Common Weakness Enumeration

CWE-862

Allowed-with-Review

Missing Authorization

Abstraction: Class · Status: Incomplete

The product does not perform an authorization check when an actor attempts to access a resource or perform an action.

19587 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.

GHSA-2CMF-8QCC-8V59

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-13 01:35 – Updated: 2022-05-13 01:35
VLAI
Details

A vulnerability in the batch provisioning feature of Cisco Prime Collaboration Provisioning could allow an authenticated, remote attacker to escalate privileges to the Administrator level. The vulnerability is due to insufficient authorization enforcement on batch processing. An attacker could exploit this vulnerability by uploading a batch file and having the batch file processed by the system. A successful exploit could allow the attacker to escalate privileges to the Administrator level. Cisco Bug IDs: CSCvd86578.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2018-0336"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2018-06-07T21:29:00Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "A vulnerability in the batch provisioning feature of Cisco Prime Collaboration Provisioning could allow an authenticated, remote attacker to escalate privileges to the Administrator level. The vulnerability is due to insufficient authorization enforcement on batch processing. An attacker could exploit this vulnerability by uploading a batch file and having the batch file processed by the system. A successful exploit could allow the attacker to escalate privileges to the Administrator level. Cisco Bug IDs: CSCvd86578.",
  "id": "GHSA-2cmf-8qcc-8v59",
  "modified": "2022-05-13T01:35:23Z",
  "published": "2022-05-13T01:35:23Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2018-0336"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://tools.cisco.com/security/center/content/CiscoSecurityAdvisory/cisco-sa-20180606-prime-escalation"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/104429"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www.securitytracker.com/id/1041083"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-2CMG-3H87-8PJC

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-09-15 21:31 – Updated: 2026-09-18 15:31
VLAI
Details

Concrete CMS before 9.5.3 did not enforce a per-page authorization check when reordering pages from the sitemap. In the sitemap Explore dashboard controller, the send_to_top and send_to_bottom reorder tasks ran after only a generic sitemap-access check; the controller loaded the page named by the attacker-controlled cNodeID parameter and changed its display order without verifying that the current user held move or arrange permission on that specific page. Because of this, an authenticated user who could reach the sitemap but had no edit or arrange rights on a given page could still move that page and alter the site's global navigation order. The Concrete CMS security team gave this vulnerability a CVSS v4.0 score of 2.1 with vector CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:P/PR:H/UI:N/VC:N/VI:L/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N. Thanks Andrew Gonzalez for reporting.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-81922"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-09-15T19:17:41Z",
    "severity": "LOW"
  },
  "details": "Concrete CMS before 9.5.3 did not enforce a per-page authorization check when reordering pages from the sitemap. In the sitemap Explore dashboard controller, the send_to_top and send_to_bottom reorder tasks ran after only a generic sitemap-access check; the controller loaded the page named by the attacker-controlled cNodeID parameter and changed its display order without verifying that the current user held move or arrange permission on that specific page. Because of this, an authenticated user who could reach the sitemap but had no edit or arrange rights on a given page could still move that page and alter the site\u0027s global navigation order.\u00a0The Concrete CMS security team gave this vulnerability a CVSS v4.0 score of 2.1 with vector CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:P/PR:H/UI:N/VC:N/VI:L/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N. Thanks Andrew Gonzalez for reporting.",
  "id": "GHSA-2cmg-3h87-8pjc",
  "modified": "2026-09-18T15:31:50Z",
  "published": "2026-09-15T21:31:21Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-81922"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://documentation.concretecms.org/developers/introduction/version-history/953-release-notes"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    },
    {
      "score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:P/PR:H/UI:N/VC:N/VI:L/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
      "type": "CVSS_V4"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-2CMJ-FJ8P-Q47F

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-13 01:44 – Updated: 2022-05-13 01:44
VLAI
Details

Due to missing authorization checks, any authenticated user is able to list, upload, or delete attachments to password safe entries in Pleasant Password Server before 7.8.3. To perform those actions on an entry, the user needs to know the corresponding "CredentialId" value, which uniquely identifies a password safe entry. Since "CredentialId" values are implemented as GUIDs, they are hard to guess. However, if for example an entry's owner grants read-only access to a malicious user, the value gets exposed to the malicious user. The same holds true for temporary grants.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2017-17707"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2018-07-31T14:29:00Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "Due to missing authorization checks, any authenticated user is able to list, upload, or delete attachments to password safe entries in Pleasant Password Server before 7.8.3. To perform those actions on an entry, the user needs to know the corresponding \"CredentialId\" value, which uniquely identifies a password safe entry. Since \"CredentialId\" values are implemented as GUIDs, they are hard to guess. However, if for example an entry\u0027s owner grants read-only access to a malicious user, the value gets exposed to the malicious user. The same holds true for temporary grants.",
  "id": "GHSA-2cmj-fj8p-q47f",
  "modified": "2022-05-13T01:44:27Z",
  "published": "2022-05-13T01:44:27Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2017-17707"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.profundis-labs.com/advisories/CVE-2017-17707.txt"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-2CPW-3V2X-MH42

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-09-21 09:31 – Updated: 2026-09-21 09:31
VLAI
Details

A flaw was found in the User-Managed Access (UMA) implementation of Keycloak. The issue occurs in the authorization token endpoint when processing permission tickets. If two different users own resources with the same name, the system incorrectly merges the permissions from both resources when one user requests an authorization token. This allows an attacker to gain access scopes on a victim's resource that were never intended to be shared.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-94217"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-09-21T07:16:54Z",
    "severity": "LOW"
  },
  "details": "A flaw was found in the User-Managed Access (UMA) implementation of Keycloak. The issue occurs in the authorization token endpoint when processing permission tickets. If two different users own resources with the same name, the system incorrectly merges the permissions from both resources when one user requests an authorization token. This allows an attacker to gain access scopes on a victim\u0027s resource that were never intended to be shared.",
  "id": "GHSA-2cpw-3v2x-mh42",
  "modified": "2026-09-21T09:31:08Z",
  "published": "2026-09-21T09:31:08Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-94217"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://access.redhat.com/security/cve/CVE-2026-94217"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=2537313"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:R/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-2CRM-65QV-HX46

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-08-10 12:31 – Updated: 2026-08-10 12:31
VLAI
Details

A flaw was found in 389 Directory Server. The CleanAllRUV and Abort CleanAllRUV replication-maintenance extended operations perform no authorization check, allowing an unauthenticated remote attacker to invoke them when nsslapd-allow-anonymous-access is enabled (the default), or any authenticated low-privilege user to invoke them otherwise. This allows removal of a replica ID from replication metadata, purging of changelog records, and interruption of administrator-initiated cleanup, which can leave replication inconsistent or unavailable.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-19404"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-08-10T10:17:32Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "A flaw was found in 389 Directory Server. The CleanAllRUV and Abort CleanAllRUV replication-maintenance extended operations perform no authorization check, allowing an unauthenticated remote attacker to invoke them when nsslapd-allow-anonymous-access is enabled (the default), or any authenticated low-privilege user to invoke them otherwise. This allows removal of a replica ID from replication metadata, purging of changelog records, and interruption of administrator-initiated cleanup, which can leave replication inconsistent or unavailable.",
  "id": "GHSA-2crm-65qv-hx46",
  "modified": "2026-08-10T12:31:50Z",
  "published": "2026-08-10T12:31:50Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-19404"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://access.redhat.com/security/cve/CVE-2026-19404"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=2513036"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:L",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-2CRP-C7W4-2C48

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-09-24 03:30 – Updated: 2024-09-24 03:30
VLAI
Details

The Appointment & Event Booking Calendar Plugin – Webba Booking plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to unauthorized modification of data due to a missing capability check on the save_appearance() function in all versions up to, and including, 5.0.48. This makes it possible for authenticated attackers, with Subscriber-level access and above, to modify the booking form's CSS.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2024-8432"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2024-09-24T02:15:03Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "The Appointment \u0026 Event Booking Calendar Plugin \u2013 Webba Booking plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to unauthorized modification of data due to a missing capability check on the save_appearance() function in all versions up to, and including, 5.0.48. This makes it possible for authenticated attackers, with Subscriber-level access and above, to modify the booking form\u0027s CSS.",
  "id": "GHSA-2crp-c7w4-2c48",
  "modified": "2024-09-24T03:30:43Z",
  "published": "2024-09-24T03:30:43Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-8432"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/webba-booking-lite/tags/5.0.48/includes/class-wbk-request-manager.php#L1986"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/changeset/3152926/webba-booking-lite/trunk/includes/class-wbk-request-manager.php"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.wordfence.com/threat-intel/vulnerabilities/id/23b33b77-2e72-4959-bdce-646e968f2a73?source=cve"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-2CRW-C3P5-4J2G

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-10-15 12:01 – Updated: 2022-10-18 19:00
VLAI
Details

In Music service, there is a missing permission check. This could lead to elevation of privilege in Music service with no additional execution privileges needed.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2022-39108"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2022-10-14T19:15:00Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "In Music service, there is a missing permission check. This could lead to elevation of privilege in Music service with no additional execution privileges needed.",
  "id": "GHSA-2crw-c3p5-4j2g",
  "modified": "2022-10-18T19:00:31Z",
  "published": "2022-10-15T12:01:08Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-39108"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.unisoc.com/en_us/secy/announcementDetail/1575654905820020738"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-2CV3-MMC6-J68F

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-08-25 09:30 – Updated: 2026-08-25 09:30
VLAI
Details

The extension forces empty frontend-group and subpage-inheritance restrictions onto page records during indexer sub-requests, and this forged state was persisted into the shared rootline cache, allowing anonymous visitors to bypass extendToSubpages-inherited access restrictions on cached pages.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-56092"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-08-25T09:17:30Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "The extension forces empty frontend-group and subpage-inheritance restrictions onto page records during indexer sub-requests, and this forged state was persisted into the shared rootline cache, allowing anonymous visitors to bypass extendToSubpages-inherited access restrictions on cached pages.",
  "id": "GHSA-2cv3-mmc6-j68f",
  "modified": "2026-08-25T09:30:38Z",
  "published": "2026-08-25T09:30:38Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-56092"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://typo3.org/security/advisory/typo3-ext-sa-2026-025"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:H/AT:P/PR:L/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
      "type": "CVSS_V4"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-2CVR-CJFW-9XMV

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-05-16 12:30 – Updated: 2024-05-16 12:30
VLAI
Details

The Tutor LMS Pro plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to unauthorized access of data, modification of data, loss of data due to a missing capability check on the 'authenticate' function in all versions up to, and including, 2.7.0. This makes it possible for authenticated attackers, with subscriber-level permissions and above, to gain control of an existing administrator account.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2024-4351"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-862",
      "CWE-89"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2024-05-16T10:15:09Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "The Tutor LMS Pro plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to unauthorized access of data, modification of data, loss of data due to a missing capability check on the \u0027authenticate\u0027 function in all versions up to, and including, 2.7.0. This makes it possible for authenticated attackers, with subscriber-level permissions and above, to gain control of an existing administrator account.",
  "id": "GHSA-2cvr-cjfw-9xmv",
  "modified": "2024-05-16T12:30:21Z",
  "published": "2024-05-16T12:30:21Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-4351"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.themeum.com/product/tutor-lms"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.wordfence.com/threat-intel/vulnerabilities/id/59859583-49e5-4a80-8659-b9ca7ddc089d?source=cve"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-2CVX-7J4V-8M5G

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-09-02 03:31 – Updated: 2026-09-02 03:31
VLAI
Details

FeatherPanel versions before 1.3.7.10 fail to validate permissions in the SubuserController updateSubuser handler, allowing authenticated subusers to modify their own permission records. A subuser with minimal permissions can send a crafted request to grant themselves full server control, enabling unauthorized access to sensitive data, backups, and server configuration.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-84715"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-09-02T02:17:20Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "FeatherPanel versions before 1.3.7.10 fail to validate permissions in the SubuserController updateSubuser handler, allowing authenticated subusers to modify their own permission records. A subuser with minimal permissions can send a crafted request to grant themselves full server control, enabling unauthorized access to sensitive data, backups, and server configuration.",
  "id": "GHSA-2cvx-7j4v-8m5g",
  "modified": "2026-09-02T03:31:13Z",
  "published": "2026-09-02T03:31:13Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-84715"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/MythicalLTD/FeatherPanel/commit/06ef8dcac471201748516ca743694159cb846a9d"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/MythicalLTD/FeatherPanel"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/MythicalLTD/FeatherPanel/blob/376b003aa9685b74153d239d2b3f64a752cdc0f0/backend/app/Controllers/User/Server/SubuserController.php#L454"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/MythicalLTD/FeatherPanel/blob/376b003aa9685b74153d239d2b3f64a752cdc0f0/backend/app/Helpers/ServerGateway.php"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/MythicalLTD/FeatherPanel/releases/tag/v1.3.7.10"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/featherpanel-before-1.3.7.10-privilege-escalation-via-subuser-permission-update"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    },
    {
      "score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
      "type": "CVSS_V4"
    }
  ]
}

Mitigation
Architecture and Design
  • Divide the product into anonymous, normal, privileged, and administrative areas. Reduce the attack surface by carefully mapping roles with data and functionality. Use role-based access control (RBAC) [REF-229] to enforce the roles at the appropriate boundaries.
  • Note that this approach may not protect against horizontal authorization, i.e., it will not protect a user from attacking others with the same role.
Mitigation
Architecture and Design

Ensure that access control checks are performed related to the business logic. These checks may be different than the access control checks that are applied to more generic resources such as files, connections, processes, memory, and database records. For example, a database may restrict access for medical records to a specific database user, but each record might only be intended to be accessible to the patient and the patient's doctor [REF-7].

Mitigation MIT-4.4
Architecture and Design

Strategy: Libraries or Frameworks

  • Use a vetted library or framework that does not allow this weakness to occur or provides constructs that make this weakness easier to avoid.
  • For example, consider using authorization frameworks such as the JAAS Authorization Framework [REF-233] and the OWASP ESAPI Access Control feature [REF-45].
Mitigation
Architecture and Design
  • For web applications, make sure that the access control mechanism is enforced correctly at the server side on every page. Users should not be able to access any unauthorized functionality or information by simply requesting direct access to that page.
  • One way to do this is to ensure that all pages containing sensitive information are not cached, and that all such pages restrict access to requests that are accompanied by an active and authenticated session token associated with a user who has the required permissions to access that page.
Mitigation
System Configuration Installation

Use the access control capabilities of your operating system and server environment and define your access control lists accordingly. Use a "default deny" policy when defining these ACLs.

CAPEC-665: Exploitation of Thunderbolt Protection Flaws

An adversary leverages a firmware weakness within the Thunderbolt protocol, on a computing device to manipulate Thunderbolt controller firmware in order to exploit vulnerabilities in the implementation of authorization and verification schemes within Thunderbolt protection mechanisms. Upon gaining physical access to a target device, the adversary conducts high-level firmware manipulation of the victim Thunderbolt controller SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface) flash, through the use of a SPI Programing device and an external Thunderbolt device, typically as the target device is booting up. If successful, this allows the adversary to modify memory, subvert authentication mechanisms, spoof identities and content, and extract data and memory from the target device. Currently 7 major vulnerabilities exist within Thunderbolt protocol with 9 attack vectors as noted in the Execution Flow.