steps that remove the taint, although you must be careful to correctly validate your inputs so that you do not accidentally mark dangerous inputs as untainted (see CWE-183 and CWE-184).
Mitigation MIT-32
Strategy: Environment Hardening
Run the code in an environment that performs automatic taint propagation and prevents any command execution that uses tainted variables, such as Perl's "-T" switch. This will force the program to perform validation steps that remove the taint, although you must be careful to correctly validate your inputs so that you do not accidentally mark dangerous inputs as untainted (see CWE-183 and CWE-184).
Mitigation
For Python programs, it is frequently encouraged to use the ast.literal_eval() function instead of eval, since it is intentionally designed to avoid executing code. However, an adversary could still cause excessive memory or stack consumption via deeply nested structures [REF-1372], so the python documentation discourages use of ast.literal_eval() on untrusted data [REF-1373].
CAPEC-242: Code Injection
An adversary exploits a weakness in input validation on the target to inject new code into that which is currently executing. This differs from code inclusion in that code inclusion involves the addition or replacement of a reference to a code file, which is subsequently loaded by the target and used as part of the code of some application.
CAPEC-35: Leverage Executable Code in Non-Executable Files
An attack of this type exploits a system's trust in configuration and resource files. When the executable loads the resource (such as an image file or configuration file) the attacker has modified the file to either execute malicious code directly or manipulate the target process (e.g. application server) to execute based on the malicious configuration parameters. Since systems are increasingly interrelated mashing up resources from local and remote sources the possibility of this attack occurring is high.
CAPEC-77: Manipulating User-Controlled Variables
This attack targets user controlled variables (DEBUG=1, PHP Globals, and So Forth). An adversary can override variables leveraging user-supplied, untrusted query variables directly used on the application server without any data sanitization. In extreme cases, the adversary can change variables controlling the business logic of the application. For instance, in languages like PHP, a number of poorly set default configurations may allow the user to override variables.