Common Weakness Enumeration

CWE-94

Allowed-with-Review

Improper Control of Generation of Code ('Code Injection')

Abstraction: Base · Status: Draft

API response cwe.mitre.org

The product constructs all or part of a code segment using externally-influenced input from an upstream component, but it does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes special elements that could modify the syntax or behavior of the intended code segment.

9542 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.

GHSA-8HVG-X32P-2J7J

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-02-21 00:31 – Updated: 2025-02-22 00:33
VLAI
Details

A remote code execution (RCE) vulnerability in the ZScript function of ZDoom Team GZDoom v4.13.1 allows attackers to execute arbitrary code via supplying a crafted PK3 file containing a malicious ZScript source file.

Severity
9.8 (Critical)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
Show details on source website
To clipboard 

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2024-54756"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-94"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2025-02-20T23:15:10Z",
    "severity": "CRITICAL"
  },
  "details": "A remote code execution (RCE) vulnerability in the ZScript function of ZDoom Team GZDoom v4.13.1 allows attackers to execute arbitrary code via supplying a crafted PK3 file containing a malicious ZScript source file.",
  "id": "GHSA-8hvg-x32p-2j7j",
  "modified": "2025-02-22T00:33:50Z",
  "published": "2025-02-21T00:31:09Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-54756"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/Chainmanner/GZDoom-Arbitrary-Code-Execution-via-ZScript-PoC"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://seclists.org/fulldisclosure/2025/Feb/11"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://seclists.org/fulldisclosure/2025/Feb/11"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-8HVH-6JFF-3896

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-13 01:15 – Updated: 2022-05-13 01:15
VLAI
Details

Microsoft Internet Explorer 9 does not properly handle objects in memory, which allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code by accessing a deleted object, aka "Cached Object Remote Code Execution Vulnerability."

Show details on source website
To clipboard 

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2012-1522"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-94"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2012-07-10T21:55:00Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "Microsoft Internet Explorer 9 does not properly handle objects in memory, which allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code by accessing a deleted object, aka \"Cached Object Remote Code Execution Vulnerability.\"",
  "id": "GHSA-8hvh-6jff-3896",
  "modified": "2022-05-13T01:15:37Z",
  "published": "2022-05-13T01:15:37Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2012-1522"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/security-updates/securitybulletins/2012/ms12-044"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://oval.cisecurity.org/repository/search/definition/oval%3Aorg.mitre.oval%3Adef%3A15464"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www.us-cert.gov/cas/techalerts/TA12-192A.html"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": []
}

GHSA-8HVJ-5VVV-F7CF

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-14 02:30 – Updated: 2022-05-14 02:30
VLAI
Details

Microsoft Word 2007 SP3, Word Viewer, and Office Compatibility Pack SP3 allow remote attackers to execute arbitrary code or cause a denial of service (memory corruption) via a crafted Office document, aka "Microsoft Office Invalid Pointer Remote Code Execution Vulnerability."

Show details on source website
To clipboard 

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2014-6335"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-94"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2014-11-11T22:55:00Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "Microsoft Word 2007 SP3, Word Viewer, and Office Compatibility Pack SP3 allow remote attackers to execute arbitrary code or cause a denial of service (memory corruption) via a crafted Office document, aka \"Microsoft Office Invalid Pointer Remote Code Execution Vulnerability.\"",
  "id": "GHSA-8hvj-5vvv-f7cf",
  "modified": "2022-05-14T02:30:28Z",
  "published": "2022-05-14T02:30:28Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2014-6335"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/security-updates/securitybulletins/2014/ms14-069"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://secunia.com/advisories/59867"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/70963"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www.securitytracker.com/id/1031189"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": []
}

GHSA-8HX2-3Q2M-9XXF

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-05-08 18:30 – Updated: 2025-05-08 21:32
VLAI
Details

An Eval Injection issue was discovered in Znuny through 7.1.3. A user with write access to the configuration file can use this to execute a command executed by the user running the backup.pl script.

Severity
9.8 (Critical)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
Show details on source website
To clipboard 

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2025-26845"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-94",
      "CWE-95"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2025-05-08T17:16:01Z",
    "severity": "CRITICAL"
  },
  "details": "An Eval Injection issue was discovered in Znuny through 7.1.3. A user with write access to the configuration file can use this to execute a command executed by the user running the backup.pl script.",
  "id": "GHSA-8hx2-3q2m-9xxf",
  "modified": "2025-05-08T21:32:55Z",
  "published": "2025-05-08T18:30:42Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-26845"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.znuny.com"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.znuny.org/en/advisories/zsa-2025-03"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-8J5Q-4JR8-P73W

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-12-13 09:31 – Updated: 2024-12-13 09:31
VLAI
Details

The The WPMobile.App — Android and iOS Mobile Application plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to arbitrary shortcode execution in all versions up to, and including, 11.52. This is due to the software allowing users to execute an action that does not properly validate a value before running do_shortcode. This makes it possible for unauthenticated attackers to execute arbitrary shortcodes.

Severity
6.5 (Medium)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:N
Show details on source website
To clipboard 

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2024-12420"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-94"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2024-12-13T09:15:08Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "The The WPMobile.App \u2014 Android and iOS Mobile Application plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to arbitrary shortcode execution in all versions up to, and including, 11.52. This is due to the software allowing users to execute an action that does not properly validate a value before running do_shortcode. This makes it possible for unauthenticated attackers to execute arbitrary shortcodes.",
  "id": "GHSA-8j5q-4jr8-p73w",
  "modified": "2024-12-13T09:31:14Z",
  "published": "2024-12-13T09:31:14Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-12420"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/changeset?sfp_email=\u0026sfph_mail=\u0026reponame=\u0026old=3207040%40wpappninja\u0026new=3207040%40wpappninja\u0026sfp_email=\u0026sfph_mail="
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.wordfence.com/threat-intel/vulnerabilities/id/3ad03e3f-fb3e-4a80-9eea-d24459ed62b8?source=cve"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-8J6P-R8JG-MXQH

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-09-03 18:32 – Updated: 2026-09-03 18:32
VLAI
Summary
Orval: Import-time RCE via header-parameter default -> zod module-level template literal
Details

Summary

Orval's zod schema generation emits the header-parameter default value as a module-level template literal (export const Default =;) without escaping ${ or the backtick. A default of the form v${<code>}w injects a live JavaScript expression evaluated when the generated zod schema module is imported, executing attacker-controlled code at import — no request or function call needed. Verified on Orval 8.19.0; survives default OpenAPI validation.

Details

export const …Default = `v${globalThis.ORVPWN()}w`;   // ${...} = arbitrary JS expression, runs at import

Malicious input: a header parameter with a default of v${<attacker JS>}w. ${...} permits any JS expression.

Note: this is one of several default-bearing positions that reach the same unescaped zod template-literal sink; a single fix (escape default values) closes all of them, and a CNA may choose to consolidate the related reports.

PoC

reproduce.sh (+ make_spec.py) attached: generates the zod schema with default validation, bundles it, imports it, and shows a marker written at import. Verified on 8.19.0.

Impact

Code execution at import in any application that imports a zod schema module generated from an attacker-controlled or attacker-influenced OpenAPI description.

Suggested fix

Emit default values via a proper string-literal encoder (JSON.stringify, or escape backtick and ${ if a template literal must be used); never interpolate a spec value into a template literal. Apply to every default position. make_spec.py reproduce.sh

Severity
9.3 (Critical)
CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N
Show details on source website
To clipboard 

{
  "affected": [
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "npm",
        "name": "orval"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "8.21.0"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-71871"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-116",
      "CWE-1336",
      "CWE-94"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2026-09-03T18:32:03Z",
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-08-19T18:17:24Z",
    "severity": "CRITICAL"
  },
  "details": "### Summary\n\nOrval\u0027s zod schema generation emits the **header-parameter** `default` value as a module-level template literal (`export const Default = `\u003cdefault\u003e`;`) without escaping `${` or the backtick. A default of the form `v${\u003ccode\u003e}w` injects a live JavaScript expression evaluated when the generated zod schema module is imported, executing attacker-controlled code at import \u2014 no request or function call needed. Verified on Orval 8.19.0; survives default OpenAPI validation.\n\n### Details\n\n```ts\nexport const \u2026Default = `v${globalThis.ORVPWN()}w`;   // ${...} = arbitrary JS expression, runs at import\n```\n\nMalicious input: a header parameter with a `default` of `v${\u003cattacker JS\u003e}w`. `${...}` permits any JS expression.\n\nNote: this is one of several `default`-bearing positions that reach the same unescaped zod template-literal sink; a single fix (escape `default` values) closes all of them, and a CNA may choose to consolidate the related reports.\n\n### PoC\n\n`reproduce.sh` (+ `make_spec.py`) attached: generates the zod schema with default validation, bundles it, imports it, and shows a marker written at import. Verified on 8.19.0.\n\n### Impact\n\nCode execution at import in any application that imports a zod schema module generated from an attacker-controlled or attacker-influenced OpenAPI description.\n\n### Suggested fix\n\nEmit `default` values via a proper string-literal encoder (JSON.stringify, or escape backtick and `${` if a template literal must be used); never interpolate a spec value into a template literal. Apply to every `default` position. [make_spec.py](https://github.com/user-attachments/files/29399137/make_spec.py) [reproduce.sh](https://github.com/user-attachments/files/29399138/reproduce.sh)",
  "id": "GHSA-8j6p-r8jg-mxqh",
  "modified": "2026-09-03T18:32:03Z",
  "published": "2026-09-03T18:32:03Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/orval-labs/orval/security/advisories/GHSA-8j6p-r8jg-mxqh"
    },
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-71871"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/orval-labs/orval/pull/3692"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/orval-labs/orval/commit/8ef1bfdf3f9bcaf9dabfbe2e42887f1c0e159ab6"
    },
    {
      "type": "PACKAGE",
      "url": "https://github.com/orval-labs/orval"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/orval-labs/orval/releases/tag/v8.21.0"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V4"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "Orval: Import-time RCE via header-parameter default -\u003e zod module-level template literal"
}

GHSA-8J7F-HV3H-7VHF

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-17 05:11 – Updated: 2022-05-17 05:11
VLAI
Details

The client in EMC NetWorker Module for Microsoft Applications (NMM) 2.2.1, 2.3 before build 122, and 2.4 before build 375 allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code by sending a crafted message over a TCP communication channel.

Show details on source website
To clipboard 

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2012-2290"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-94"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2012-10-18T17:55:00Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "The client in EMC NetWorker Module for Microsoft Applications (NMM) 2.2.1, 2.3 before build 122, and 2.4 before build 375 allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code by sending a crafted message over a TCP communication channel.",
  "id": "GHSA-8j7f-hv3h-7vhf",
  "modified": "2022-05-17T05:11:23Z",
  "published": "2022-05-17T05:11:23Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2012-2290"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://archives.neohapsis.com/archives/bugtraq/2012-10/0068.html"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://osvdb.org/86158"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://secunia.com/advisories/50957"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/55883"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www.securitytracker.com/id?1027647"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": []
}

GHSA-8J7V-PG7G-633J

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-08-28 12:30 – Updated: 2026-08-28 12:30
VLAI
Details

Budibase versions before 3.41.3 contain a remote code execution vulnerability in plugin handling that allows authenticated admin users to execute arbitrary code by uploading a malicious plugin tarball. The server calls eval() on plugin JavaScript files without sandboxing in the main Node.js process, enabling attackers to exfiltrate environment variables and credentials with root privileges in default deployments.

Severity
9.1 (Critical)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:H
9.4 (Critical)
CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:H/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:H/SI:H/SA:H
Show details on source website
To clipboard 

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-82244"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-94"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-08-28T12:16:34Z",
    "severity": "CRITICAL"
  },
  "details": "Budibase versions before 3.41.3 contain a remote code execution vulnerability in plugin handling that allows authenticated admin users to execute arbitrary code by uploading a malicious plugin tarball. The server calls eval() on plugin JavaScript files without sandboxing in the main Node.js process, enabling attackers to exfiltrate environment variables and credentials with root privileges in default deployments.",
  "id": "GHSA-8j7v-pg7g-633j",
  "modified": "2026-08-28T12:30:27Z",
  "published": "2026-08-28T12:30:27Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/Budibase/budibase/security/advisories/GHSA-gwr2-pgg3-p7xp"
    },
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-82244"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/budibase-before-3.41.3-remote-code-execution-via-plugin-eval"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    },
    {
      "score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:H/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:H/SI:H/SA:H/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
      "type": "CVSS_V4"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-8J8C-7JFH-H6HX

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2019-06-04 20:14 – Updated: 2020-08-31 18:36
VLAI
Summary
Code Injection in js-yaml
Details

Versions of js-yaml prior to 3.13.1 are vulnerable to Code Injection. The load() function may execute arbitrary code injected through a malicious YAML file. Objects that have toString as key, JavaScript code as value and are used as explicit mapping keys allow attackers to execute the supplied code through the load() function. The safeLoad() function is unaffected.

An example payload is { toString: !<tag:yaml.org,2002:js/function> 'function (){return Date.now()}' } : 1 which returns the object { "1553107949161": 1 }

Recommendation

Upgrade to version 3.13.1.

Show details on source website
To clipboard 

{
  "affected": [
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "npm",
        "name": "js-yaml"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "3.13.1"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-94"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2019-06-04T20:13:53Z",
    "nvd_published_at": null,
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "Versions of `js-yaml` prior to 3.13.1 are vulnerable to Code Injection. The `load()` function may execute arbitrary code injected through a malicious YAML file. Objects that have `toString` as key, JavaScript code as value and are used as explicit mapping keys allow attackers to execute the supplied code through the `load()` function. The `safeLoad()` function is unaffected.\n\nAn example payload is \n`{ toString: !\u003ctag:yaml.org,2002:js/function\u003e \u0027function (){return Date.now()}\u0027 } : 1` \nwhich returns the object \n{\n  \"1553107949161\": 1\n}\n\n\n## Recommendation\n\nUpgrade to version 3.13.1.",
  "id": "GHSA-8j8c-7jfh-h6hx",
  "modified": "2020-08-31T18:36:43Z",
  "published": "2019-06-04T20:14:07Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/nodeca/js-yaml/pull/480"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/nodeca/js-yaml/pull/480/commits/e18afbf1edcafb7add2c4c7b22abc8d6ebc2fa61"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.npmjs.com/advisories/813"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [],
  "summary": "Code Injection in js-yaml"
}

GHSA-8JF4-R324-J6M9

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-17 04:43 – Updated: 2022-05-17 04:43
VLAI
Details

The directory manager in Caldera 9.20 allows remote attackers to conduct variable-injection attacks in the global scope via (1) the maindir_hotfolder parameter to dirmng/index.php, or an unspecified parameter to (2) PPD/index.php, (3) dirmng/docmd.php, or (4) dirmng/param.php.

Show details on source website
To clipboard 

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2014-2936"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-94"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2014-05-08T10:55:00Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "The directory manager in Caldera 9.20 allows remote attackers to conduct variable-injection attacks in the global scope via (1) the maindir_hotfolder parameter to dirmng/index.php, or an unspecified parameter to (2) PPD/index.php, (3) dirmng/docmd.php, or (4) dirmng/param.php.",
  "id": "GHSA-8jf4-r324-j6m9",
  "modified": "2022-05-17T04:43:49Z",
  "published": "2022-05-17T04:43:49Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2014-2936"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www.kb.cert.org/vuls/id/693092"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/67254"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": []
}
Mitigation
Architecture and Design

Strategy: Refactoring

Refactor your program so that you do not have to dynamically generate code.

Mitigation
Architecture and Design
  • Run your code in a "jail" or similar sandbox environment that enforces strict boundaries between the process and the operating system. This may effectively restrict which code can be executed by your product.
  • Examples include the Unix chroot jail and AppArmor. In general, managed code may provide some protection.
  • This may not be a feasible solution, and it only limits the impact to the operating system; the rest of your application may still be subject to compromise.
  • Be careful to avoid CWE-243 and other weaknesses related to jails.
Mitigation MIT-5
Implementation

Strategy: Input Validation

  • Assume all input is malicious. Use an "accept known good" input validation strategy, i.e., use a list of acceptable inputs that strictly conform to specifications. Reject any input that does not strictly conform to specifications, or transform it into something that does.
  • When performing input validation, consider all potentially relevant properties, including length, type of input, the full range of acceptable values, missing or extra inputs, syntax, consistency across related fields, and conformance to business rules. As an example of business rule logic, "boat" may be syntactically valid because it only contains alphanumeric characters, but it is not valid if the input is only expected to contain colors such as "red" or "blue."
  • Do not rely exclusively on looking for malicious or malformed inputs. This is likely to miss at least one undesirable input, especially if the code's environment changes. This can give attackers enough room to bypass the intended validation. However, denylists can be useful for detecting potential attacks or determining which inputs are so malformed that they should be rejected outright.
  • To reduce the likelihood of code injection, use stringent allowlists that limit which constructs are allowed. If you are dynamically constructing code that invokes a function, then verifying that the input is alphanumeric might be insufficient. An attacker might still be able to reference a dangerous function that you did not intend to allow, such as system(), exec(), or exit().
Mitigation
Testing

Use dynamic tools and techniques that interact with the product using large test suites with many diverse inputs, such as fuzz testing (fuzzing), robustness testing, and fault injection. The product's operation may slow down, but it should not become unstable, crash, or generate incorrect results.

Mitigation MIT-32
Operation

Strategy: Compilation or Build Hardening

Run the code in an environment that performs automatic taint propagation and prevents any command execution that uses tainted variables, such as Perl's "-T" switch. This will force the program to perform validation steps that remove the taint, although you must be careful to correctly validate your inputs so that you do not accidentally mark dangerous inputs as untainted (see CWE-183 and CWE-184).

Mitigation MIT-32
Operation

Strategy: Environment Hardening

Run the code in an environment that performs automatic taint propagation and prevents any command execution that uses tainted variables, such as Perl's "-T" switch. This will force the program to perform validation steps that remove the taint, although you must be careful to correctly validate your inputs so that you do not accidentally mark dangerous inputs as untainted (see CWE-183 and CWE-184).

Mitigation
Implementation

For Python programs, it is frequently encouraged to use the ast.literal_eval() function instead of eval, since it is intentionally designed to avoid executing code. However, an adversary could still cause excessive memory or stack consumption via deeply nested structures [REF-1372], so the python documentation discourages use of ast.literal_eval() on untrusted data [REF-1373].

CAPEC-242: Code Injection

An adversary exploits a weakness in input validation on the target to inject new code into that which is currently executing. This differs from code inclusion in that code inclusion involves the addition or replacement of a reference to a code file, which is subsequently loaded by the target and used as part of the code of some application.

CAPEC-35: Leverage Executable Code in Non-Executable Files

An attack of this type exploits a system's trust in configuration and resource files. When the executable loads the resource (such as an image file or configuration file) the attacker has modified the file to either execute malicious code directly or manipulate the target process (e.g. application server) to execute based on the malicious configuration parameters. Since systems are increasingly interrelated mashing up resources from local and remote sources the possibility of this attack occurring is high.

CAPEC-77: Manipulating User-Controlled Variables

This attack targets user controlled variables (DEBUG=1, PHP Globals, and So Forth). An adversary can override variables leveraging user-supplied, untrusted query variables directly used on the application server without any data sanitization. In extreme cases, the adversary can change variables controlling the business logic of the application. For instance, in languages like PHP, a number of poorly set default configurations may allow the user to override variables.

← Back to the CWE list