Common Weakness Enumeration

CWE-862

Allowed-with-Review

Missing Authorization

Abstraction: Class · Status: Incomplete

The product does not perform an authorization check when an actor attempts to access a resource or perform an action.

19587 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.

GHSA-3G9F-Q9VC-QFFH

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-09-24 21:32 – Updated: 2026-09-24 21:32
VLAI
Details

ServiceNow has remediated an authorization bypass security issue that was identified in the ServiceNow AI Platform. This security issue, if exploited, could enable an authenticated user to access data within the ServiceNow AI Platform that the user otherwise would not be entitled to access, potentially enabling further unintended access.

ServiceNow deployed an update to hosted instances, and ServiceNow provided the update to our partners and self-hosted customers. We are not currently aware of malicious exploitation against ServiceNow instances. We recommend customers promptly apply appropriate updates or upgrade to a patched release if they have not already done so.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-86857"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-09-24T19:17:18Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "ServiceNow has remediated an authorization bypass security issue that was identified in the ServiceNow AI Platform. This security issue, if exploited, could enable an authenticated user to access data within the ServiceNow AI Platform that the user otherwise would not be entitled to access, potentially enabling further unintended access.\n\n\n\n\n\nServiceNow deployed an update to hosted instances, and ServiceNow provided the update to our partners and self-hosted customers. We are not currently aware of malicious exploitation against ServiceNow instances. We recommend customers promptly apply appropriate updates or upgrade to a patched release if they have not already done so.",
  "id": "GHSA-3g9f-q9vc-qffh",
  "modified": "2026-09-24T21:32:48Z",
  "published": "2026-09-24T21:32:48Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-86857"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://support.servicenow.com/kb?id=kb_article_view\u0026sysparm_article=KB3159623"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:H/VI:N/VA:N/SC:H/SI:H/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
      "type": "CVSS_V4"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-3GFG-2V89-C3PM

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-02-18 18:33 – Updated: 2025-02-18 21:32
VLAI
Details

Restricted Views backed objects (OSV1) could be bypassed under specific circumstances due to a software bug, this could have allowed users that didn't have permission to see such objects to view them via Object Explorer directly. This software bug did not impact or otherwise make data available across organizational boundaries nor did it allow for data to be viewed or accessed by unauthenticated users.
The affected service have been patched and automatically deployed to all Apollo-managed Foundry instances.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2024-49589"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-770",
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2025-02-18T18:15:25Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "Restricted Views backed objects (OSV1) could be bypassed under specific circumstances due to a software bug, this could have allowed users that didn\u0027t have permission to see such objects to view them via Object Explorer directly. This software bug did not impact or otherwise make data available across organizational boundaries nor did it allow for data to be viewed or accessed by unauthenticated users.  \nThe affected service have been patched and automatically deployed to all Apollo-managed Foundry instances.",
  "id": "GHSA-3gfg-2v89-c3pm",
  "modified": "2025-02-18T21:32:50Z",
  "published": "2025-02-18T18:33:21Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-49589"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://palantir.safebase.us/?tcuUid=ad6b08b1-2f79-4e32-b125-406dd2b9b1c3"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://palantir.safebase.us/?tcuUid=b60db1ee-4b1a-475d-848e-c5a670a0da16"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-3GJ9-6VCR-2PH9

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-05-03 09:30 – Updated: 2026-04-28 21:35
VLAI
Details

Missing Authorization vulnerability in Adrian Mörchen Embed Google Fonts.This issue affects Embed Google Fonts: from n/a through 3.1.0.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2024-33925"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2024-05-03T09:15:09Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "Missing Authorization vulnerability in Adrian M\u00f6rchen Embed Google Fonts.This issue affects Embed Google Fonts: from n/a through 3.1.0.",
  "id": "GHSA-3gj9-6vcr-2ph9",
  "modified": "2026-04-28T21:35:04Z",
  "published": "2024-05-03T09:30:52Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-33925"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://patchstack.com/database/vulnerability/embed-google-fonts/wordpress-embed-google-fonts-plugin-3-1-0-broken-access-control-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-3GJR-MW3R-975C

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-10-17 06:30 – Updated: 2026-10-17 06:30
VLAI
Details

The WP Booking System – Booking Calendar plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to authorization bypass in all versions up to, and including, 2.1.0.3 This is due to the plugin not properly verifying that a user is authorized to perform an action. This makes it possible for authenticated attackers, with subscriber-level access and above, to grant themselves and arbitrary other users edit access to every booking form on the site by overwriting the user_permission meta that governs the plugin's own access-control list. Exploitation requires the attacker to have already been delegated edit rights on at least one booking form, as this delegation both downgrades the submenu capability to 'read' (making the edit page accessible) and allows them to harvest a valid wpbs_edit_form nonce that will pass validation against any other form_id.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-109369"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-10-17T04:16:51Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "The WP Booking System \u2013 Booking Calendar plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to authorization bypass in all versions up to, and including, 2.1.0.3 This is due to the plugin not properly verifying that a user is authorized to perform an action. This makes it possible for authenticated attackers, with subscriber-level access and above, to grant themselves and arbitrary other users edit access to every booking form on the site by overwriting the user_permission meta that governs the plugin\u0027s own access-control list. Exploitation requires the attacker to have already been delegated edit rights on at least one booking form, as this delegation both downgrades the submenu capability to \u0027read\u0027 (making the edit page accessible) and allows them to harvest a valid wpbs_edit_form nonce that will pass validation against any other form_id.",
  "id": "GHSA-3gjr-mw3r-975c",
  "modified": "2026-10-17T06:30:33Z",
  "published": "2026-10-17T06:30:33Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-109369"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/wp-booking-system/tags/2.1.0.2/includes/base/admin/form/functions-actions-form.php#L97"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/wp-booking-system/tags/2.1.0.2/includes/base/admin/functions.php#L30"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/wp-booking-system/tags/2.1.0.2/includes/modules/user-restrictions/functions-restrictions-form.php#L56"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/changeset/3750120/wp-booking-system/trunk/includes/modules/user-restrictions/functions-restrictions-form.php"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/changeset?old=3730163\u0026old_path=%2Fwp-booking-system%2Ftrunk\u0026new=\u0026new_path=%2Fwp-booking-system%2Ftrunk"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.wordfence.com/threat-intel/vulnerabilities/id/6d795763-1c26-4ad8-b4b5-d9c051f064fb?source=cve"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-3GMF-WJHX-FMW7

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-04-08 09:31 – Updated: 2026-04-10 18:31
VLAI
Details

Missing Authorization vulnerability in Obadiah Super Custom Login super-custom-login allows Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels.This issue affects Super Custom Login: from n/a through <= 1.1.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-39605"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-04-08T09:16:29Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "Missing Authorization vulnerability in Obadiah Super Custom Login super-custom-login allows Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels.This issue affects Super Custom Login: from n/a through \u003c= 1.1.",
  "id": "GHSA-3gmf-wjhx-fmw7",
  "modified": "2026-04-10T18:31:16Z",
  "published": "2026-04-08T09:31:33Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-39605"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://patchstack.com/database/Wordpress/Plugin/super-custom-login/vulnerability/wordpress-super-custom-login-plugin-1-1-broken-access-control-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-3GQ3-WQJV-F3FJ

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-01 02:19 – Updated: 2022-05-01 02:19
VLAI
Details

nfs2acl.c in the Linux kernel 2.6.14.4 does not check for MAY_SATTR privilege before setting access controls (ACL) on files on exported NFS filesystems, which allows remote attackers to bypass ACLs for readonly mounted NFS filesystems.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2005-3623"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2005-12-31T05:00:00Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "nfs2acl.c in the Linux kernel 2.6.14.4 does not check for MAY_SATTR privilege before setting access controls (ACL) on files on exported NFS filesystems, which allows remote attackers to bypass ACLs for readonly mounted NFS filesystems.",
  "id": "GHSA-3gq3-wqjv-f3fj",
  "modified": "2022-05-01T02:19:37Z",
  "published": "2022-05-01T02:19:37Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2005-3623"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://oval.cisecurity.org/repository/search/definition/oval%3Aorg.mitre.oval%3Adef%3A11707"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://lists.suse.de/archive/suse-security-announce/2006-Feb/0010.html"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://lkml.org/lkml/2005/12/23/171"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://secunia.com/advisories/18788"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://secunia.com/advisories/19038"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://secunia.com/advisories/21465"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://secunia.com/advisories/22417"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://support.avaya.com/elmodocs2/security/ASA-2006-200.htm"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www.novell.com/linux/security/advisories/2006_06_kernel.html"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www.redhat.com/support/errata/RHSA-2006-0575.html"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/16570"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": []
}

GHSA-3GQJ-8WMX-4J7X

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-04-25 09:31 – Updated: 2025-04-25 09:31
VLAI
Details

The BM Content Builder plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to unauthorized modification of data that can lead to privilege escalation due to a missing capability check on the ux_cb_tools_import_item_ajax AJAX action in all versions up to, and including, 3.16.2.1. This makes it possible for authenticated attackers, with Subscriber-level access and above, to update arbitrary options on the WordPress site. This can be leveraged to update the default role for registration to administrator and enable user registration for attackers to gain administrative user access to a vulnerable site.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2025-1279"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2025-04-25T09:15:14Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "The BM Content Builder plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to unauthorized modification of data that can lead to privilege escalation due to a missing capability check on the ux_cb_tools_import_item_ajax AJAX action in all versions up to, and including, 3.16.2.1. This makes it possible for authenticated attackers, with Subscriber-level access and above, to update arbitrary options on the WordPress site. This can be leveraged to update the default role for registration to administrator and enable user registration for attackers to gain administrative user access to a vulnerable site.",
  "id": "GHSA-3gqj-8wmx-4j7x",
  "modified": "2025-04-25T09:31:49Z",
  "published": "2025-04-25T09:31:49Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-1279"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://themeforest.net/item/art-simple-clean-wordpress-theme-for-creatives/20170299"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.wordfence.com/threat-intel/vulnerabilities/id/e4632899-c3bf-48f3-8a69-8fa32bfd902d?source=cve"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-3GR4-2PF9-PG8H

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-09-02 00:31 – Updated: 2026-09-02 12:31
VLAI
Details

Missing authorization in FileSystem in Google Chrome prior to 152.0.7977.75 allowed a remote attacker who had compromised the renderer process to bypass web origin policy via a crafted HTML page. (Chromium security severity: Medium)

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-84328"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-09-02T00:18:27Z",
    "severity": "LOW"
  },
  "details": "Missing authorization in FileSystem in Google Chrome prior to 152.0.7977.75 allowed a remote attacker who had compromised the renderer process to bypass web origin policy via a crafted HTML page. (Chromium security severity: Medium)",
  "id": "GHSA-3gr4-2pf9-pg8h",
  "modified": "2026-09-02T12:31:24Z",
  "published": "2026-09-02T00:31:32Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-84328"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://chromereleases.googleblog.com/2026/09/stable-channel-update-for-desktop.html"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://issues.chromium.org/issues/498710886"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-3GRG-FVVV-2QRM

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-05-07 18:30 – Updated: 2025-05-07 18:30
VLAI
Details

A vulnerability in the Cisco Industrial Ethernet Switch Device Manager (DM) of Cisco IOS Software could allow an authenticated, remote attacker to elevate privileges.

This vulnerability is due to insufficient validation of authorizations for authenticated users. An attacker could exploit this vulnerability by sending a crafted HTTP request to an affected device. A successful exploit could allow the attacker to elevate privileges to privilege level 15.

To exploit this vulnerability, the attacker must have valid credentials for a user account with privilege level 5 or higher. Read-only DM users are assigned privilege level 5.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2025-20164"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2025-05-07T18:15:37Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "A vulnerability in the Cisco Industrial Ethernet Switch Device Manager (DM) of Cisco IOS Software could allow an authenticated, remote attacker to elevate privileges.\n\n This vulnerability is due to insufficient validation of authorizations for authenticated users. An attacker could exploit this vulnerability by sending a crafted HTTP request to an affected device. A successful exploit could allow the attacker to elevate privileges to privilege level 15.\n\n To exploit this vulnerability, the attacker must have valid credentials for a user account with privilege level 5 or higher. Read-only DM users are assigned privilege level 5.",
  "id": "GHSA-3grg-fvvv-2qrm",
  "modified": "2025-05-07T18:30:49Z",
  "published": "2025-05-07T18:30:48Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-20164"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://sec.cloudapps.cisco.com/security/center/content/CiscoSecurityAdvisory/cisco-sa-ios-http-privesc-wCRd5e3"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-3GW7-CQR8-XQ7Q

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-07-12 00:00 – Updated: 2022-07-16 00:00
VLAI
Details

Exposure of sensitive information to an unauthorized actor issue in multiple applications of Cybozu Garoon 4.0.0 to 5.9.1 allows a remote authenticated attacker to obtain the data without the viewing privilege.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2022-29512"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2022-07-11T01:15:00Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "Exposure of sensitive information to an unauthorized actor issue in multiple applications of Cybozu Garoon 4.0.0 to 5.9.1 allows a remote authenticated attacker to obtain the data without the viewing privilege.",
  "id": "GHSA-3gw7-cqr8-xq7q",
  "modified": "2022-07-16T00:00:31Z",
  "published": "2022-07-12T00:00:57Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-29512"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://cs.cybozu.co.jp/2022/007682.html"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://jvn.jp/en/jp/JVN14077132/index.html"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

Mitigation
Architecture and Design
  • Divide the product into anonymous, normal, privileged, and administrative areas. Reduce the attack surface by carefully mapping roles with data and functionality. Use role-based access control (RBAC) [REF-229] to enforce the roles at the appropriate boundaries.
  • Note that this approach may not protect against horizontal authorization, i.e., it will not protect a user from attacking others with the same role.
Mitigation
Architecture and Design

Ensure that access control checks are performed related to the business logic. These checks may be different than the access control checks that are applied to more generic resources such as files, connections, processes, memory, and database records. For example, a database may restrict access for medical records to a specific database user, but each record might only be intended to be accessible to the patient and the patient's doctor [REF-7].

Mitigation MIT-4.4
Architecture and Design

Strategy: Libraries or Frameworks

  • Use a vetted library or framework that does not allow this weakness to occur or provides constructs that make this weakness easier to avoid.
  • For example, consider using authorization frameworks such as the JAAS Authorization Framework [REF-233] and the OWASP ESAPI Access Control feature [REF-45].
Mitigation
Architecture and Design
  • For web applications, make sure that the access control mechanism is enforced correctly at the server side on every page. Users should not be able to access any unauthorized functionality or information by simply requesting direct access to that page.
  • One way to do this is to ensure that all pages containing sensitive information are not cached, and that all such pages restrict access to requests that are accompanied by an active and authenticated session token associated with a user who has the required permissions to access that page.
Mitigation
System Configuration Installation

Use the access control capabilities of your operating system and server environment and define your access control lists accordingly. Use a "default deny" policy when defining these ACLs.

CAPEC-665: Exploitation of Thunderbolt Protection Flaws

An adversary leverages a firmware weakness within the Thunderbolt protocol, on a computing device to manipulate Thunderbolt controller firmware in order to exploit vulnerabilities in the implementation of authorization and verification schemes within Thunderbolt protection mechanisms. Upon gaining physical access to a target device, the adversary conducts high-level firmware manipulation of the victim Thunderbolt controller SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface) flash, through the use of a SPI Programing device and an external Thunderbolt device, typically as the target device is booting up. If successful, this allows the adversary to modify memory, subvert authentication mechanisms, spoof identities and content, and extract data and memory from the target device. Currently 7 major vulnerabilities exist within Thunderbolt protocol with 9 attack vectors as noted in the Execution Flow.